This document summarizes an experiment using a 555 timer integrated circuit to generate pulses. It describes connecting the 555 timer in a circuit with resistors and capacitors to produce an output pulse. The circuit works by using the 555 timer's internal voltage dividers to charge and discharge the capacitors, producing a square wave output pulse. The document explains how adjusting the resistor and capacitor values can be used to control the frequency and duty cycle of the output pulses. It then details a second experiment where a potentiometer is added to allow varying the duty cycle while keeping the frequency constant. Measurements from the oscilloscope confirm that the circuit operates as expected.
This document summarizes an experiment using a 555 timer integrated circuit to generate pulses. It describes connecting the 555 timer in a circuit with resistors and capacitors to produce an output pulse. The circuit works by using the 555 timer's internal voltage dividers to charge and discharge the capacitors, producing a square wave output pulse. The document explains how adjusting the resistor and capacitor values can be used to control the frequency and duty cycle of the output pulses. It then details a second experiment where a potentiometer is added to allow varying the duty cycle while keeping the frequency constant. Measurements from the oscilloscope confirm that the circuit operates as expected.
This document summarizes an experiment using a 555 timer integrated circuit to generate pulses. It describes connecting the 555 timer in a circuit with resistors and capacitors to produce an output pulse. The circuit works by using the 555 timer's internal voltage dividers to charge and discharge the capacitors, producing a square wave output pulse. The document explains how adjusting the resistor and capacitor values can be used to control the frequency and duty cycle of the output pulses. It then details a second experiment where a potentiometer is added to allow varying the duty cycle while keeping the frequency constant. Measurements from the oscilloscope confirm that the circuit operates as expected.
This document summarizes an experiment using a 555 timer integrated circuit to generate pulses. It describes connecting the 555 timer in a circuit with resistors and capacitors to produce an output pulse. The circuit works by using the 555 timer's internal voltage dividers to charge and discharge the capacitors, producing a square wave output pulse. The document explains how adjusting the resistor and capacitor values can be used to control the frequency and duty cycle of the output pulses. It then details a second experiment where a potentiometer is added to allow varying the duty cycle while keeping the frequency constant. Measurements from the oscilloscope confirm that the circuit operates as expected.
The 555 timer IC is a simple, cheap integrated circuit (chip)
used for accurate time pulses in a variety of timer, pulse generation, oscillator applications and as a flip-flop element. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin dual in-line package.
Pin Pin name Pin direction Pin purpose
1 GND Power Ground supply: connected to ground 2 TRIG Input Trigger: It is an active low trigger. The timer starts when voltage on it drops below 1/3Vcc. When the timer is triggered via pin 2, the output on pin 3 goes high. 3 OUT Output Output: Connected to load, gives digital output. 4 RESET Input Reset: It is used to restart the timer’s timing operation. It is connected to Vcc continuous operation of timer. 5 CONT Input Control (or Control Voltage): this pin provides access to the internal voltage divider (2⁄3 VCC by default). 6 THRES Input Threshold: Its purpose is to monitor the voltage across the capacitor that’s discharged by pin 7. When this voltage reaches 2/3Vcc the timing cycle ends, and the output on pin 3 goes low. 7 DISCH Output Discharge: this is an open-collector output which can be used to discharge a capacitor between intervals, in phase with output. 8 Vcc Power Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the variation. Figure 1: 555 Timer Block Diagram
The 555 Timers name comes from the fact that there are three 5kΩ resistors connected together internally producing a voltage divider network between the supply voltage at pin 8 and ground at pin 1. The voltage across this series resistive network holds the negative inverting input of comparator 2 at 2/3Vcc and the positive non-inverting input to comparator 1 at 1/3Vcc.
The two comparators produce an output voltage dependent upon the voltage difference at their inputs which is determined by the charging and discharging action of the externally connected RC network. The outputs from both comparators are connected to the two inputs of the flip-flop which in turn produces either a “HIGH” or “LOW” level output at Q based on the states of its inputs. The output from the flip-flop is used to control a high current output switching stage to drive the connected load producing either a “HIGH” or “LOW” voltage level at the output pin. Experiment 1 8th February 2019
Objective
To make a pulse generator using 555 Timer IC.
Apparatus:
Sr. No. Name Quantity
1 Resistance R1 = 100Ω 1
2 Resistance R2 = 1000Ω 1
3 Resistance R3 = 100kΩ 1
4 Capacitance C1 = 1μF 1
5 Capacitance C2 = 0.1μF 1
6 555 Timer IC 1
7 DSO 1
8 Power Supply (0-30V) 1
Connecting wires, breadboard and multimeter
Circuit Diagram:
Ground Vcc(+9V)
R2 = 1 8 1kohm
Output Pulse as observed 2 555 7 R3 = by DSO Timer 100kohm 3 6 R1 = 100ohm IC C1 = 4 5 1microF C2 = 0.1microF
Figure 2: Pulse Generator using 555 Timer IC
Procedure: 1) Connect circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2) Give 9V-15V input supply to the timer through Vcc pin and ground pin. 3) Observe the output on the DSO.
Circuit Working: The 555 timer can be set to work at the desired frequency using right combinations of the resistances and capacitance.
1.44 Frequency = Hz (𝑅2+2∗𝑅3)𝐶1
(𝑅2+𝑅3)∗100 Duty cycle = (𝑅2+2𝑅3)
Capacitor C1 begins charging toward Vcc through resistors R2 and R3. Because of this, the charging time constant is (R2+R3)*C1. However C1 discharges only through resistor R3 with discharging time constant R3*C1, which means C1 is charging more slowly than it’s discharging. Eventually the threshold voltage exceeds +2/3V cc and the timer output is low. When capacitor is discharging the trigger voltage falls below 1/3V cc and the timer output is high. This cycle of charging and discharging continues giving high and low output. Changing the value of R2 and R3 will affect the length of ON cycle whereas changing only R3 will affect the OFF cycle.
Circuit as made in lab
Calculation and Observation:
Pulse generated on DSO
1.44 Theoretically, frequency = Hz (𝑅2+2∗𝑅3)𝐶1
1.44 = Hz = 7.16 Hz (1000+2∗100000)10−6
(𝑅2+𝑅3)∗100 Duty cycle = (𝑅2+2𝑅3)
(1000+100000)∗100 = = 0.502 (1000+2∗100000)
Practically, frequency = 7.042 Hz
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑟1 Duty cycle = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑟1+𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑟2 [cursor position in ms, only magnitude taken]
72 = 72+70 = 0.507
Conclusion: The square pulse generator was made using a 555 timer IC for fixed value of frequency and duty cycle. Experiment 2 14th February 2019
Objective
To vary the duty cycle keeping frequency constant using 555 Timer IC as a pulse generator.
Apparatus:
Sr. No. Name Quantity
1 Resistance R1 = 10kΩ 1
2 Resistance R2 = 10kΩ 1
3 Potentiometer 85kΩ (approximately) 1
4 Capacitance C1 = 1μF 1
5 Capacitance C2 = 0.1μF 1
6 555 Timer IC 1
7 DSO 1
8 Power Supply (0-30V) 1
Connecting wires, breadboard, diodes and multimeter
Figure 3: Pulse Generator using 555 Timer IC for varying duty cycle and fixed frequency Procedure: 1) Connect circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2) Give 9V-15V input supply to the timer through Vcc pin and ground pin. 3) Observe the output on the DSO for different duty ratio by changing the knob of potentiometer.
Circuit Working: The circuit is designed such that the frequency is always constant but the duty cycle varies. This is done using potentiometer. The total resistance for time t1 thus becomes potentiometer resistance Rx plus R1 in series. The diodes maintain the current direction. Now since Rx can be changed from 0 to maximum potentiometer resistance, the duty cycle changes. The capacitor C1 begins charging toward Vcc through resistors R1 and Rx. Because of this, the charging time constant is (R1+Rx )*C1. However C1 discharges through resistor R2 and Ry with discharging time constant (R2+Ry)*C1. So overall the time constant remains fixed since R1, R2 and Rx + Ry are fixed. Thus frequency remains same.
Waveform 1 Waveform 2 Rx 6.4kΩ 42.9kΩ Ry 76.4kΩ 43.7kΩ t1 11.36ms 36.66ms t2 59.88ms 37.21ms T 71.24ms 73.87ms f 14.03Hz 13.54Hz d 0.166 0.496 Practically,
Waveform 1 Waveform 2 t1 10ms 36ms t2 64ms 38ms T 74ms 74ms f 13.51Hz 13.51Hz d 0.135 0.486
Conclusion: The duty cycle of the square pulse generator was changed using a 555 timer IC for fixed value of frequency.
Further Scope: 1) The 555 timer has three modes out of which operation under monostable mode has been seen in the experiment. Thus it can be made to operate in astable and bistable modes also such that the circuit works as oscillator or flip-flop respectively. 2) The circuit can be used as pulse generator for other circuits whenever required. It can also be used as pulse width modulator and missing pulse detector by making specific changes.
