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Long Answers Questions

 a1 0 0 a1n 0 0
 
1. If A =  0 a 2 0  , then for any integer n≥
≥1 show that An = 0 a n2 0 .
 0 0 a 3   
 0 0 a 3n 

 a1 0 0
Given A =  0 a 2 0 

m
Sol.
 0 0 a 3 

co
We shall prove the result by Mathematical induction.

n.
a1n 0 0

io
 
An =  0 a n2 0

 0 0

a 3n  at
uc
When n = 1
ed

 a1 0 0
A =  0 a 2
1
0 
i
sh

 0 0 a 3 
ak

The result is true for n = 1.

.s

Suppose the result is true for n = k

w

a1k 0 0
 
w

i.e. A k =  0 a k2 0
 
 0 0 a 3k 
w

Now A k +1 = A k ⋅ A

a1k 0 0   a1 0 0
 
=0 a k2 0   0 a 2 0 
 
 0 0 a 3k   0 0 a 3 

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a1k ⋅ a1 + 0 + 0 0+0+0 0+0+0 
 
=  0+0+0 0 + a k2 ⋅ a 2 + 0 0+0+0 
 
 0 + 0 + 0 0+0+0 0 + 0 + a 3k ⋅ a 3 

a1k +1 0 0 
 
=  0 a k2 +1 0 
 
 0 0 a 3k +1 

∴ The given result is true for n = k + 1

m
By Mathematical induction, the given result is true for all positive integral values of n.

co
a1n 0 0
 
i.e. A n =  0 a n2 0  , for any integer n ≥ 1.

n.
 
 0 0 a 3n 

io
at
uc
π
2. If θ – φ = , show that
2
ed

 cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ   cos 2 φ cos φ sin φ 

   =0
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ  cos φ sin φ sin 2 φ 
i
sh

π π
Sol. Given θ − φ = ⇒ θ = + φ
ak

2 2
.s

π 
cos θ = cos  + φ  = − sin φ
2 
w

π 
sin θ = sin  + φ  = cos φ
w

2 
w

 cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ

∴ 
 cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ 
 sin 2 φ − sin φ cos φ
= 
 − sin φ cos φ cos 2 φ 

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 cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
∴ 
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ 
 cos 2 φ cos φ sin φ 
 
cos φ sin φ sin 2 φ 

 sin 2 φ − sin φ cos φ  cos 2 φ cos φ sin φ 

=   
 − sin φ cos φ cos 2 φ  cos φ sin φ sin 2 φ 

sin 2 φ cos 2 φ − sin 2 φ cos 2 φ sin 3 φ cos φ − sin 3 φ cos φ 

= 

m
 − sin φ cos φ + sin φ cos φ − sin φ cos φ + sin φ cos φ 
3 3 2 2 2 2

co
0 0 
= =0
0 0 

n.
io
3. If A = 
3 −4 

1 −1
then show that An = 
 n
at
1 + 2n −4n 
1 − 2n 
, n is a positive integer.
uc
Sol. We shall prove the result by Mathematical Induction.
ed

1 + 2n −4n 
An = 
1 − 2n 
i

 n
sh

1 + 2 −4  3 −4 
ak

n = 1 ⇒ A′ =  = 
 1 1 − 2 1 −1
.s

The result is true for n = 1

w

Suppose the result is true for n = k

w

1 + 2k −4k 
w

Ak = 
 k 1 − 2k 

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k +1 1 + 2k −4k  3 −4
A = A ⋅A = 
k

 k 1 − 2k  1 −1
3 + 6k − 4k −4 − 8k + 4k 
= 
 3k + 1 − 2k −4k − 1 + 2k 
 2k + 3 −4k − 4
= 
 k + 1 −2k − 1 
1 + 2(k + 1) −4(k + 1) 
=
 k +1 1 − 2(k + 1) 

∴ The given result is true for n = k + 1

m
co
By Mathematical Induction, given result is true for all positive integral values of n.

n.
io
4. Give examples of two square matrices A and B of the same order for which
AB = 0 and BA ≠ 0. at
uc
a 0  0 0 
Sol. A =   , B = a a 
a 0   
ed

a 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0
Then AB =   = =0
i

a 0 a a  0 + 0 0 + 0
sh

0 0  a 0   0+0 0 + 0
ak

BA =   = 2 
a a  a 0   a + a 0 + 0 
2
.s

 0 0
= 2 ≠0
w

 2a 0
w

∴ AB = 0 and BA ≠ 0
w

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a + b + 2c a b
5. Show that c b + c + 2a b = 2(a + b + c)3
c a c + a + 2b

Sol. L.H.S. C1 → C1 + (C2 + C3)

2(a + b + c) a b
= 2(a + b + c) b + c + 2a b
2(a + b + c) a c + a + 2b

m
1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 1 b + c + 2a b

co
1 a c + a + 2b

n.
(R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1)

io
1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 0 a + b + c
0 0 a+b+c
0 at
uc
= 2(a + b + c)(a + b + c) 2
ed

= 2(a + b + c)3 = R.H.S

i
sh
ak

6. Show that
.s

a b c
2
2bc − a 2 c2 b2
b c a = c2 2ca − b2 a2 = (a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc)2 .
w

c a b b2 a2 2ab − c2
w
w

a b c
Sol. b c a
c a b

= a(bc − a 2 ) − b(b 2 − ac) + c(ab − c2 )

= abc − a 3 − b3 + abc + abc − c3
= −(a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc) ...(1)

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2
a b c a b c a b c
b c a =b c a×b c a
c a b c a b c a b
a b c a b c
= b c a × ( −) c a b
c a b b c a
a b c − a − b −c
=b c a× c a b

m
c a b b c a

co
2bc − a 2 c2 b2

n.
= c2 2ca − b2 a2 …(2)
b2 a2 2ab − c2

io
From (1), (2) we get at
uc
a b c
2
2bc − a 2 c2 b2
b c a = c2 2ca − b 2 a2 = (a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc) 2
ed

c a b b2 a2 2ab − c2
i
sh
ak

a 2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
7. Show that 2a + 1 a + 2 1 = (a − 1)3 .
.s

3 3 1
w

a2 −1 a −1 0
R 1 → R1 − R 2
w

Sol. L.H.S. = 2(a − 1) a − 1 0

R → R2 − R3
w

3 3 1 2

a +1 1 0
= (a − 1) 2 1 0
2

3 3 1

= (a − 1)2 [0(6 − 3) − 0[3(a + 1) − 3) + 1(a + 1 − 2)

= (a − 1)2 (a − 1) = (a − 1)3 = R.H.S.

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a b c
8. Show that a 2 b 2 c2 = abc (a – b)(b – c)(c – a).
a3 b3 c3

1 1 1
Sol. L.H.S. abc a b c
a2 b2 c2

m
0 0 1
C1 → C1 − C 2

co
= abc a − b b−c c
C 2 → C 2 − C3
a 2 − b2 b2 − c2 c2

n.
0 0 1

io
= abc(a − b)(b − c) 1 1 c
a + b b + c c2 at
uc
= abc(a − b)(b − c)[0(c 2 − c(b + c) − 0(c2 − c(a + b) + 1(b + c − a − b)]
= abc(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
i ed
sh

9. Show that
ak

−2a a + b c + a
a + b −2b b + c = 4(a + b)(b + c)(c + a).
.s

c+a c+b −2c

w

−2a a + b c + a
w

Sol. Let ∆ = a + b −2b b + c

w

c+a c+b −2c

−2a 0 c+a
Let a + b = 0, then ∆ = 0 2a −a + c
c+a c−a −2c

Apply R1 → R1 + R3, R3 → R3 + R2

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c − a c − a −c + a
∆= 0 2a −a + c
c + a c + a −c − a
1 1−1
= (c − a)(c + a) 0 2a c − a = 0 (Q R1 ≡ R 3 )
1 1 −1

∴ (c + a) is a factor for ∆.

Similarly a + b, b + c are also factors of ∆.

m
co
Q ∆ is a third degree expression in a, b, c.

n.
∆ ≡ k(a + b)(b + c)(c + a), where k is a non-zero scalar.

io
Put a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, then at
uc
−2 2 2
2 −2 2 = k(1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1)
ed

2 2 −2
i

⇒ –2(4 – 4) – 2(–4 – 4) + 2(4 + 4) = 8k

sh

⇒ 16 + 16 = 8k ⇒ k = 4
ak

∴ ∆ = 4(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

.s
w

Hence
w

−2a a + b a + c
w

a + b −2b b + c = 4(a + b)(b + c)(c + a).

a+c b+c −2c

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a −b b−c c−a
10. Show that b − c c − a a − b = 0 .
c−a a −b b−c

0 0 0
Sol. L.H.S. = b − c c − a a−b =0
c−a a −b b−c

By R1 → R1 + (R2 + R3)

m
co
1 a a 2 − bc
11. Show that 1 b b 2 − ca = 0 .

n.
1 c c2 − ab

io
R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R2
at
uc
1 a a 2 − bc
Sol. L.H.S. 0 b − a b2 − a 2 + bc − ca
ed

0 c−b c 2 − b 2 + ac − ab
i

1 a a 2 − bc
sh

= (b − a)(c − b) 0 1 a + b + c
0 1 a+b+c
ak

= (b − a)(c − b) ⋅ 0 (R 2 , R 3 are identical)

.s

= 0 = R.H.S.
w
w

x a a
w

12. Show that a x a = (x + 2a)(x − a)2 .

a a x

x + 2a a a
Sol. L.H.S. = x + 2a x a
x + 2a a x

By C1 → C1 + (C2 + C3)

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1 a a
= (x + 2a) 1 x a
1 a x

1 a a
R 2 → R 2 − R1
= (x + 2a) 0 x − a 0
R 3 → R 3 − R1
0 0 x −a

= (x + 2a)[1(x − a)2 − a(0(x − a) − 0)] + a[0 − 0(x − a)]

= (x + 2a)(x − a) 2 = R.H.S

m
co
13. Examine whether the following systems of equations are consistent or inconsistent

n.
and if consistent find the complete solutions.

io
I. x + y + z = 4
at
uc
2x + 5y – 2z = 3

X + 7y – 7z = 5
ed

1 1 1 4
i

Augmented matrix = A =  2 5 −2 3

sh

Sol.
1 7 −7 5 
ak

R2 → R2 – 2R1, R2 → R3 – R1 we get
.s

1 1 1 4
w

A ~ 0 3 −4 −5
0 6 −8 1 
w
w

1 1 1 4
R3 → R3 – 2R2 we have A ~ 0 3 −4 −5

0 0 0 11 

ρ(A) = 2, ρ(AB) = 3
ρ(A) ≠ ρ(AB)

∴ The given system of equations are in consistent.

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II. x + y + z = 6

x–y+z=2

2x – y + 3z = 9

1 1 1 6 
Sol. Augmented matrix A = 1 −1 1 2 
 2 −1 3 9 

m
co
R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – 2R1 we get

n.
1 1 1 6 
A ~ 1 −2 0 −4 

io
0 −3 1 −3

ρ(A) = 3 = ρ(AB)
at
uc
∴ The given system of equations are consistent.
ed

1 1 1 6 
∴ A ~ 1 −2 0 −4 
i
sh

0 −3 1 −3
ak

By R2 → R2  −  , we obtain
1
 2
.s

1 1 1 6 
w

A ~ 0 1 0 2 
w

0 −3 1 −3
w

By R1 → R1 – R2, R3 → R3 + 3R2 we get

1 0 1 4 
A ~ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 

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By R1 → R1 – R3, we have

1 0 0 1 
A ~ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 

∴ Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.

m
III. x + y + z = 1

co
2x + y + z = 2

n.
x + 2y + 2z = 1

io
1 1 1 1 
Sol. Augmented matrix is A =  2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1 
at
uc
R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1, we get
ed

1 1 1 1 
A ~ 1 0 0 1 
i
sh

0 1 1 0 
ak

1 0 0 1 
R1 → R1 – R3, we obtain A ~ 1 0 0 1 
.s

0 1 1 0 
w

1 0 0 1 
w

R2 → R2 – R1, we have A ~ 0 0 0 0 

w

0 1 1 0 

ρ(A) = 2 = ρ(AB) < 3

The given system of equations are consistent and have infinitely many solutions.

The solutions are given by:

[(x, y, z)1x = y + z = 0]

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IV. x + y + z = 9

2x + 5y + 7z = 52

2x + y – z = 0

1 1 1 9 
Sol. Augmented matrix is A =  2 5 7 52 
 2 1 −1 0 

m
co
By R2 → R2 – 2R1, R3 → R3 – 2R1, we get

n.
1 1 1 9 
A ~ 0 3 5 34 


io
0 −1 −3 −18

By R3 → R3 (–1), we obtain
at
uc
1 1 1 9 
A ~ 0 3 5 34 
ed

0 1 3 18 
i
sh

By R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – 3R3, we have

ak

1 0 −2 −9 
A ~ 0 0 −4 −20 
.s

0 1 3 18 
w

By R2 → R2  −  , we obtain
1
w

 4
w

1 0 −2 −9 
A ~ 0 0 1 5 
0 1 3 18 

By R1 → R1 + 2R2, R3 → R3 – 3R2, we get

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1 0 0 1 
A ~ 0 0 1 5
0 1 0 3

1 0 0 1 
By R2 ↔ R3, we obtain A ~ 0 1 0 3
0 0 1 5

∴ ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3

m
The given system of equations are consistent have a unique solution.

co
∴ Solution is given by x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.

n.
io
V. x + y + z = 6

x + 2y + 3z = 10
at
uc
x + 2y + 4z = 1
ed

1 1 1 6 
Sol. Augmented matrix A = 1 2 3 10 
i
sh

1 2 4 1 
ak

By R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R2, we obtain

.s

1 1 1 6 
A ~ 0 1 2 4 
w

0 0 1 −9 
w

By R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – 2R3, we get

w

1 1 0 15 
A ~  0 1 0 22 
 0 0 1 −9 

By R1 → R1 – R2, we have

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 1 0 0 −7 
A ~ 0 1 0 22 
0 0 1 −9 

ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3

The given system of equations are consistent. They have a unique solution.

∴ Solution is given by x = –7, y = 22, z = –9.

m
co
VI. x – 3y – 8z = –10

n.
3x + y – 4z = 0

io
2x + 5y + 6z = 13

Sol. The Augmented matrix at

uc
1 −3 −8 −10 
A =  3 1 −4 0 
ed

 2 5 6 13 
i
sh

By R2 → R2 – 3R1, R3 → R3 – 2R1, we get

ak

1 −3 −8 −10 
.s

A ~  0 10 20 30 
w

 0 11 22 33 
w

R2 → R2 
1  1
 , R3 → R3   we have
w

 10   11 

1 −3 −8 −10 
A ~  0 1 2 3 
 0 1 2 3 

By R3 → R3 – R2, we obtain

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1 −3 −8 −10 
A ~  0 1 2 3 
 0 0 0 0 

By R1 → R1 + 4R2, we get

1 1 0 2 
A ~ 0 1 2 3 
0 0 0 0 

m
ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 2 < 3

co
∴ The given system of equations are consistent have infinitely many solutions.

n.
x + y = 2 and y + 2z = 3

io
Taking z = k, y = 3 – 2z = 3 – 2k
at
x = 2 – y = 2 – (3 – 2k) = 2 – 3 + 2k = 2k – 1
uc
∴ The solutions are given by x = –1 + 2k,
ed

y = 3 – 2k, z = k where k is any scalar.

i
sh

VII. 2x + 3y + z = 9
ak

x + 2y + 3z = 6
.s

3x + y + 2z = 8
w
w

2 3 1 9 
Sol. Augmented matrix A = 1 2 3 6 
w

 3 1 2 8 

1 2 3 6 
By R1 ↔ R2, we get A =  2 3 1 9 
 3 1 2 8 

By R2 → R2 – 2R1, R3 → R3 – 3R1, we have

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1 2 3 6 
A ~ 0 −1 −5 −3 

0 −5 −7 −10 

By R3 → R3 – 5R2, R1 → R1 + 2R2, we get

 1 0 −7 0 
A ~ 0 −1 −5 −3
0 0 18 5 

m
By R3 → R3 
1
 , R2 → R2(–1) we obtain
 18 

co
 1 0 −7 0 

n.

A ~ 0 1 5 3 
0 0 1 5 /18

io
By R1 → R1 + 7R3, R2 → R2 – 5R3, we get at
uc
1 0 0 35 /18
A ~ 0 1 5 3 
ed

0 0 1 5 /18 
i

By R2 → R2 – 5R3, we obtain
sh

1 0 0 35 /18 
ak

A ~ 0 1 0 29 /18
0 0 1 5 /18 
.s
w

ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3
w

The given system of equations are consistent have a unique solution.

w

35 29 5
∴ Solution is given by x = ,y = ,z = .
18 18 18

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1 1 4 6 
VIII. Augmented matrix A = 3 2 −2 9 
5 1 2 13

By R2 → R2 – 3R1, R3 → R2 – 5R1, we get

1 1 4 6 
A ~ 0 −1 −14 −9 

0 −4 −18 −17 

m
By R3 → R3 – 4R2, we get

co
1 1 4 6
A ~  0 −1 −14 −9 


n.
 0 0 38 19 

io
By R2 → R2(–1), R3 → R3   , we have
1
2 at
uc
1 1 4 6
A ~ 0 1 14 9
ed

0 0 1 1/ 2
i

By R1 → R1 – 4R3, R2 → R2 – 14R3, we obtain

sh

1 1 0 4 
ak

A ~ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 1/ 2 
.s
w

1 0 0 2 
A ~ 0 1 0 2 
w

0 0 1 1/ 2 
w

ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3

∴ The given system of equations are consistent have a unique solution.

∴ Solution is given by x = 2, y = 2, z = 1/2.

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14. Solve the following system of equations.

i) By using Cramer’s rule and matrix inversion method when the coefficient matrix is
non-singular.

ii) Using Gauss-Jordan method. Also determine whether the system has a unique solution
or infinite number of solutions or no solution and find solutions if exist.

1. 5x – 6y + 4z = 15

m
7x + 4y – 3z = 19

co
2x + y + 6z = 46

n.
∆1 ∆ ∆
Hint: x = ,y = 2 ,z = 3
∆ ∆ ∆

io
Sol. i) Cramer’s rule:
at
uc
5 −6 4
∆ = 7 4 −3
ed

2 1 6

= 5(24 + 3) + 6(42 + 6) + 4(7 − 8)

i
sh

= 135 + 288 − 4 = 419

ak

15 −6 4
∆1 = 19 4 −3
.s

46 1 6
w

= 15(24 + 3) + 6(114 + 138) + 4(19 − 184)

w

= 405 + 1512 − 660 = 1917 − 660 = 1257

w

5 15 4
∆ 2 = 7 19 −3
2 46 6

= 5(114 + 138) − 15(42 + 6) + 4(322 − 38)

= 1260 − 720 + 1136 = 1676

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5 −6 15
∆ 3 = 7 4 19
2 1 46

= 5(184 − 19) + 6(322 − 38) + 15(7 − 8)

= 825 + 1074 − 15 = 2529 − 15 = 2514

∆1 1527
x= = =3
∆ 419
∆ 1676
y= 2 = =4
∆ 419

m
∆ 2514
z= 3 = =6
∆ 419

co
Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.

n.
ii) Matrix inversion method:

io
Hint: A −1 =
AdjA
det A
at
uc
 5 −6 4 
A =  7 4 −3
ed

 2 1 6 
i
sh

4 −3
A1 = = 24 + 3 = 27
1 6
ak

7 −3
B1 = − = −(42 + 6) = −48
1 6
.s

7 4
C1 = = 7 − 8 = −1
w

2 1
w

−6 4
A2 = − = −(−36 − 4) = 40
w

1 6
5 4
B2 = = 30 − 8 = 22
2 6
5 −6
C2 = − = −(5 + 12) = −17
2 1

−6 4
A3 = = 18 − 16 = 2
4 −3

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5 4
B3 = − = −(−15 − 28) = 43
7 −3

5 −6
C3 = = 20 + 42 = 62
7 4

 A1 A 2 A 3   27 40 2 
Adj A =  B1 B2 B3  =  −48 22 43
 C1 C2 C3   −1 −17 62 

m
det A = ∆ = 419

co
 27 40 2 
1 
48 22 43
−1 AdjA
A = = 

n.
detA 419
 −1 −17 62 

io
 27 40 2  15 
x = A −1D =
1
419 
 −48 22 43 19 
 
 −1 −17 62   46 
at
uc
 +405 + 760 + 92 
1 
= −720 + 418 + 1978
ed

419 
 −15 − 323 + 2852 
1257   3 
i

1 
1676  =  4 
sh

=
419 
 2514   6 
ak

∴ Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.
.s

iii) Gauss-Jordan method:

w

 5 −6 4 15 
w

Augmented matrix is A = 7 4 −3 19 

w

 2 1 6 46 

R2 → 5R2 – 7R1, R3 → 5R3 – 2R1

 5 −6 4 15 
A ~ 0 62 −43 −10 

0 17 22 200 

R1 → 31R1 + 3R2, R3 → 62R3 – 17R2

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155 0 −5 435 

A ~  0 62 −43 −10 
 0 0 2095 12570 

 1 
R3 → R3  
 2095 

155 0 −5 435 
A ~  0 62 −43 −10 
 0 0 1 6 

m
R1 → R1 + 5R3, R2 → R2 + 43R3

co
155 0 0 465

n.
A ~  0 62 0 248
 0 0 1 6 

io
 1 
R1 → R 1 
 1 
 R2 → R2  
 155   62 
at
uc
1 0 0 3 
ed

A ~ 0 1 0 4 
0 0 1 6 
i
sh

∴ Unique solution exists.

ak

Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.
.s

2. x + y + z = 1
w

2x + 2y + 3z = 6
w
w

x + 4y + 9z = 3

I. i) Cramer’s rule

1 1 1
∆= 2 2 3
1 4 9
= 1(18 − 12) − 1(18 − 3) + 1(8 − 2)
= 6 − 15 + 6 = −3

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1 1 1
∆1 = 6 2 3
3 4 9
= 1(18 − 12) − 1(54 − 9) + 1(24 − 6)
= 6 − 45 + 18 = −21

1 1 1
∆2 = 2 6 3
1 3 9
= 1(54 − 9) − 1(18 − 3) + 1(6 − 6)

m
= 45 − 15 = 30

co
1 1 1
∆3 = 2 2 6

n.
1 4 3

io
= 1(6 − 24) − 1(6 − 6) + 1(8 − 2)
= −18 − 0 + 6 = −12 at
uc
∆1 −21
x= = =7
∆ −3
ed

∆ 2 30
y= = = −10
∆ −3
∆3 −12
i

z= = =4
sh

∆ −3
ak

Solution is x = 7, y = –10, z = 4.
.s
w

ii) Matrix inversion method:

w

1 1 1 x  1 
w

Let A =  2 2 3 , X =  y  and D =

 
6 
 
1 4 9   z   3 

2 3
A1 = = 18 − 12 = 6
4 9
2 3
B1 = − = −(18 − 3) = −15
1 9
2 2
C1 = = 8−2 = 6
1 4
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1 1
A2 = − = −(9 − 4) = −5
4 9
1 1
B2 = = 9 −1 = 8
1 9
1 1
C2 = − = −(4 − 1) = −3
1 4

1 1
A3 = = 3− 2 =1
2 3

m
1 1
B3 = − = −(3 − 2) = −1
2 3

co
1 1
C3 = = 2−2 = 0
2 2

n.
 A1 A 2 A 3   6 −5 1 

io
AdjA =  B1 B2 B3  =  −15 8 −1
 C1 C2 C3   6 −3 0  at
uc
DetA = ∆ = −3
ed

 6 −5 1 
= −  −15 8 −1
AdjA 1
A −1 =
DetA 3
i

 6 −3 0 
sh

 6 −5 1   1 
x = A D =  −15 8 −1 6 
−11
ak

3
 6 −3 0   3 
.s

 6 − 30 + 3   −21  7 
= −  −15 + 48 − 3 = −  30  =  −10 
1  1
w

3 3
 6 − 18 + 0   −12   4 
w

∴ Solution is x = 7, y = –10, z = 4.
w

iii) Gauss-Jordan method:

1 1 1 1 
Augmented matrix is A =  2 2 3 6 
1 4 9 3

R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1

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1 1 1 1 
A ~ 0 0 1 4 
0 3 8 2 

R 3 → R 3 − 8R 2 , R1 → R1 − R 2
 1 1 0 −3 
A ~ 0 0 1 4 
0 3 0 −30 

1
R3 → R3  

m
3
 1 1 0 −3 

co
A ~ 0 0 1 4 
0 1 0 −10 

n.
R1 → R 1 − R 3 , R 2 ↔ R 3

io
1 0 0 7 
A ~ 0 1 0 −10  at
0 0 1 4 
uc
Unique solution exists
ed

∴ Solution is x = 7, y = –10, z = 4.
i
sh
ak

3. x – y + 3z = 5
.s

4x + 2y – z = 0
w

–x + 3y + z = 5
w

Sol. (i) Cramer’s rule:

w

1 −1 3
∆ = 4 2 −1
−1 3 1
= 1(2 + 3) + 1(4 − 1) + 3(12 + 2)
= 5 + 3 + 42 = 50

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5 −1 3
∆1 = 0 2 −1
5 3 1
= 5(2 + 3) + 1(0 + 5) + 3(0 − 10)
= 25 + 5 − 30 = 0

1 5 3
∆2 = 4 0 −1
−1 5 1
= 1(0 + 5) − 5(4 − 1) + 3(20 − 0)

m
= 5 − 15 + 60 = 50

co
1 −1 5
∆3 = 4 2 0

n.
−1 3 5
= 1(10 − 0) + 1(20 − 0) + 5(12 + 2)

io
= 10 + 20 + 70 = 100

x=
∆1 0
= =0
at
uc
∆ 50
ed

∆ 2 50
y= = =1
∆ 50
∆3 100
i

z= = =2
sh

∆ 50
ak

∴ Solution is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2
.s
w

ii) Matrix inversion method:

w

 1 −1 3  x  5
w

Let A =  4 2 −1 , X =  y  and D = 0 

   
 −1 3 1   z  5 

2 −1
A1 = = 2+3= 5
3 1
4 −1
B1 = − = −(4 − 1) = −3
−1 1
4 2
C1 = = 12 + 2 = 14
−1 3
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−1 3
A2 = − = −(−1 − 9) = 10
3 1
1 3
B2 = = 1+ 3 = 4
−1 1
1 −1
C2 = − = −(3 − 1) = −2
−1 3

−1 3
A3 = = 1 − 6 = −5
2 −1

m
1 3
B3 = − = −(−1 − 12) = 13
4 −1

co
1 −1
C3 = = 2+4 = 6
4 2

n.
 A1 A 2 A 3   5 10 −5

io
∴ AdjA =  B1 B2 B3  =  −3 4 13 
 C1 C 2 C3  14 −2 6  at
uc
det A = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1
= 1 ⋅ 5 − 1 ⋅ (−30 + 3 ⋅14
ed

= 5 + 3 + 42 = 50
i
sh

 5 10 −5
AdjA 1 
A −1
= =  −3 4 13 
det A 50
14 −2 6 
ak
.s

 5 10 −5 5 
1 
X=A D= −1
 −3 4 13  0 
w

50
14 −2 6  5 
w

 25 + 0 − 25   0  0
w

1   1    
= −15 + 0 + 65 = 50 = 1
50  50    
 70 + 0 + 30  100   2 

∴ Solution is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.

iii) Gauss Jordan method:

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 1 −1 3 5 
Augmented matrix is  4 2 −1 0 
 −1 3 1 5 

By R 2 → R 2 − 4R1 , R 3 → R 3 + R1
 1 −1 3 5 
A ~  0 6 −13 −20 

 0 2 4 10 

1
R3 → R3  

m
2
1 −1 3 5 

co
A ~ 0 6 −13 −20

0 1 2 5 

n.
io
R1 → R1 + R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − 6R 3
1 0 5 10 
A ~ 0 0 −25 −50 
 at
uc
0 1 2 5 
ed

 −1 
R2 → R2  
 25 
i

1 0 5 10 
sh

A ~ 0 0 1 2 
0 1 2 5 
ak

R1 → R1 − 5R 2 , R 3 → R 3 − 2R 2
.s

1 0 0 0 
A ~  0 0 1 2 
w

 0 1 0 1 
w
w

R 2 ↔ R3
1 0 0 0 
A ~ 0 1 0 1 
0 0 1 2 

Unique solution

∴ Solution is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.

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4. 2x + 6y + 11 = 0

6x + 20y – 6z + 3 = 0

6y – 18z + 1 = 0

2 6 0
Sol. ∆ = 6 20 −6
0 6 −18

m
= 2(−360 + 36) − 6(−108 − 0)

co
= −648 + 648 = 0

n.
∴ Cramer’s rule and matrix inversion method cannot be used. Q ∆ = 0

io
ii) Gauss Jordan method:

0 −11
at
uc
2 6
Augmented matrix is  6 20 −6 −3 
 0 6 −18 −1 
ed

R 2 → R 2 − 3R1
i
sh

 2 6 0 −11
A ~  0 2 −6 30 
ak

 0 6 −18 −1 
R 3 → R 3 − 3R 2
.s

 2 6 0 −11
A ~  0 2 −6 30 
w

 0 0 0 −93
w
w

ρ(A) = 2, ρ(AB) = 3
ρ(A) ≠ ρ(AB)

∴ The given system of equations do not have a solution.

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5. 2x – y + 3z = 9

x+y+z=6

x–y+z=2

Sol. i) Cramer’s rule:

2 −1 3
∆= 1 1 1
1 −1 1

m
= 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 − 1) + 3(−1 − 1)

co
= 4 + 0 − 6 = −2

n.
9 −1 3
∆1 = 6 1 1

io
2 −1 1
= 9(1 + 1) + 1(6 − 2) + 3(−6 − 2)
= 18 + 4 − 24 = −2
at
uc
2 9 3
ed

∆2 = 1 6 1
1 2 1
i
sh

= 2(6 − 2) − 9(1 − 1) + 3(2 − 6)

= 8 − 0 − 12 = −4
ak

2 −1 9
∆3 = 1 1 6
.s

1 −1 2
w

= 2(2 + 6) + 1(2 − 6) + 9(−1 − 1)

w

= 16 − 4 − 18 = −6
w

∆1 −2 ∆ −4
x= = = 1, y = 2 = =2
∆ −2 ∆ −2
∆3 −6
z= = =3
∆ −2

Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.

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ii) Matrix inversion method:

 2 −1 3 x  9 
Let A = 1 1 1 , X =  y  and D =
 
6 
 
1 −1 1  z   2 

1 1
A1 = = 1+1 = 2
−1 1
1 1
B1 = − =0
1 1

m
1 1
C1 = = −1 − 1 = −2
1 −1

co
−1 3

n.
A2 = − = −(−1 + 3) = −2
−1 1

io
2 3
B2 = = 2 − 3 = −1
1 1
2 −1
at
uc
C2 = − = −(−2 + 1) = 1
1 −1
i ed

−1 3
sh

A3 = = −1 − 3 = −4
1 1
ak

2 3
B3 = − = −(2 − 3) = 1
1 1
.s

2 −1
C3 = = 2 +1 = 3
1 1
w
w

 A1 A 2 A 3   2 −2 −4 
AdjA =  B1 B2 B3  =  0 −1 1 
w

 C1 C2 C3   −2 1 3 

DetA = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1

= 2(2) − 1 ⋅ 0 + 3(−2)
= 4 − 6 = −2

 2 −2 −4 
= −  0 −1 1 
−1 AdjA 1
A =
DetA 2
 −2 1 3 
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 2 −2 −4   9 
X = A D = −  0 −1 1   6 
−1 1
2
 −2 1 3   2 

 18 − 12 − 8   −2   1 
1  1   
= −  −6 + 2  = −  −4  =  2 
2 2
 −18 + 6 + 6   −6   3 

Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.

iii) Gauss-Jordan method:

m
 2 −1 3 9 

co
Augmented matrix A = 1 1 1 6 
1 −1 1 2 

n.
R1 → R1 − 2R 2 , R 3 → R 3 − R1

io
 0 −3 1 − 3 
A ~ 1 1 1 6 
 0 −2 0 −4 
at
uc
 0 −3 1 − 3 
ed

 1
R 3 → R 3  −  gives A ~ 1 1 1 6 
 2
 0 1 0 2 
i
sh

R1 → R1 + 3R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − R 3
ak

0 0 1 3 
A ~ 1 0 1 4 
0 1 0 2 
.s
w

0 0 1 3
R 2 → R 2 − R1 gives A ~ 1 0 0 1 
w

0 1 0 2 
w

By R1 ↔ R 2 , R 2 ↔ R 2 − R 3 we get
1 0 0 1 
A ~  0 1 0 2 
 0 0 1 3 

∴ The given equations have a unique solution.

Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
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6. 2x – y + 8z = 13

3x + 4y + 5z = 18

5x – 2y + 7z = 20

Sol. i) Cramer’s rule:

2 −1 8

m
∆= 3 4 5
5 −2 7

co
= 2(28 + 10) + 1(21 − 25) + 8( −6 − 20)

n.
= 76 − 4 − 208 = −136

io
13 −1 8
∆1 = 18 4 5
20 −2 7
at
uc
= 13(28 + 10) + 1(126 − 100) + 8(−36 − 80)
= 494 + 26 − 928 = −408
ed

2 13 8
i

∆ 2 = 3 18 5
sh

2 20 7
= 2(126 − 100) − 13(21 − 25) + 8(60 − 90)
ak

= 52 + 52 − 240 = −136
.s

2 −1 13
w

∆3 = 3 4 18
5 −2 20
w

= 2(80 + 36) + 1(60 − 90) + 13(−6 − 20)

w

= 232 − 30 − 338 = −136

∆1 −408
x= = =3
∆ −136
∆ −136
y= 2 = =1
∆ −136
∆ −136
z= 3 = =1
∆ −136

∴ Solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.
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ii) Matrix inversion method:

 2 −1 8  x  13 
Let A =  3 4 5  , X =  y  and D =
 
18 
 
 5 −2 7   z   20 

4 5
A1 = = 28 + 10 = 38
−2 7
3 5
B1 = − = −(21 − 25) = 4
5 7

m
3 4
C1 = = −6 − 20 = −26
5 −2

co
−1 8
A2 = − = −(−7 + 16) = −9

n.
−2 7

io
2 8
B2 = = (14 − 40) = −26
5 7

C2 = −
2 −1
5 −2
= −(−4 + 5) = −1
at
uc
−1 8
ed

A3 = = −5 − 32 = −37
4 5
i
sh

2 8
B3 = − = −(10 − 24) = 14
3 5
ak

2 −1
C3 = = 8 + 3 = 11
3 4
.s

 A1 A 2 A 3   38 −9 −37 
w

AdjA =  B1 B2 B3  =  4 −26 14 
w

 C1 C2 C3   −26 1 11 
w

det A = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1

= 2 ⋅ 38 + (−1)4 + 8(−26)
= 76 − 4 − 208 = −136

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 38 −9 −37 
1 
4 −26 14 
−1 AdjA
A = =− 
Det A 136
 −26 1 11 
 38 −9 −37  13 
X = A −1D = −
1  4 −26 14  18 
280   
 −26 1 11   20 
 494 −162 −740 
1 
=− 52 −468 +280 
136 
 −338 −18 +220 
 −408  3

m
1 
=− −136  = 1
136 
 −136  1

co
Solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.

n.
io
iii) Gauss Jordan method: at
uc
 2 −1 8 13 
Augmented matrix is A =  3 4 5 18 
ed

 5 −2 7 20 
i

R 2 → 2R 2 − 3R1 , R 3 → 2R 3 − 5R 2 we get
sh

 2 −1 8 13 
A ~  0 11 −14 −3 
ak

 0 1 −26 −25
R1 → R1 + R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − 11R 3 , we get
.s

 2 0 −18 −12 
w

A ~  0 0 272 272 
 0 1 −26 −25 
w
w

 1 
R2 → R2   we get
 272 
 2 0 −18 −12 
A ~  0 0 1 1 
 0 1 −26 −25 

R1 → R1 + 18R 2 , R 3 → R 3 + 26R 2 , we get

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2 0 0 6
A ~  0 0 1 1 
 0 1 0 1 
 1 0 0 3
1
R 2 ↔ R 3 , R1   we get A ~ 0 1 0 1
2
0 0 1 1

∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1

m
7. 2x – y + 3z = 8

co
–x + 2y + z = 4

n.
3x + y – 4z = 0

io
Sol. i) Cramer’s rule:
at
uc
2 −1 3
∆ = −1 2 1
ed

3 1 −4
= 2(−8 − 1) + 1(4 − 3) + 3(−1 − 6)
= −18 + 1 − 21 = −38
i
sh

8 −1 3
ak

∆1 = 4 2 1
0 1 −4
.s

= 8(−8 − 1) + 1(−16 − 0) + 3(4 − 0)

= −72 − 16 + 12 = −76
w
w

2 8 3
∆ 2 = −1 4 1
w

3 0 −4
= 2(−16 − 0) − 8(4 − 3) + 3(−0 − 12)
= −32 − 8 − 36 = −76

2 −1 8
∆3 = −1 2 4
3 1 0
= 2(0 − 4) + 1(0 − 12) + 8(−1 − 6)
= −8 − 12 − 56 = −76
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∆ −76
x= 1 = =2
∆ −38
∆ −76
y= 2 = =2
∆ −38
∆ −76
z= 3 = =2
∆ −38

∴ Solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.

m
ii) Matrix inversion method:

co
 2 −1 3  x  8 
Let A =  −1 2 1  , X =  y , D =
 
4
 

n.
 3 1 −4   z  0 

io
2 1
A1 = = −8 − 1 = −9
1 −4
−1 1
at
uc
B1 = − = −(4 − 3) = −1
3 −4
−1 2
ed

C1 = = −1 − 6 = −7
3 1
i
sh

−1 3
A2 = − = −(4 − 3) = −1
1 −4
ak

2 3
B2 = = −8 − 9 = −17
3 −4
.s

2 −1
C2 = − = −(2 + 3) = −5
3 1
w
w

−1 3
A3 = = −1 − 6 = −7
2 1
w

2 3
B3 = − = −(4 + 3) = −7
−1 2
2 −1
C3 = = 4 −1 = 3
−1 2

 A1 A 2 A 3   −9 −1 −7 
AdjA =  B1 B2 B3  =  −1 −17 −7 
 C1 C2 C3   −7 −5 3 

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det A = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1
= 2(−9) − 1(−1) + 3(−7)
= −18 + 1 − 21 = −38

 −9 −1 −7 
= −  −1 −17 −7 
−1 AdjA 1 
A =
detA 38
 −7 −5 3 
 −9 −1 −7   8 
X = A D = −  −1 −17 −7   4 
−1 1 
38
 −7 −5 3   0 

m
 −72 − 4   −76   2 
= −  −8 − 68  = −  −76  =  2 
1   1 

co
38 38
 −56 − 20   −76   2 

n.
Solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.

io
iii) Gauss Jordan method:

 2 −1 3 8 
at
uc
Augmented matrix is A =  −1 2 1 4 
 3 1 −4 0 
ed

R1 → R1 + 2R2, R3 → R3 + 3R2, we get

i
sh

 0 3 5 16 
A ~  −1 2 1 4 
ak

 0 7 −1 12 
.s

R 2 → 3R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → 3R 3 − 7R1 , we have

w

0 3 5 16 
A ~  −3 0 −7 −20 

w

 0 0 −38 −76 
w

 1 
R 3 → R 3  −  , we get
 38 
 0 3 5 16 
A ~  −3 0 −7 −20 
 0 0 1 2 

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R1 → R1 − 5R 2 , R 2 → R 2 + 7R 3 , we get
0 3 0 6
A ~  −3 0 0 −6 
 0 0 1 2 

1  1
R1 → R1   , R 2 → R 2  −  , R1 → R 2 we get
3  3

1 0 0 2 
A ~ 0 1 0 2 

m
0 0 1 2 

co
∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.

n.
io
8. Solve x + y + z = 9

2x + 5y + 7z = 52
at
uc
2x + y – z = 0
ed

Sol. i) Cramer’s rule:

i
sh

1 1 1
∆ = 2 5 −7
ak

2 1 −1
= 1(−5 − 7) − 1(−2 − 14) + 1(2 − 10)
.s

= −12 + 16 − 8 = −4
w

9 1 1
w

∆1 = 52 5 7
0 1 −1
w

= 9(−5 − 7) − 1(−52 − 0) + 1(52 − 0)

= −108 + 52 + 52 = −4
1 9 1
∆ 2 = 2 52 7
2 0 −1
= 1(−52 − 0) − 9( −2 − 14) + 1(0 − 104)
= −52 + 144 − 104 = −20

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1 1 9
∆ 3 = 2 5 52
2 1 0
= 1(0 − 52) − 1(0 − 104) + 9(2 − 10)
= −52 + 104 − 72 = −20

∆1 −4
x= = =1
∆ −4
∆ −12
y= 2 = =3
∆ −4
∆ −20
z= 3 = =5

m
∆ −4

co
Solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5

n.
ii) Matrix inversion method:

io
1 1 1  x  9
Let A =  2 5 7  , X =  y , D =
 
52 
  at
 2 1 −1  z   0 
uc
5 7
A1 = = −5 − 7 = −12
ed

1 −1
2 7
B1 = − = −(−2 − 14) = 16
i

2 −1
sh

2 5
C1 = = 2 − 10 = −8
ak

2 1
.s

1 1
A2 = − = −(−1 − 1) = 2
1 −1
w

1 1
B2 = = −1 − 2 = −3
2 −1
w

1 1
w

C2 = − = −(1 − 2) = 1
2 1

1 1
A3 = = 7−5 = 2
5 7
1 1
B3 = − = −(7 − 2) = −5
2 7
1 1
C3 = = 5−2 = 3
2 5

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 A1 A 2 A 3   −12 2 2 
AdjA =  B1 B2 B3  =  16 −3 −5 
 C1 C2 C3   −8 1 3 

det A = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1

= 1(−12) + 1(16) + 1(−8)
= −12 + 16 − 8 = −4

 −12 +2 2 
= −  16 −3 −5
−1 AdjA 1
A =
detA 4
 −8 1 3 

m
co
 −12 +2 2   9 
X = A D = −  16 −3 −5 52 
−1 1

n.
4
 −8 1 3   0 
 −108 + 104  −4   1 

io
= −  144 − 156  = −  −12 = 3
1  1
4 4
 −72 + 52   −20  5 at
uc
∴ Solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
i ed

iii) Gauss Jordan method:

sh

1 1 1 9 
ak

Augmented matrix A =  2 5 7 52 
 2 1 −1 0 
.s
w

R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R 2
1 1 1 9 
w

A ~ 0 3 5 34 

w

0 −4 −8 −52 
R1 → 3R1 − R 2 , R 3 → 3R 3 + 4R 2
 3 0 −2 −7 
A ~ 0 3 5 34 
0 0 −4 −20 

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 1
R 3 → R 3  −  , we obtain
 4
 3 0 −2 −7 
A ~ 0 3 5 34 
0 0 1 5 
R1 → R1 + 2R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − 5R 3 , we get
 3 0 0 3
A ~ 0 3 0 9 
0 0 1 5 

m
1 1
R1 → R1   , R 2 → R 2   we have
3 3

co
1 0 0 1 
A ~ 0 1 0 3

n.
0 0 1 5

io
∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
at
uc
9. Solve the following system of homogeneous equations.
ed

i. 2x + 3y – z = 0
i
sh

x – y – 2z = 0
ak

3x + y + 3z = 0.
.s

 2 3 −1
Sol. The coefficient matrix is 1 −1 −2 
w

 3 1 3 
w

 2 3 −1  2 3 −1
w

det of 1 −1 −2  = 1 −1 −2 

 3 1 3   3 1 3 

= 2(−3 + 2) − 3(3 + 6) − 1(1 + 3)

= −2 − 27 − 4 = −33 ≠ 0, ρ(A) = 3

Hence the system has the trivial solution

x = y = z = 0 only.
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ii. 3x + y – 2z = 0

x+y+z=0

x – 2y + z = 0

Hint: If the determinant of the coefficient matrix ≠ 0 then the system has trivial
solution. i.e. ρ(A) = 3.

 3 1 −2 
The coefficient matrix is 1 1 1 

m
Sol.
1 −2 1 

co
3 1 −2 

n.
1 1 1  = 3(1 + 2) − 1(1 − 1) − 2(−2 − 1)
 
1 −2 1 

io
= 9 + 6 = 15 ≠ 0, ρ(A) = 3

Hence the system has the trivial solutions

at
uc
x = y = z = 0 only.
i ed
sh

iii. x + y – 2z = 0
ak

2x + y – 3z = 0
.s

5x + 4y – 9z = 0
w

 1 1 −2 
w

Sol. The coefficient matrix is  2 1 −3 =A (say)

 5 4 9 
w

1 1 −2
2 1 −3 = 1(−9 + 12) − 1(−18 + 15) − 2(8 − 5)
5 4 9
= 3+3−6 = 0

1 1
∴ Rank of A = 2 as the sub matrix   is non-singular, ρ(A) < 3.
 2 1

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Hence the system has non-trivial solution.

 1 1 −2 
A =  2 1 −3 the system of equation is equivalent to the given system of equations
 5 4 9 

are

x + y – 2z = 0

–y + z = 0

m
Let z = k ⇒ y = k, x = k

co
∴ x = y = z = k for real number k.

n.
io
IV. x + y – z = 0 at
uc
x – 2y + z = 0
ed

3x + 6y – 5z = 0

1 1 −1
i
sh

Sol. Coefficient matrix A = 1 −2 1 

3 6 −5
ak

R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 3R1
.s

 1 1 − 1
A ~ 0 −3 2 
w

0 3 −2 
w
w

⇒ det A = 0 as R2, R3 are identical.

1 1
and rank(A) = 2 as the sub matrix   is non-singular. Hence the system has non-
0 −3

trivial solution, ρ(A) < 3.

The system of equations equivalent to the given system of equations are

x+y–z=0
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3y – 2z = 0

2k k
Let z = k ⇒ y = ,x=
3 3

k 2k
∴x = ,y = , z = k for any real number of k.
3 3

1 2
10. Find the adjoint and the inverse of the matrix A =  .
3 −5

m
1 2
Sol. | A |= = −5 − 6 = −11 ≠ 0
3 −5

co
Hence A is invertible.

n.
 −5 −3

io
The cofactor matrix of A = 
 −2 1 

 −5 −2 
at
uc
∴ AdjA =  
 −3 1 
ed

5 2 
AdjA 1  −5 −2  11 11 

∴ A −1 = =−  = 
det A 11  −3 1   3 1
−
i

11 11 
sh

1 3 3 
ak

11. Find the adjoint and the inverse of the matrix A = 1 4 3 .
1 3 4 
.s
w

1 3 3 
| A | = 1 4 3 
w

Sol.
1 3 4 
w

= 1(16 − 9) − 3(4 − 3) + 3(3 − 4)

= 7 −3−3 =1≠ 0

∴ A is invertible.

 7 −1 −1
The factor of A is B =  −3 1 0 
 −3 0 1 
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 7 −3 3 
∴ Adj A = B =  −1 1 0
T

 −1 0 1 

 7 −3 3 
AdjA 
∴A −1
= =  −1 1 0  , Q| A |= 1
det A
 −1 0 1 

1 2 1 
12. Find the inverse of A = 3 2 3  .

m
1 1 2 

co
1 2 1 
Sol. Let A = 3 2 3 

n.
1 1 2 

io
det A = 1(4 – 3) – 2(6 – 3) + 1(3 – 2)

= 1 – 6 + 1 = –4
at
uc
The cofactors of elements of A are
ed

A11 = + (4 − 3) = 1
i

A12 = −(6 − 3) = −3
sh

A13 = + (3 − 2) = 1
ak

A 21 = −(4 − 1) − 3
A 22 = +(2 − 1) = 1
.s

A 23 = −(1 − 2) = 1
w

A31 = + (6 − 2) = 4
A32 = −(3 − 3) = 0
w

A33 = + (2 − 6) = −4
w

 A11 A 21 A31   1 −3 4 
∴ AdjA =  A12 A 22 A32  =  −3 1 0 
 A13 A 23 A33   1 1 −4 

 1 −3 4 
= −  −3 1 0 
AdjA 1
∴A –1
=
det A 4
 1 1 −4 

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0 1 2
13. Find the rank of A = 1 2 3 using elementary transformations.
3 2 1 

1 2 3 
Sol. A ~  0 1 2  (on interchanging R1 and R2)
 3 2 1 

1 2 3 
~ 0 1 2  R3 → R3 – 3R1

m
0 −4 −8 

co
1 0 −1
R1 → R1 − 2R 2
~ 0 1 2 

n.
R → R 3 + 4R 2
0 0 0  3

io
1 0 
The last matrix is singular and  at
 is a non-singular sub matrix of it. Hence its rank
0 1 
uc
is 2.
ed

∴ Rank (A) = 2.
i
sh

 1 2 0 −1
ak

14. Find the rank A =  3 4 1 2  using elementary transformations.

 −2 3 2 5 
.s

 1 2 0 −1
w

Sol. A =  3 4 1 2 
w

 −2 3 2 5 
w

R2 → R2 – 3R1, R3 → R3 + 2R1

1 2 0 1 
~ 0 −2 1 5
0 7 2 3

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R1 → R1 + R 2 , R 3 → 2R 3 + 7R 2
1 0 1 4 
~ 0 −2 1 5 
0 0 11 41
R1 → 11R1 − R 3 , R 2 → 11R 2 − R 3
11 0 0 3
~  0 −22 0 13 

 0 0 11 41

11 0 0

m
Now det  0 −22 0  = 11(–232) ≠ 0.


co
 0 0 11

n.
Hence ran (A) = 3.

io
at
15. a) Apply the test of rank to examine whether the following equations are
uc
consistent. 2x – y + 3z = 8, –x + 2y + z = 4, 3x + y = 4z = 0 and, if consistent, find
the complete solution.
ed

 2 −1 3 8 
i

The augmented matrix is  −1 2 1 4 

sh

Sol.
 3 1 −4 0 
ak

(On interchange R1 and R2)

.s

 −1 2 1 4 
~  2 −1 3 8 
w

 3 1 −4 0 
w
w

R 2 → R 2 + 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 + 3R1

 −1 2 1 4 
~  0 3 5 16 
 0 7 −1 12 

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R 3 → 3R 3 − 7R 2
 −1 2 1 4 

~0 3 5 16 
 0 0 −38 −76 

 −1 2 1 
Now det  0 3 5  = (−1)(3)(−38) = 144
 0 0 −38 

Hence rank (A) = rank [AD] = 3

m
∴ The system has a unique solution.

co
We write the equivalent system of the equations from (F) : i.e.

n.
–x + 2y + z = 4

io
3y + 5z = 16 at
uc
–38z = –76
ed

∴ z = 2, y = 2, x = 2 is the solution.
i
sh

b) Show that the following system of equations is consistent and solve it completely
ak

x + y + z = 3, 2x + 2y – z = 3, x + y – z = 1.
.s

1 1 1  x   3
Let A =  2 2 −1 , X =  y  and D =  3
w

Sol.    
1 1 −1  z  1 
w
w

Then the given equations can be written as

AX = D

 1 1 1 3
Augmented Matrix [AD] =  2 2 −1 3
1 1 −1 1

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R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1
1 1 1 3 
~ 0 0 −3 −3
0 0 −2 −2 
R 3 → 3R 3 − 2R 2
1 1 1 3 
~ 0 0 −3 −3
0 0 0 0 

Clearly all the sub matrices of order 3 × 3 of the above matrix are singular.

m
co
Hence rank of A ≠ 3, and rank of [AD] ≠ 3

n.
1 1
Now consider the sub matrix   of both A and AD is non-singular.
0 −3

io
Hence Rank(A) = 2 = Rank [AD]
at
uc
∴ The system of equations is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
ed

From the above [AD] matrix

x+y+z=3
i
sh

–3z = –3 ⇒ z = 1
ak

and x + y = 2
.s

Hence x = k, y = 2 – k, z = 1, k ∈ R is a solution set.

w

16. Solve the following simultaneous linear equations by using Cramer’s rule.
w
w

3x + 4y + 5z = 18

2x – y + 8z = 13

5x – 2y + 7z = 20

3 4 5 x  18 
Sol. Let A =  2 −1 8  , X =  y  , D =
  13 
 
 5 −2 7   z   20 

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i.e. AX = D

3 4 5
∆ = det A = 2 −1 8
5 −2 7
= 3(−7 + 16) − 4(14 − 40) + 5(−4 + 5)
= 27 + 104 + 5 = 136 ≠ 0
18 4 5
∆1 = 13 −1 8 = 408
20 −2 7

m
3 18 5

co
∆ 2 = 2 13 8 = 136
5 20 7

n.
2 4 18
∆3 = 2 −1 13 = 136

io
5 −2 20

Hence by Cramer’s rule

at
uc
∆1 408
x= = =3
ed

∆ 136
∆ 2 136
y= = =1
i

∆ 136
sh

∆3 136
z= = =1
∆ 136
ak

∴ The solution of the given system of equation is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.

.s
w
w

17. Solve 3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 2x – y + 8z = 13 and 5x – 2y + 7z = 20 by using Matrix

w

inversion method.

3 4 5 x  18 
Sol. Let A =  2 −1 8  , X =  y  , D =
  13 
 
 5 −2 7   z   20 

Given can be written as AX = 8

By matrix inversion method X = A–1B is the solution.

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det A = 3(–7 + 16) – 4(14 – 40) + 5(–4 + 5)

= 27 + 104 + 5 = 136

The cofactors of elements of A are

A11 = + (−7 + 16) = 9

A12 = −(−14 − 40) = 26
A13 = + (−4 + 5) = 1
A 21 = −(28 + 10) = −38

m
A 22 = + (21 − 25) = −4
A 23 = −(−6 − 20) = 26

co
A31 = + (32 + 5) = 37

n.
A32 = −(24 − 10) = −14
A33 = (−3 − 8) = −11

io
 A11
∴ AdjA =  A12
A 21
A 22
A 31   9 −38 37 
A 32  =  26 −4 −14 
at
uc
 A13 A 23 A 33   1 26 −11
ed

 9 −38 37 
1 
26 −4 −14 
−1 AdjA
A = = 
i

det A 136
 1 26 −11
sh

 9 −38 37  18 
1 
26 −4 −14  13 
ak

−1
X=A B= 
136
 1 26 −11  20 
.s

162 −494 +740   408 3

1   1 
= 468 −52 −280  = 136  = 1
w

136  136 
 18 +338 −220  136  1
w

∴ x = 3, y = 1, z = 1 is the solution.
w

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18. Solve the following equations by Gauss-Jordan method.

3x + 4y + 5z = 18

2x – y + 8z = 13

5x – 2y + 7z = 20

 3 4 5 18 
Sol. The augmented matrix is  2 −1 8 13 
 5 −2 7 20 

m
co
R 1 → R1 − R 2

1 5 −3 5 

n.
=  2 −1 8 13 

io
 5 −2 7 20 

R 2 → R 2 − 2R 3 , R 3 → R 3 − 5R1
at
uc
 1 5 −3 5 
= 0 −11 14 3 
ed

0 −27 22 −5

R 2 → −5R 2 + 2R 3
i
sh

1 5 −3 5 
= 0 1 −26 25 

ak

0 −27 22 −5

R1 → R1 − 5R 2 , R 3 → R 3 + 27R 2
.s

1 0 127 130 
= 0 1 −26 −25 
w

0 0 −680 −680 

w

R 3 → R 3 + (−680)
w

1 0 127 135 
= 0 1 −26 −25
0 0 1 1 
R1 → R1 − 127R 3 , R 2 → R 2 + 26R 3
 1 0 0 3
= 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1

Hence the solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.

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19. Solve the following system of equation by Gauss-Jordan method,

x+y+z=3

2x + 2y – z = 3

x + y – z = 1.

Sol. The matrix equation is AX = D, where

1 1 1  x   3

m
Let A =  2 2 −1 , X =  y  and D =
 
 3
 
1 1 −1  z  1 

co
n.
The augmented matrix is

io
 1 1 1 3
[AD] =  2 2 −1 3
1 1 −1 1 at
uc
R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1
ed

1 1 1 3 
~ 0 0 −3 −3
0 0 −2 −2 
i
sh

2
R3 → R3 − R 2
ak

3
1 1 1 3 
~  0 0 −3 −3
.s

0 0 0 0 
w
w

Hence the following is the system of equations equivalent to the given system of
w

equations:

x + y + z = 3, –3z = –3

Hence z = 1, x + y = 1

∴ The solution set is x = k, y = 2 – k, z = 1 where k ∈ R.

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20. By using Gauss-Jordan method, show that 2x + 4y – z = 0, x + 2y + 2z = 5,
3x + 6y – 7z = 2 has no solution.

 2 4 −1 0 
Sol. 1 2 2 5 
 
 3 6 −7 2 

R 2 → 2R 2 − R1 , R 3 → 2R 3 − 3R1
 2 4 −1 0 
~  0 0 5 10 

m
 0 0 −11 4 

co
R 3 → 5R 3 + 11R 2
 2 4 −1 0 

n.
~  0 0 5 10  (Final matrix)
 0 0 0 130 

io
at
Hence the given system of equations is equivalent to the following system of equations
2x + 4y – z = 0, 5z = 10 ⇒ z = 2 and
uc
0(x) + 0(y) + 0(z) = 130
ed

Clearly no x, y, z satisfy the last equation

i
sh

∴ Given system of equations has no solution.

ak
.s

21. Find the non-trivial solutions, if any, for the following equations.
w

2x + 5y + 6z = 0, x – 3y – 8z = 0 3x – y – 4z = 0
w
w

2 5 6 
Sol. The coefficient matrix A = 1 −3 −8
 3 1 −4 

On interchanging R1 and R2, we get

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 1 −3 8 
A ~  2 5 6 
 3 1 −4 

R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 2R1 we get

 1 −3 −8 
A ~ 0 11 22 
0 10 20 
R 2 → R 2 − R3
 1 −3 −8 

m
A ~ 0 1 2 

co
0 10 20 
R 3 → R 3 + 10

n.
 1 −3 8 
A ~ 0 1 2 

io
0 1 2 

det A = 0 as R2 and R3 are identical.

at
uc
1 −3
ed

Clearly rank (A) = 2, as the sub-matrix   is non-singular.

0 1 
i
sh

Hence the system has non-trivial solution.

The following system of equations is equivalent to the given system of equations.

ak

x – 3y – 8z = 0
.s
w

y + 2z = 0
w

On giving an arbitrary value k to z, we obtain the solution set is

w

x = 2k, y = –2k, z = k, k ∈ R for k ≠ 0.

We obtain non-trivial solutions.

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⇒ x + 4 − 2y = 0 ...(1)
2x + 2 − 2y = 0 ...(2)
x 2 + 4 + y2 = 9
x + 2y + 4 = 0
x − y +1 = 0
3y + 3 = 0 ⇒ y = −1

∴ x = y − 1 = −1 − 1 = −2
∴ x = −2, y = −1

m
a a 2 bc 
 

co
22. Prove that  b b 2 ca  = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)(ab + bc + ca)
 2 
 c c ab 

n.
io
a a2 bc a2 a3 abc
1 2
Sol. b b2 ca = b b3 abc
c c2 ab
abc 2
c c3 abc
at
uc
a2 a3 1 1 a2 a3
ed

1
= abc b2 b3 1 = 1 b 2 b3
abc
c2 c3 1 1 c2 c3
i
sh

0 a 2 − c2 a 3 − c3
R 1 → R1 − R 3
ak

= 0 b 2 − c2 b 3 − c3
R2 → R2 − R3
1 c2 c3
.s
w

0 a + c a 2 + ac + c 2
(a − c)(b − c)
0 b − c b2 + bc + c2
w

=
R 2 → R 2 − R1
1 c2 c3
w

0 a+c a 2 + ac + c2
= (a − c)(b − c) 0 b − c b 2 − a 2 + bc − ac
1 c2 c3

0 a + c a 2 + ac + c2
= (a − c)(b − c)(b − a) 0 1 c+a +b
1 c2 c3
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a + c a 2 + ac + c 2
= (a − c)(b − c)(b − a)
1 a +b+c

= (a − c)(b − c)(b − a)(ab + bc + ca)

23. Prove that

1+ a 1 1
 1 1 1
1 1+ b 1 = abc 1 + + + 

m
 a b c
1 1 1+ c

co
1 1 1
+1

n.
1+ a 1 1 a a a
1 1 1
1 1+ b 1 = abc 1+

io
Sol.
b b b
1 1 1+ c
1 1 1
c c c
at
+1
uc
C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
ed

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a b c a b c a b c
i
sh

1 1 1
= abc 1+
b b b
1 1 1
ak

+1
c c c
.s
w

1 1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1
= abc 1 + + +  1+
w

 a b c b b b
1 1 1
w

1+
c c c

1 0 0
 1 1 1 C2 → C 2 − C1
= abc 1 + + +  1/ b 1 0
 a b c C → C3 − C1
1/ c 0 1 3

 1 1 1
= abc 1 + + + 
 a b c

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b+c c+a a+b a b c
24. Show that c + a a + b b + c = 2 b c a
a+b b+c c+a c a b

b+c c+a a+b

Sol. L.H.S. = c + a a + b b + c
a+b b+c c+a

By applying R1 ⇒ R1 + R2 + R3

m
2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c)
= c+a a+b b+c

co
a+b b+c c+a
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

n.
= 2 c+a a+b b+c

io
a+b b+c c+a

By applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1 at
uc
a +b+c a+b+c a +b+c
= 2 −b −c −a
ed

−c −a −b
i
sh

By applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
ak

a b c
= 2 − b − c −a
.s

− c −a − b
w

a b c
w

= (2)(−1)(−1) b c a
c a b
w

a b c
= 2 b c a = R.H.S.
c a b

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25. Show that

1 a2 a3
1 b2 b3 = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)(ab + bc + ca)
1 c2 c3

1 a2 a3
Sol. L.H.S = 1 b 2 b3
1 c2 c3

m
By applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1

co
1 a2 a3

n.
= 0 b2 − a 2 b 2 − a 3
0 c2 − a 2 c3 − a 3

io
1 a2 a3
at
uc
= (b − a)(c − a) 0 b + a b 2 + ba + a 2
0 c+a c 2 + ca + a 2
ed

Applying R2 → R2 – R3
i
sh

1 a2 a3
= −(a − b)(c − a) 0 b − c b 2 − c2 + a(b − c)
ak

0 c+a c2 + ca + a 2
.s

1 a2 a3
= −(a − b)(c − a)(b − c) 0 b+c+a
w

1
0 c + a c2 + ca + a 2
w

= −(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)

w

[(c2 + ca + a 2 ) − (b + c + a)(c + a)]

= −(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
[c2 + ca + a 2 − b(c + a) − (c + a) 2 =
= −(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
[c2 + ca + a 2 − bc − ab − c2 − 2ca − a 2 ]
= −(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)[ −ab − bc − ca]
= (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)(ab + bc + ca)

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1 a2 a3
∴ 1 b 2 b3 = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)(ab + bc + ca)
1 c2 c3

1 ω ω2
26. If ω is a complex cube root of 1 then show that ω ω2 1 =0.
ω2 1 ω

1 ω ω2

m
Sol. ω ω2 1
ω2 ω

co
1

R1 → R1 + R2 + R3

n.
io
1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω2
= ω
ω
2
ω2
1
1
ω
at
uc
0 0 0
= ω ω2 1 [Q1 + ω + ω2 = 0]
ed

ω2 1 ω
i

=0
sh

a−b−c 2a 2a
ak

27. Show that 2b b−c−a 2b = (a + b + c)3

2c 2c c−a −b
.s

a −b−c
w

2a 2a
Sol. 2b b−c−a 2b
w

2c 2c c−a −b
w

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R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3
a−b−c a+b+c a+b+c
= 2b b−c−a 2b
2c 2c c−a−b
1 1 1
= (a + b + c) 2b b−c−a 2b
2c 2c c−a −b
C 2 → C 2 − C1
C 3 → C 3 − C1
1 0 0

m
= (a + b + c) 2b − (a + b + c) 0
− (a + b + c)

co
2c 0

= (a + b + c) 3

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