Applied Thermal Engineering: H.Z. Hassan, A.A. Mohamad, H.A. Al-Ansary
Applied Thermal Engineering: H.Z. Hassan, A.A. Mohamad, H.A. Al-Ansary
Applied Thermal Engineering: H.Z. Hassan, A.A. Mohamad, H.A. Al-Ansary
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: A novel solar-driven adsorption cooling system that is able to produce cold continuously along the 24-h
Received 8 February 2012 of the day is proposed in this study. The working principle of the proposed system is based on the
Accepted 18 April 2012 constant temperature adsorption cooling cycle which is introduced also in this work. Both of the cooling
Available online 25 April 2012
system principle of operation and the cycle description are explained in details. Moreover, complete
thermodynamic analysis is performed for all components of the system as well as processes of the
Keywords:
theoretical cycle. Activated carbon-methanol is used as the working pair in the case studied. Further-
Solar energy
more, a parametric study of the influence of many system parameters on the performance is accom-
Refrigeration
Adsorption cycle
plished and discussed as well.
Thermodynamic model 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sensitivity analysis
1359-4311/$ e see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.04.040
H.Z. Hassan et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 48 (2012) 332e341 333
a zero global warming potentials. The most widely used working during the day time, when the ambient temperature is high, as well
pairs in the adsorption cooling systems include activated carbon- as at the night periods. According to our best knowledge, there is no
methanol [4], activated carbon fibers-methanol [5], activated study in the literature that explains the possibility of cold
carbon-ethanol [6], activated carbon-ammonia [7], silica gel-water production using a continuous operation solar-driven adsorption
[8], and zeolite-water [9]. cooling system along the whole day. As a consequence, we intro-
The basic one-bed adsorption cooling system is intermittent in duce in the present study a novel and a simple solar-driven
operation and has a low performance. Extensive researches have adsorption cooling system that is able to produce cold during the
been introduced in order to obtain a continuous operation and whole 24 h of the day.
a better performance of the system by using the multi-bed tech-
nology. These advanced multi-bed systems include many operation
2. The system and cycle description
schemes like the internal vapor mass recovery cycle [10e12], heat
recovery regeneration cycle [13e19], thermal wave heat regener-
The proposed solar powered adsorption cooling system for
ation cycle [20e24], convective thermal wave cycle [25e28], the
cascaded cycle [29e33], and the multi-stage systems [34e37]. continuous cold production is shown schematically in Fig. 1. This
system is composed of four heat exchangers; two adsorption
However, these advanced multi-bed schemes require a continuous
supply of driving heat to produce a continuous operation. There- reactors RI and RII, a condenser, and an evaporator. That is besides
a refrigerant storage container, two gas regulators connected to the
fore, the use of solar energy, which is intermittent by nature, as
a power source for driving the adsorption cooling system results in evaporator (1E, 2E), two one-way valves connected to the
an intermittent operation even if a multi-bed scheme is used. That condenser (1C, 2C), and a throttling device between the refrigerant
is why solar powered adsorption refrigeration systems are still tank and the evaporator. The reactor contains a type of solid
using the basic single-bed scheme. In this case, the adsorption bed
is integrated with the solar collector and the system provides cold
only during the night period. Many researches have been intro-
duced, both theoretically and experimentally, to study the solar-
driven single-bed basic adsorption refrigeration system. A flat
plate solid-adsorption refrigeration ice maker has been built for
demonstration purposes using activated carbon/methanol pair, Li
et al. [38]. The adsorption solar refrigerator designed and con-
structed by Anyanwu and Ezekwe [39] has a flat plate type
collector/generator/adsorber of effective exposed area of 1.2 m2.
The experimental results for a silica gel/water tubular reactor
integrated with 2 m2 double glazed flat plate collector give a gross
solar cooling COP of 0.19, Hildbrand et al. [40]. Collector types
other than the conventional flat plate have been used with the
solar adsorption heat pumps. A compound parabolic concentrator
solar collector has been used, [41e43]. The performance of the solar
refrigerator is studied experimentally by many authors,
[39,44e46]. Moreover, theoretical and simulation work has been
extensively presented in literature, [4,7,47e50].
As discussed above, solar powered adsorption cooling systems
produce cold only at the period of night. However, most of air
conditioning, cooling, and refrigeration demands are needed Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the constant temperature adsorption cooling cycle.
334 H.Z. Hassan et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 48 (2012) 332e341
medium that has the affinity to physically adsorb and desorb the
refrigerant vapor. Fig. 2 shows the theoretical thermodynamic cycle
of both the basic single-bed system, cycle 12341, and that for the
proposed system, cycle 12351,on Clapeyron diagram. Moreover, the
different operations and time schedules of the introduced adsorp-
tion cooling cycle and the basic adsorption cooling cycle are shown
in Fig. 3.
A complete cycle of the proposed system is composed of two
half-cycle which are similar in operation, Fig. 3. Each half-cycle is
executed in a day period and consists of an isosteric preheating
pressurization followed by an isobaric desorption heating and then
by an isosteric cooling depressurization process for one reactor and
an isothermal adsorption and presurization process for the second
reactor. In the first half-cycle that takes place during the first day
(starting at sun rise and ends after 24 h), the reactor RI is fully
charged with the refrigerant and is separated from both the evap-
orator and the condenser, valves 1E and 1C are closed. Its state
remains at the ambient temperature Tamb and evaporator pressure
Pey, state (1). Whereas the reactor RII is connected to the evaporator
and acts as an adsorber, gas regulator 2E is opened. At this state,
state (5), the reactor RII is in a thermal equilibrium with the
surroundings and at the minimum pressure, Pmin. The adsorption
process continues while RII is at thermal equilibrium with the
ambient. The pressure in RII continues to elevates as its content of Fig. 3. Operation time schedule.
adsorbate is increasing. This process continues till the end of the day
when the conditions in RII is at state (1) which is the reactor satu- state, the pressure inside the reactor is at a minimum value Pmin
ration point. Reactor RI starts the preheating process at the sun rise which is less than that of the evaporator and its temperature is the
time by solar radiation. When its pressure reaches the condenser same as the surroundings Tamb. After the completion of the first
pressure Pcon, valve 1C is opened to allow the desorbed refrigerant half-cycle in the first day, the second half-cycle starts in the same
to flow towards the condenser, state (2). During this isobaric heat- operation as the first but with exchanged processes on the reactors.
ing phase, the temperature continues to increase, and the refrig- It should be stated that, the constant temperature adsorption
erant content inside the reactor continues to decrease as more cooling cycle can be completely identified by the ambient
adsorbate is being freed from the reactor. The desorbed refrigerant temperature Tamb, the required cold production temperature Tey,
gas from the reactor condenses in the condenser at the diurnal and the maximum allowed temperature Tmax. By referring to the
outdoor temperature Tamb. This process continues till the bed rea- basic Clapeyron diagram, Fig. 2, the evaporator pressure Pey is equal
ches the maximum allowable temperature Tmax or the incident solar to the refrigerant saturation pressure corresponding to Tey. The
radiation is not enough to generate more adsorbate, state (3). At this condenser pressure Pcon also equals the refrigerant saturation
time valve 1C is closed and the reactor RI is allowed to cool down. pressure corresponding to Tamb. State (1) is specified by Tamb and
During the cooling of RI, its temperature and pressure are contin- Pey. State (2) and therefore the generation temperature Tgen are
uously decreased till a thermodynamic equilibrium state between specified by Pcon and the isoster line passing through state (1). State
the ambient and RI is reached at the end of the day, state (5). At this (3) and consequently the low concentration line are limited by the
heat source available temperature Tmax. State (5) is bounded by the
ambient temperature and the low concentration lines.
It is important to mention that, there are some differences
between our introduced system and the basic system. First, our new
system provides cold continuously along the whole day, which is the
main purpose of this study, whereas the basic system is intermittent
and provides cold during the night periods only, Fig. 3. Second, the
evaporation/adsorption phase takes place at constant temperature
in our system while it occurs at constant pressure in the basic cycle,
Fig. 2. Third, in our constant temperature adsorption cooling scheme
a complete cycle is executed in two days whereas one day is
required to complete the basic adsorption refrigeration cycle.
It is well known that, any real system deviates to some extent
from the theoretical one depending on the idealizations made in
the theoretical system. For example, the performance of the actual
Otto cycle is not the same as that of the theoretical one. This is due
to the presence of friction and the absence of sufficient time for
establishment of the equilibrium conditions during the cycle. To
make an analytical study of a cycle feasible, it is important to keep
the complexities at a manageable level and utilize some idealiza-
tions and simplifications. In the present work, we have considered
that the refrigerant adsorption process, which is exothermic
Fig. 2. Clapeyron diagram for the constant temperature adsorption cooling/heat pump process, takes place at a constant temperature. In reality, it is
cycle. difficult to have a heat rejection process that takes place at
H.Z. Hassan et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 48 (2012) 332e341 335
d
3. The adsorption equilibrium model qsh ¼ RT 2 ½lnðPÞX¼con (5)
dT
The adsorption characteristics of a certain pairs depend on the
From Eq. (4), the isosteric adsorption/desorption heat as
nature of the adsorbate, the nature of the adsorbent, the reactivity
a function of temperature and pressure can be expressed by;
of the surface, the surface area, and the temperature and pressure
of adsorption. When a solid surface is exposed to a gas, the mole-
cules of the gas strike the surface of the solid. Some of these striking
Ps ðTÞ 1n
RT T ln
RT 2 d P d
molecules stick to the solid surface and become adsorbed, while qsh ¼ ½Ps ðTÞ $ ½ra ðTÞ
some others rebound back. The rate of adsorption is large at the Ps ðTÞ dT nDra ðTÞ dT
beginning because the whole surface is bare. It continues to Ps ðTÞ
þ RT ln (6)
decrease as more and more of the solid surface becomes covered by P
the adsorbate molecules. However, the rate of desorption increases
because desorption takes place from the covered surface. The where R is the refrigerant gas constant.
equilibrium is reached when the rate of adsorption is equal to the
rate of desorption. At this point the gas-solid system is said to be in
adsorption dynamic equilibrium because the number of molecules 4. Thermodynamic analysis of the constant temperature
sticking to the surface is equal to the number of molecules adsorption cycle
rebounding from the surface. The condition of the adsorbate-
adsorbent system equilibrium in the adsorption reactor is bivar- During the following subsections, each process in the constant
iant and requires two variables to be specified, the adsorbate temperature adsorption cycle is analyzed. In our thermodynamic
concentration ratio X, the temperature T, or the pressure P. The analysis we assume that:
adsorption equilibrium can be represented as an adsorption
isotherm at constant temperature, the adsorption bar at constant 1. The refrigerant vapor behaves as a perfect gas and the refrig-
pressure, and the adsorption isostere for a constant equilibrium erant specific heats are constant.
adsorption, Bansal and Goyal [51]. 2. Heat losses from the bed during the heating processes is
One of the mostly used adsorption equilibrium models is the neglected
DubinineAstakhov (DeA) model. In this model, the adsorbate 3. During the isosteric heating/cooling processes, the compres-
concentration ratio X is related to the pressure and temperature by sion/expansion boundary work of the gas phase is very small
the following equation: and is therefore neglected.
In this process, the adsorption bed is preheated at a constant During this cooling process, the adsorbate concentration is
maximum isosteric line, Xmax. The relation between the pressure constant at its minimum cyclic value, Xmin. Heat is transferred to the
and temperature along the path 1e2 is found from Eq. (7). The total ambient in a sensible form. The total lost heat energy from the bed
sensible heat input during this process, Q(12), is given by; during this stage is given by:
where;
ð12Þ ð12Þ ð12Þ ð12Þ
where Qmc , Qpm , Qa , Qg are the sensible heats of the
metallic shell, porous adsorbent medium, adsorbate, and the gas ZT3
ð35Þ
phase respectively. These are given by the following equations: Qmc ¼ mmc Cmc dT ¼ mmc Cmc ðT3 T5 Þ (21)
T5
ZT2
ð12Þ
Qmc ¼ mmc Cmc dT ¼ mmc Cmc ðT2 T1 Þ (10)
ZT3
T1 ð35Þ
Qpm ¼ mpm Cpm dT ¼ mpm Cpm ðT3 T5 Þ (22)
T5
ZT2
ð12Þ
Qpm ¼ mpm Cpm dT ¼ mpm Cpm ðT2 T1 Þ (11)
ZT3
T1 ð35Þ
Qa ¼ ma Ca dT ¼ Xmin mpm Ca ðT3 T5 Þ (23)
T5
ZT2
ð12Þ
Qa ¼ ma Ca dT ¼ Xmax mpm Ca ðT2 T1 Þ (12)
ZT3
T1 ð35Þ rpm Xmin ð1 εb Þ
Qg ¼ Cyg Vb rg εb dT (24)
ra ðTÞ
T5
ZT2
ð12Þ r Xmax ð1 εb Þ
Qg ¼ Cyg Vb rg εb pm dT (13) For the other constant pressure adsorption cycle, the same
ra ðTÞ
T1 equations apply however, state (5) is to be replaced with state
(4).
4.2. Process 2e3
4.4. Process 5e1
In this process, the adsorption reactor undergoes a constant
pressure desorption process. The total input heat Q(23) is the sum In this process, the bed is initially at a thermal equilibrium with
of the sensible heats and the total latent heat of desorption. This is the surroundings. The adsorption process that takes a whole day is
expressed as follows: very slow. Therefore, the corresponding adsorption heat is slowly
generated in the bed as well. As a consequence, the bed tempera-
ð23Þ ð23Þ ð23Þ ð23Þ ð23Þ
Q ð23Þ ¼ Qmc þ Qpm þ Qa þ Qg þ Qsh (14) ture remains the same as the ambient in this ideal cycle. The total
heat removed from the bed during this constant temperature
The sensible heats of the adsorption bed materials are computed
adsorption process is given by:
from;
ZT3 ð51Þ ð51Þ
ð23Þ Q ð51Þ ¼ Qg þ Qsh (25)
Qmc ¼ mmc Cmc dT ¼ mmc Cmc ðT3 T2 Þ (15)
T2 ð51Þ
where Qg is the resultant output heat of the internal heating
ZT3 due to gas isothermal compression and the effect of the bed cooling
ð23Þ
Qpm ¼ mpm Cpm dT ¼ mpm Cpm ðT3 T2 Þ (16) due to the incoming cold evaporator vapor. This is given by:
T2
ZP1
ð51Þ rpm Xð1 εb Þ
ZT3 ZT3 Qg ¼ Vb εb dP Cpg mpm ðT1 Tey Þ
ð23Þ
Qa ¼ ma Ca dT ¼ mpm Ca XdT (17) ra ðTÞ
P5
T2 T2
ðXmax Xmin Þ
ZT3 (26)
ð23Þ rpm Xð1 εb Þ
Qg ¼ Cyg Vb rg εb dT (18)
ra ðTÞ The internally generated heat of adsorption should be removed
T2
as well to keep the bed temperature at constant value. This heat is
The total heat of desorption is given by: calculated from;
ZT3 ZP1
ð23Þ vX ð51Þ vX
Qsh ¼ mpm qsh dT (19) Qsh ¼ mpm qsh dP (27)
vT P¼Pcon vP T¼Tamb
T2 P5
where ½vX=vTP¼Pcon is found from Eq. (2). where ½vX=vPT¼Tamb is found from Eq. (3).
H.Z. Hassan et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 48 (2012) 332e341 337
Table 1
Constants of the DubinineAstakhov (DeA) equation, Jing and Exell [52].
ZT3
vX
Qcon ¼ Cpg mpm ðT Tcon Þ dT
vT P¼Pcon
T2
Qey ¼ mpm yLðTey ÞðXmax Xmin Þ (30) The case investigated in the present study is a single adsorption
bed that undergoes a complete constant temperature adsorption
Qey
COPR ¼ (31)
Q 12 þ Q 23
The heating effect for the heat pump working with the constant
temperature adsorption cycle is calculated from;
Table 2
The simulated cycle baseline parameters.
Fig. 6. The cycle volume fractionetemperature diagram. Fig. 8. Effect of the evaporation temperature on the cycle COPR.
refrigeration cycle. The cycle uses the activated carbon-methanol as each 1 kg of the activated carbon produces a daily ice mass of
a working pair. The values of the constants Wo, D, and n in the 0.6417 kg at 3 C and 0.747 kg at 0 C.
DubinineAstakhov equation, Eq. (1), for various types of the acti- Figs. 4 6 show the PT, XT, and qT diagrams respectively of
vated carbon as an adsorbent and methanol as an adsorbate are the cycle as simulated by the model. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that,
given in Table 1. The Thai MD6070 carbon type is used in the the reactor starts the generation process at a temperature of 333 K.
present simulation. The saturation properties of methanol have The adsorption bed pressure varies from the high condenser
been taken from its equation of state, [53]. The baseline parameters pressure, 18.661 kPa, to the evaporator pressure, 3.314 kPa, and
of the simulated cycle are given in Table 2. then to its minimum value at beginning of the adsorption process,
151 Pa. The adsorbate concentration ratio, as seen from Fig. 5, varies
between its maximum value of 0.292 kg/kg to its minimum value of
6. Results and discussions 0.035 kg/kg during the cycle. The adsorbate volume fraction is
continuously varying throughout the cycle operation with a slight
Based on the introduced thermodynamic analysis in Sec.4 and changes during the isosteric processes, Fig. 6. It attains its
the case study described in Sec.5, a computer program is written to maximum value at the end of preheating, 0.122, and minimum
simulate the suggested constant temperature adsorption cooling value at the end of isosteric cooling process, 0.0143. Fig. 7 shows
system. Generally, it is found that the system attains a refrigeration the distribution of the total heat input to the cycle among the
COP of 0.6 with a total refrigeration effect Qev, of 9.137 MJ and adsorption bed constituents. It is noticed that the largest part of the
a heating effect, Qhp, of 24.16 MJ during a half-cycle (24 h). This
corresponds to a total daily ice production of 20.16 kg and at 3 C
from a water at 28 C. This provides a continuous ice production
during the whole day at a rate of 0.84 kg of ice per hour. Moreover,
Isosteric
desorption heat
Q = 75.1%
sh
Bed sensible
heating adsorbate
Q = 13.62% sensible
pm
heating cover
Q = 8.9% sensible gas phase
a
heating sensible
Q = 2.36% heating
mc
Q = 0.014%
g
Fig. 7. Distribution of the total input heat among the bed components. Fig. 9. Effect of the evaporation temperature on the refrigeration effect.
H.Z. Hassan et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 48 (2012) 332e341 339
Fig. 11. The maximum temperature effect on the COPR. Fig. 13. The maximum temperature effect on the heating effect.
340 H.Z. Hassan et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 48 (2012) 332e341
Acknowledgements
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