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Problems associated with zero sequence compensation applied to distance

protection

Article · January 2006

DOI: 10.1109/PES.2006.1709278

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 1

Problems Associated with Zero Sequence

Compensation Applied to Distance Protection
T. Kase, Y. Kurosawa, Member, IEEE, P. Beaumont, Senior Member, IEEE

When zero sequence compensation is applied to Mho

Abstract—Zero sequence compensation is one of the essential elements it should be recognized that the sensitivity of the
functions found within distance protection and is widely used all Mho element is affected by unexpected zero sequence current
over the world. However, the application of this function can be caused by one phase being open etc. The influence of zero
problematic as it can cause complex and subtle effects. Often
sequence compensation on a Mho element is not insignificant
investigations into problems found with zero sequence
compensation have not clarified whether or not a problem would when load current is very high and the reach setting is large.
have caused unwanted operation under very severe conditions. In Although some problems have been explained for particular
this paper the undesirable effect of zero sequence compensation cases there is little general information available that users
on the measurement of resistance and on the performance of Mho can reference to enable a clear understanding. In this paper
elements is investigated and described. These undesirable effects the effect of zero sequence compensation has been
are explained using vector diagrams and equations in order that
investigated and explained. The results of the study are
a general tendency of the effect can be understood. The
explanation is confirmed by simulation using ATP. Finally, the confirmed by numerical example using ATP(Alternative
problems are summarised and possible solutions are suggested. Transient Program) simulation. Later in the paper several
methods are suggested to reduce the undesirable influence of
Index Terms— ATP, Blinder, Distance measurement, Distance zero sequence compensation.
protection, Impedance, Mho, Overreach, Simulation, Zero
sequence compensation II. FUNDAMENTALS OF ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION
I. INTRODUCTION A. Zero sequence compensation for reactance element and
blinder
Z ero sequence compensation is commonly applied to
phase-to-earth distance measurement in distance
protection. Typically, zero sequence compensation is applied
Firstly a definition of the names given to the distance
measurements used in this paper is explained. Fig.1 shows a
to Mho elements, reactance elements, blinder elements and so typical quadrilateral characteristic. In this paper the
on [3][5]. Clearly, zero sequence compensation is essential measurement that decides the reactive reach is named the
for distance protection but it is worth noting that the subject reactance element and the measurement deciding resistive
of zero sequence compensation can be very complex and reach is named as a blinder. If an “A” phase to earth fault
problems in its application may not be immediately occurs the relationship between the voltage and current in the
recognised. The advent of numerical relays has enabled faulted phase can be shown as follows.
increasingly complex protection functions. Zero sequence V A = I A Z1 + I 0 (Z 0 − Z1 )
(1)
compensation has become more complicated and as a = I A ( R1 + jX 1 ) + I 0 [R0 − R1 + j ( X 0 − X 1 )]
consequence it can be difficult to apply and its effect can be
R − R1 X − X1
difficult to understand completely. = R1 ( I A + 0 I 0 ) + jX 1 ( I A + 0 I0 )
R1 X1
In our studies we have found that blinders can overreach
for faults with resistance if zero sequence compensation is
Reactance element
applied. This is because the appropriate zero sequence should be smaller than the impedance
compensation factor for resistive faults is different from that of the protected line
for normal conditions. Furthermore, a blinder with zero
sequence compensation can overreach when one phase is
open in either the protected line or in the parallel line. This is
because unexpected zero sequence current can appear for Impedance
120 [deg]
reasons other than faults. measurement

15 [deg.]
Blinder element
T. Kase is with Toshiba International (Europe) Ltd., Durham, UK (e-mail: should be smaller than the impedance
Directional element of the load.
[email protected]).
Y.Kurosawa is with Toshiba, Fuchu, Tokyo JAPAN Fig.1 Typical quadrilateral characteristic
P. Beaumont is with Toshiba International (Europe) Ltd., Durham, UK
 2

Z1 and Z0 are the positive sequence impedance and zero

x
V
sequence impedance respectively. R1 and R0 are the resistive
parts of the positive sequence impedance and zero sequence V A

impedance respectively. X1 and X0 are the reactive parts of the I A (x)+kxI0(x)

positive sequence impedance and zero sequence impedance
respectively. VA, IA and I0 are the “A” phase voltage, “A” k I x 0(x)
phase current and zero sequence current respectively.
Therefore distance measurement with zero sequence IA(x) α
compensation applied can be shown as follows:- β A (r)
I
Z A = R A + jX A
Vr Vx
(2)
V r
= + j 3I 0
I A + kr I0 I A + kx I0
where A(r)+krI0(r)
I
R0 − R1 X − X1 (3)
kr + jk x = K Z = +j 0
R1 X1 r 0(r)
k I

RA and XA are the respective resistive and reactive components

of the distance measurement. Vr is the component of VA Fig.2 Vector diagram of impedance including zero sequence compensation
which is parallel to “IA+krI0”. Vx is the component of VA
VA (6)
which is perpendicular to “IA+kxI0”. Kz is called the zero RA = cos α
sequence compensation factor. This zero sequence I A + kr I 0
compensation factor is basically complex in value and the real VA (7)
XA = sin α
and imaginary component parts can be different. In the past kx I A + kr I 0
was commonly used for kr due to hardware restrictions. It has In a distance protection the decision to either operate or not is
since become possible to calculate the distance to faults by made by comparing these values to the reactance and blinder
solving equations directly following the introduction of elements when zero sequence compensation is applied.
numerical platforms [1][2]. Henceforth it has not been
difficult to calculate distance using the full complex value B. Zero sequence compensation for Mho element
with a modern numerical relay. Fig.3 shows a Mho element in the voltage plane where the
It is complicated to show the relationship between voltage direction of current is chosen as the horizontal axis. Iry and Vry
and current to which zero sequence compensation has been are the phase current and phase voltage measured by the relay.
applied, especially when the directions of IA and I0 are Zset is the setting which decides the reach and the most
different and kx and kr are different. I0(r), having the same sensitive direction of the Mho as shown in Fig.3(a). Vp is
magnitude and direction as the original I0, is extended by kr. called the polarising voltage. The Mho element operates when
I0(x), having the same magnitude as the original I0, but is the angle between Vp and “Vry-IryZset” is greater than 90
perpendicular to the original I0, is extended to kx as shown in degrees. This condition is equivalent to the condition when
Fig.2. “IA(r)+krI0(r)” is the compensated current which is used Vry is inside the characteristic and Vp and Vry are in the same
to calculate the resistive part of the impedance. “IA(x) + kxI0(x)” direction. There are several possibilities for selection of the
is the compensated current which is used to calculate the polarising voltage. For example self-polarised which simply
reactive part of the impedance. In fig.2, α is the angle uses the phase voltage and cross-polarised which derives the
between “IA(r) + krI0(r)” and the measured voltage, β is the polarising voltage from the phase-to-phase voltage. Dual-
angle between “IA(r) + krI0(r)” and “IA(x) + kxI0(x)”. Measured polarised is a combination of the self-polarised and cross-
voltage “VA” can be decomposed in two directions. One is in polarised techniques. These methods are well documented and
the direction of “IA(r) + krI0(r)” and the other one is in the used together with memory action.
direction of “IA(x) + kxI0(x)”. These components are Vr and Vx (I ry+KzI0)Zset

respectively. Using Fig.2 RA and XA can be obtained as follows.

Vry –(Iry+KzI 0)Zset
I ryZset
Vr VA sin(β − α ) (4)
RA = = ⋅
I A + kr I0 I A + kr I0 sin β Vry –IryZset
Vp

VA VA sin α (5)
XA = = ⋅ Vp
I A + kx I0 I A + kxI0 sin β
I ry Iry+KzI 0
When I0 and IA are in the same direction equations (4) and (5)
can be made simpler because β is equal to π / 2 . Therefore
Fig.3 (a) Mho characteristic without zero sequence compensation (Left)
(4) and (5) can be modified as follows. (b) Mho characteristic with zero sequence compensation (Right)
 3

(Iry+KzI0)Zset From Table1, the zero sequence compensation factor is

derived as follows.
R − R1 X − X1
KZ = 0 + j 0 = kr + jk x = 14.8 + j 2.9 (10)
R1 X1
VRY -(Iry+KzI0)Zset
krI0Im(Zset) A. Measurement error for an earth fault with resistance
IryZset KzI0Zset
In order to simplify the calculation without losing
generality the following is assumed for an “A” phase to earth
fault.
Vp
I1 = I 2 = I 0

Iry
By substituting (10) to (6), resistance measurement with zero
sequence compensation for this example is given as follows.
krI0Re(Zset) VA VA (11)
I0 RA = cos α = cos α
I A + 14.8 I 0 5.9 I A
Fig.4 Mho element with zero sequence compensation when the direction of zero Q ( I A = 3I 0 )
sequence current is different from that of the phase current. If a fault of N ohms occurs at a point P% on the line, the loop
impedance is modified to that shown in Table II. In order to
When zero sequence compensation is applied to a Mho
focus on the error caused by zero-sequence compensation a
element Iry is substituted by Iry+KzI0. If the direction of I0 and
single line with a single source is assumed here. If it is
the direction of phase current are the same and kr and kx are
assumed that N has a value of 10 ohms and that the value of P
the same, the direction remains the same with only the reach
is 50, kr becomes 1.28. Hence, RA can be calculated when the
being extended as shown in Fig.3(b).
following equation is applied.
When the direction of I0 and the phase current is different,
the direction is changed. In that case, the direction of a Mho VA VA (12)
RA = cos α = cos α
element with compensation is obtained by combining the I A + 1 .28 I 0 1 .43 IA
direction of the Mho element based on the measured phase If the result obtained using equation (12) is compared with
current with the direction of the Mho element based on zero that of (11), it is found that the answer determined from (11)
sequence current in the voltage plane, which is shown in Fig.4. is 24% of that determined using (12), with the implication that
equation (11) can cause an overreach of 4 times the setting of
(Iry+KzI0)Zset =IryZset + KzI0Zset (8)
the blinder. For example if the setting is 10 ohms, the relay
where KzI0Zset can be decomposed as follows. will detect up to 40 ohms. The error increases as the fault
K z I 0 Z set = K z I 0 Z set // I + K z I 0 Z set ⊥ I point moves closer and with increasing values of fault
0 0 (9)
= (k r ⋅ Re( Z set ) ⋅ I 0 )// I + (k x Im( Z set ) ⋅ I 0 )⊥ I
0 0
resistance, this is summarised in Fig.5.
Here the subscripts // I 0 and ⊥ I 0 refer to mean components
TABLE II
for which the direction is parallel to I0 and perpendicular to I0 LOOP IMPENDANCE THE RESTIVE FAULT WITH N OHMS AT MIDDLE OF THE LINE
respectively. Re(Zset) are Im(Zset) are real part and imaginary
part of “Zset”. R(Ω) X(Ω)
Z1 0.019P+N 0.27P
III. UNWANTED EFFECT OF ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION ON Z0 0.3P +N 1.05P
BLINDER ELEMENT R0/R1 (0.3P+N) / (0.019P+N)
X0/X1 3.9
In this section the undesirable effect of zero sequence
compensation on blinder measurement is investigated. It is 5 -6
useful to have a numerical example to enhance the 6
4 -5
3 -4
understanding of the general nature of zero sequence 2 -3
5 1 -2
compensation. Table I shows a numerical example which is 0 -1
in common use and is used in the example simulation study in 4
Error

a later section[4].
TABLE I 3
PARAMETERS FOR OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE [50HZ, 100 KM]
2 50
3 7 .5
R(Ω) X(Ω) 1 25
Z1 1.9 27.0 0 1 2 .5 O hm
0 2. 4.
Z0 30.0 105.0 0 6. 8.
0 0 0 1 0
R0/R1 15.8 F ault p o in t

X0/X1 3.9 Fig.5 The tendency of measurement error for the fault with resistance
 4

Fig.5 shows the ratio of overreach when fault points and Therefore measurement of resistance can be obtained as
magnitudes of resistance are changed. Unity indicates that the follows by substituting nIL to 3I0 in equation (6).
relay measures correctly, and 6 means that the relay will VA
RA = cos α (14)
overreach 6 times of setting. (1 + n + 4.9n) I L
Overreach of the resistive part is not a critical problem but it
If IL is the rated current and the voltage is also in the same
is important to know that this problem exists when zero
direction RA will be 11.1 ohms, which means the blinder
sequence compensation is applied to a blinder.
element may operate depending upon it’s setting.
B. Measurement error when one phase is open in the It should be noted that the relay could experience a similar
protected line phenomenon when zero sequence current flows for reasons
When one phase of the protected line is open zero sequence other than that given in the example above or during faults.
current will flow, this affects the measurement of impedance
especially the resistive part which is affected by zero IB(x)+krI0(x)=1.7IL
IB(x)
sequence compensation. Fig.6(a) shows the vector diagram of 60

the currents. The change in the value of the currents in the

kxI0(x) =0.97IL
healthy phase is neglected because it is too small to affect the
main result. It is assumed that VB and IB are in the same IB(r)=IL VB(r)
51
direction. In Fig.6(b) vectors are drawn with IB as the
reference phase.
3I0=IL
Fig.7 shows the vector diagram in which zero sequence
compensation is included. This can be obtained by drawing
vectors as explained in the previous section. The same
parameters are used as in the previous section. In Fig.7, the
magnitude of load is assumed as IL. IA
By substituting α = 51 and β = 111 to equation (4) the
following equation can be derived. 3I 0
VB VB (13)
RB = ⋅ 0.93 = krI0(r)=4.9(IL)

5.5I L 5.9 I L IB(r)+krI0(r)=5.5IL

IC B
I

This means that the load resistance is seen as approximately Fig.7 Vector diagram for the case of one phase open including zero sequence
1/6 of its actual value by the relay. If the load current is at or compensation (Left)
around the value of rated current. The resistance is calculated Fig.8 Current vectors with one phase in the parallel line open (Right)
as 63.5/5.9=10.8 [ohms]. The blinder may operate depending
on its setting.
IV. UNDESIRABLE EFFECT OF ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION
ON MHO ELEMENT
IB
As before, one numerical example is used to aid explanation.
I A 60
VB
In addition to using the same parameters as in previous
sections, it is assumed that the most sensitive direction
I C (characteristic angle) of the original Mho element is 85
I B
degrees lagging to the phase current.
3I 0 3I0
A. Measurement error when one phase is open in the
Fig.6 (a) Current vectors with one phase in the protected line open (Left) protected line
(b) Current vectors with IB as the reference phase
The effect of zero sequence current on the Mho element is
investigated with the “A” phase open in the protected line. In
C. Measurement error when one phase is open in the parallel this case 3I0 is lagging IB by 60 degrees. If the given
line parameters are substituted in (8),(9) the following equations
When relays are applied to parallel lines, they will detect zero are obtained.
sequence current if one phase in the parallel line is open. This k r Rset I 0 ( r ) = 14.8 / 3 Z set cos(85)(3I 0 ) = 0.43 Z set (3I 0 )
zero sequence current also affects distance measurement. It is
assumed that “A” phase current is increased to (1+n)IL where k r X set I 0( x ) = 2.9 / 3 Z set sin(85)(3I 0 ) = 0.96 Z set (3I 0 )
IL is the value of load current under normal conditions. ‘n’ From these results the vector diagram can be drawn as shown
varies with the mutual impedance and with the source in Fig.9.
impedances of both sides. In this case, 3I0 is almost equal to
nIL. Zero sequence current and “A” phase current are
approximately in the same direction as shown in Fig.8.
 5

ZsetIC
ZsetIB+KzZsetI0=1.58|Zset|(3I0)

ZsetIB

kxXsetI0(x) =0.96|Zset|(3I0)

41
ZsetIC+KzZsetI0

KzZsetI0=1.05|Zset|(3I0) 74 =0.72|Zset|(3I0)

IC
IB
66

3I0 kxXsetI0(x)
66
krRsetI0(r)=0.43|Zset|(3I0)
=0.96|Zset|(3I0)

3I0
krRsetI0(r)
Fig.9 The change of direction of Mho
=0.43|Zset|(3I0)

KzZsetI0=1.05|Zset|(3I0)

The reach of the Mho characteristic with zero sequence Fig.10 Vector diagram for the case of one phase open including zero sequence
compensation is expanded by about 1.6 times with an angle of compensation
44 degrees. If a polarised voltage, for example VB is within
the Mho characteristic the relay will operate. This means that
the Mho characteristic is made more sensitive to load current V. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE BASED ON ATP SIMULATIONS
when using zero sequence compensation because the Several conditions were simplified in the examples
measured voltage and polarising voltage (for example VB) are explained previously in order that the general tendency could
usually in almost the same direction as the load current IB. be more easily understood. It is important to confirm that the
This would cause problems under very severe conditions. conditions thus so far ignored will not affect the result of the
It should be noted that the effect varies with selection of discussions. For that purpose simulations were undertaken
polarising voltage when the VT is located on the line side. If using a simple parallel line system modelled using ATP so
cross-polarized voltage is chosen, the effect is reduced that the actual current and voltage conditions could be
because Vp is lagging VB by 30 degrees when VA is zero. checked. Fig.11 shows the system model.
However when either the local or remote CB is closed the “A” The parameters are shown in Table III. It is practically the
phase voltage will be available. Therefore using the cross- same as Table I which was used for the study in the previous
polarised voltage cannot counter the effect. Obviously the section. Relays are located on both lines and the currents from
effect is not improved when the VT is located on the busbar both lines are used for each relay. The voltage at the busbar is
side. used for both relays, which is on the assumption that the VT
is located on the busbar side.
B. Measurement error when one phase is open in the parallel
line
500kV, 100km
For the next case, the effect of zero sequence current caused
by the opening of one phase in the parallel line is investigated.
As explained previously, it is assumed that the “A” phase
current is increased to (1+n)IL where IL is the load current in 10000MVA 5000MVA
the normal condition.
Relay
In this case the influence of the effect of zero sequence
current on the “C” phase should be investigated. It can be Fig.11 Simulated parallel line system
seen from Fig.8 that I0 is lagging IC by 120 degrees.
Therefore the vector diagram can be drawn as shown in TABLE III
Fig.10 when IC is chosen as reference phase. PARAMETERS FOR SIMULATION
OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE [50HZ, 100 KM]
In Fig.10 the influences are compared with the results
obtained for the previous case as follows. Resistance [ohm] Reactance [ohm]
- Expansion of the reach is not so significant or the reach may Z1 1.9 27.0
even become smaller. Z0 30.0 105.0
- Change in characteristic angle may be larger ZM 28.0 69.0
- Mho may be more sensitive to load current Z0/Z1 15.8 3.9
The effect on the “A” phase is not so severe because the zero CT ratio 2000:1
sequence current and the “A” phase current are almost in the VT ratio 5000:1
same direction. The effect is an extension of the reach in the Source cap. 10000 MVA (left), 5000MVA (right)
Load current 0.83 [A] in secondary
same direction.
Angle of Mho 85 [degree]
 6

The “A” phase CBs at both ends of one of the lines are element of the relay located on the line in which one phase is
opened at 0.3 [s]. The busbar voltage and 3 phase currents for open will operate if the reach setting is larger than 65 [ohms].
both lines are shown in Fig.12. The vector diagram after the The Mho element of the relay located on the other line will
CB has been opened is shown in Fig.13. operate if the reach setting is larger than 132 [ohms].
90
[V]
60
TABLE IV
30
SUMMARY OF RESULT OF THE EFFECT OF OPEN PHASE IN PROTECTED LINE
0
ON BLINDER
- 30

- 60 Magnitude Angle [deg]

- 90
0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40
IB [A] 0.79 0
[ s]
(f ile 500- 100- 2cct - Dist.pl4; x- var t ) v:BUSR1
f act ors: 1 2.00E- 04
v:BUSS1
2.00E- 04
v:BUST1
2.00E- 04
3I0 [A] 0.66 -65.2
off set s: 0 0 0 0

2.50
VB [V] 54.6 5.9
[ A]
kr I0(r) +IB (r) [A] 3.66 -53.9
1.25
kx I0(x) +IB(x) [A] 1.21 61.3
0.00 RB + jXB [ohm] 13.6 + j43.2
- 1.25

TABLE V
- 2.50 SUMMARY OF RESULT OF THE EFFECT OF OPEN PHASE IN THE PARALLEL LINE
0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 [ s] 0.40
(f ile 500- 100- 2cct - Dist.pl4; x- var t ) c:BUSR1 - D100A c:BUSS1 - D100B c:BUST1 - D100C
ON BLINDER
f act ors: 1 5.00E- 04 5.00E- 04 5.00E- 04
off set s: 0 0 0 0

1.2
[A]
Magnitude Angle [deg]
0.8
IA [A] 1.46 0
0.4
3I0 [A] 0.53 -1.89
0.0
VA [V] 54.7 13.6
- 0.4
kr I0(r) +IA (r) [A] 4.07 -1.21
- 0.8
kx I0(x) +IA(x) [A] 1.97 89.5
- 1.2
0.25 0.28 0.31
(f ile 500- 100- 2cct - Dist.pl4; x- var t ) c:BUSR1 - D200A
0.34
c:BUSS1 - D200B
0.37
c:BUST1 - D200C
[ s] 0.40
RA + jXA [ohm] 13.0 + j7.08
f act ors: 1 5.00E- 04 5.00E- 04 5.00E- 04
off set s: 0 0 0 0

Fig.12 Simulation result, Busbar voltage(upper), Current of the line of which TABLE VI
CBs are closed(middle), Current of the line of which one phase is open(lower) SUMMARY OF RESULT OF THE EFFECT OF OPEN PHASE IN PROTECTED LINE ON
MHO

Magnitude Angle [deg]

IB [A] 0.79 0
3I0 [A] 0.66 -65.2
VB [V] 54.6 5.9
IBZset [V] 0.79|Zset| 85
KzI0Zset [V] 0.70|Zset| 0.8
(KzI0+IB)Zset [V] 1.10|Zset| 46.2
Extension of Reach 110 [%]
Angle 46.2 [deg]
Fig.13 Vector diagram, Current of the line of which CBs are closed (Left), Reach for the direction of VB 0.84 |Zset| [V]
Current of the line of which one phase is open (Right)

The effect of the open phase on the protected line TABLE VII
measurement of the “B” phase blinder is summarised in Table SUMMARY OF RESULT OF THE EFFECT OF OPEN PHASE IN THE PARALLEL
LINE ON MHO
IV. The effect of the open phase in the parallel line on the
measurement of “A” phase blinder is summarised in Table V. Magnitude Angle [deg]
These results can be obtained by the calculation explained in IC [A] 0.85 0
the previous section. It is found that the load impedance seen 3I0 [A] 0.53 -125.1
by the relay is reduced significantly with zero sequence VC [V] 54.0 8.6
compensation. Depending on the setting there may be an IBZset [V] 0.85|Zset| 85
unwanted operation of the relay. KzI0Zset [V] 0.56|Zset| -59.2
The effect of the open phase in the protected line on the (KzI0+IC)Zset [V] 0.51|Zset| 45.5
“B” phase Mho is summarised in Table VI. The effect of the Extension of Reach 51 [%]
open phase in the parallel line on the “C” phase Mho is Angle 45.5 [deg]
summarised in Table VII. According to the result, the Mho Reach for the direction of VC 0.41 |Zset| [V]
 7

VI. CONCLUSION
Zero sequence compensation is essential for distance
protection. Zero sequence compensation enables accurate VII. REFERENCES
measurement of the reactance in the faulted phase for one- [1] T.Kase, Y.Kurosawa, H.Amoh “Charging Current Compensation for
Distance Protection,” IEEE PES General Meeting, June,2005, PESGM
phase to earth faults. However, zero sequence compensation 2005-000519
can cause problems for the blinder as follows:- [2] Y.Ohura, T.Matsuda, M.Suzuki, M.Yamaura, Y.Kuorosawa,
- Significant overreach of resistive measurement for resistive T.Yokoyama, "Digital Distance Relay With Improved Characteristics
Against Distorted Transient Waveforms," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
earth faults
vol. 4, pp. 2025-2031, October. 1989.
- Overreach in the phase which lags an open phase in the [3] G. Ziegler, “Numerical Distance Protection”. Siemens AG,1999
protected line. [4] Y.Hase “Practical theory hand book for power system techniques”,
- Overreach in the same phase as an open phase in the parallel MARUZEN, 2004 (in Japanese)
[5] A.T. Johns and S.K. Salman “Digital Protection For Power Systems”, IEE
line Power Series 15, 1995
Zero sequence compensation may also cause problems for
Mho elements as follows.-
- Extension of the reach when one phase is open in either the
protected line or the parallel line VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
- The angle of the Mho for the phase which lags the phase
opened in the protected line is moved closer to that of the Takahiro Kase (M’2002) was born in Hiroshima,
Japan, on May 13, 1970. He received B.S. and M.S.
load impedance. This may cause unwanted operation under degrees in electrical engineering from Waseda
very severe conditions. University, Tokyo, Japan in 1993, 1995 respectively.
- The angle of the Mho for the phase which leads the opened He joined Toshiba Corporation in 1995.
He now works for Toshiba International (Europe)
phase in the parallel line is moved closer to that of the load
Ltd. in Durham UK. He has been engaged in research
impedance. This may cause unwanted operation under very and development of power system stability apparatus
severe conditions. and protective relays. He is also a member of IEE of
The possibility of the unwanted operations caused by these Japan.
effects is not so high under normal conditions, but it will
become higher as conditions on the power system become Yasuhiro Kurosawa was born in Hokkaido in Japan,
more severe. on Dec 9, 1948. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in
Possible solutions for relay users to reduce the undesirable electrical engineering from University of Tohoku,
Sendai, Japan in 1974. In the same year he joined
effect of zero sequence compensation are as follows:- Toshiba Corporation.
- The zero sequence compensation setting for the resistive He has been engaged in research and development
part should be smaller considering the possible fault of protective relays and relay apparatus. He is a
member of IEE of Japan
resistance.
- The zero sequence compensation factor should be zero for
the Mho element especially when the reach of the Mho is
large Phil Beaumont (M’1999, SM’2004) is chief engineer
Possible solutions for relay manufacturers are as follows. for protection and control in Toshiba Corporation. He
is also technical director of Toshiba International
- Employing a blocking scheme for zero sequence (Europe) Ltd. He is principally responsible for product
compensation when an open phase is detected in the development and technical marketing of protection
protected line or parallel line and control systems. Phil Beaumont is a member of
IEE and a Chartered Engineer.
- Zero sequence compensation is not applied to the blinder
element and Mho element
- Apply independent load blinder without zero sequence
compensation

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