Biology Test P4 Marks 80

Q. 1 Crabs are classified, along with prawns, shrimps and lobsters, as crustaceans. Most crabs
live in the sea, although some live in freshwater and there are a few land-dwelling crabs.

Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of a typical crab.

Fig 1.1

(a) State the group of animals that includes crustaceans, insects, arachnids and myriapods.

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Fig. 1.2 shows four different species of crab.

B) Biologists use dichotomous keys to identify different species.

Use Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 to state one visible feature of each species of crab A, B, C and D, that could be

used in a dichotomous key to identify crabs.

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B ..................................................................................................................................................

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C ..................................................................................................................................................

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C) Emergency medical packs contain bandages made from chitosan.

Chitosan comes from the exoskeleton of crustaceans and has a positive charge to attract red blood

cells. It helps blood clot quickly and also has antibacterial properties.

Explain the benefits of using bandages made from chitosan.

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[ Total 8]
Q.2 Fig. 5.1 shows the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which is a human pathogen.

Fig. 5.1

(a) State the genus of Helicobacter pylori.

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(b) H. pylori is placed in the prokaryote kingdom.
State two structural features that H. pylori shares with other prokaryotes.
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(c) (i) H. pylori can cause infections in the stomach.
Suggest how this infection could be treated.
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(ii) State one natural body defence that is found in the stomach.
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(d) The immune system is not very effective against pathogens, such as H. pylori, that live inside
the alimentary canal. This means that active immunity and passive immunity do not provide
complete protection against H. pylori infections.
Explain how active immunity differs from passive immunity.
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[Total: 9]
Q. 3 (a) Define the term chemical digestion.
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(b) A student investigated the activity of the digestive enzyme pepsin.
Fig. 3.1 shows the apparatus used in the investigation.

Fig 3.1
The appearance of the four test-tubes was recorded at 0 and 5 minutes.
The protein in the egg white solution gives the solution a cloudy appearance.
The cloudy appearance clears when the protein in the egg white solution breaks down.
Table 3.1 shows the results.

(i) Explain the results shown for test-tubes 1, 2 and 3 in Table 3.1.
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(ii) Explain the purpose of test-tube 4.
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(iii) State the name of the organ in the body that produces pepsin.
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(c) Maltase is another digestive enzyme.
Describe the action of maltase and state where it acts in the alimentary canal.
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[Total: 13]

Q.4 (a) Explain how water is absorbed by plant roots.

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(b) Young plants were grown in pots of sand for four weeks.
Some plants were watered with distilled water at pH 7.0 (no salts).
Most pots were watered with solutions containing different concentrations of salt
(sodium chloride) at pH 7.0.
The plants were kept at 20oC.
The growth of the plants was measured after four weeks.
The growth of the plants is shown in Fig. 4.1 as percentages of the growth of the plants
watered with distilled water.

Fig 4.1
(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 4.1.
You will gain credit for using the figures in the graph to support your answer.
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(ii) Explain the difference in growth between the plants watered with low concentrations and those
watered with high concentrations of salt solution.
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The pH of soils influences the availability of ions to plants.
Fig. 4.2 shows the availability of ions in soils of different pH.

(c) Name the ion that is least available in soils of pH 4.0 and in soils of pH 11.0.
pH 4.0 ..............................................................................................................................
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(d) Plants grown in soils of pH 10 may show symptoms of deficiency. They are stunted and their
leaves are yellow.
Explain how deficiencies of magnesium ions and nitrate ions lead to the symptoms described.
Magnesium ions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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Nitrate ions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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[Total: 16]
Q. 5 Fig. 5.1 shows images of red blood cells from a human, A, and a bird, B.

Fig. 5.1
(a) State the function of red blood cells.
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(b) There is a nucleus present in each of the red blood cells of the bird, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
(i) State the function of a nucleus.
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(ii) Human red blood cells do not contain a nucleus.
State an advantage of this.
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Red blood cells from humans were placed into three test-tubes. Each test-tube contained a salt
solution of a different concentration. A sample was taken from each test-tube and viewed using a
microscope. The results are shown in Fig. 5.2.
 Fig. 5.2
(c) (i) Describe the appearance of the red blood cells in the 0.15 mol dm−3 salt solution and the
red blood cells in the 0.20 mol dm−3 salt solution.
0.15 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................
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0.20 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................
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(ii) The red blood cells in the 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution burst.
Explain why the red blood cells burst.
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(iii) Suggest why a plant cell in 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution would not burst.
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(D) Some people in accidents lose a lot of blood. Doctors give patients fluid to replace lost blood.
(i) Use the information in Fig. 5.2 to predict and explain the concentration of fluid replacement
given to patients who have lost blood.
prediction ...........................................................................................................................
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(ii) Describe the process of blood clotting.
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[Total: 14]
Q. 6 Table 6.1 shows the names of some specialised cells, each matched with a letter.

Table 6.1
Table 6.2 shows eight functions carried out by specialised cells.
Complete Table 6.2 by writing in the letter of the cell from Table 6.1 responsible for the function.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all. An example has been done for you.

Table 6.2 [7]

Q.7 This question is about photosynthesis.
Complete the sentences using words from the list.
Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Chlorophyll Chloroplast Epidermis Glucose Glycogen Membrane Palisade
Starch Stigma Stomata
When plants carry out photosynthesis the chemical called ............................................. traps light
energy.
The energy is used to combine raw materials to make ............................................. .
This process mainly happens in the ............................................. layer of the leaf.
The gas needed for photosynthesis enters the leaf through the ............................................. .
These are found in the ............................................. of the leaf.
Leaves appear green because they contain the chemical called ............................................. [6]
[Total: 6]
Q.8 Fig. 8.2 shows a transverse section through a root at the end of the cold winter (W) and at the end
of the warm, moist summer S). At the end of the winter, the cells contain very few starch grains. At
the end of the summer, most of the root cells contain many starch grains.

Fig. 8.2
(a) Suggest why there are few starch grains in the cells of W compared with a large number of starch
grains in the cells of S.

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(b)Describe how enzymes in root cells synthesise starch.

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(c) As temperature is increased, for example from 10 o C to 30 o C, enzyme activity increases. Explain
how increasing temperature affects enzyme activity.

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[Total 8]