INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

HS 002: Introduction to Psychology

Personality
Recap

1. What is Psychology?
2. What are different perspectives of
Psychology?
3. What are different types of psychology?
4. What are different types of research
method?

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 Personality: Uniqueness and consistency in the
behavior of individuals

1. Are people consistent in their behavior over time and across situations?
2. Some personality traits are friendly, neat, impulsive, and good-natured etc.

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Definition

• Personality is a dynamic organization within the

individual of those psychophysical system that
determine his unique adjustment with the
environment (Gordon W. Allport, 1948)
or
• Personality is that which permits a prediction of
what a person will do in a given situation (Raymond
Bernard Cattell, 1970)

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 Sigmund Freud

Theories that focus on personality and the origin of

psychological disorder.
He told many of his patients that his search for
hidden memories in their unconscious minds was
similar to the excavation of a buried ancient city.
Freud’s Theory of Personality
1. Level of consciousness
2. The structure of personality
3. Anxiety and defense mechanism
4. Psychosexual stages of development.
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1. Level of consciousness/awareness

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Conscious
Level

ug hts
Tho

Ego
Perceptions

Preconscious
Level Memories
Stored Superego
knowledge

Unconscious
Level rs Una
Fea sex ccep
ual t
des able
ires
Violent Id
motives
Irrational
wishes

oral
Immrges Selfish Sh
exp amefu
u needs erie l
nce
s
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1. "Jekyll and Hyde” refer to people
with an unpredictably dual nature:
usually very good, but sometimes
shockingly evil.
2. Jekyll's transformed personality,
Hyde, was evil, self-indulgent, and
uncaring to anyone but himself.
3. In Lanyon's presence, Hyde
mixed the chemicals, drank the
serum, and transformed into
Jekyll.
4. "I bring the life of that unhappy
Henry Jekyll to an end."

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The Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, and Supergo
1. Id – consists of all primitive, innate
urges. These are bodily needs, sexual
desire, and aggressive impulses.
2. Id – is unconscious and operates in
accordance with what he termed
pleasure principle.
3. It wants immediate, total gratification
and is not capable of considering the
potential costs of seeking this goal.

Id is Mr. Hyde of our personality. Hyde personality is

unrestrained rather than as purely evil.
Second structure of personality is Ego. It checks the Id and
allows for satisfaction of its impulses.
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1. Ego operates in accordance with the reality
principle.
2. Ego directs behavior so as to maximize
pleasure and minimize pain. (infant-mother)
3. Ego is partly conscious - for e.g., its eternal struggle with
the id—are outside our conscious knowledge or
understanding.
4. Superego – seeks to control satisfaction of Id impulses and
is concerned with morality. (Dr. Jekyll)
5. For e.g. superego prevents a stockbroker from altering a
computer program and thereby transferring funds from his
clients’ accounts into his own account.
6. The superego is acquired from our parents and through
experience, it represents a learned moral constraints.
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 I Sh
urg needs exp amefu
erie l
nce
s

Aspect of Level of
Personality Consciousness Description/Function
Ego Mostly conscious Mediates between id impulses and
superego inhibitions; reality
principle; rational

Superego All levels, but Ideals and morals; conscience;

mostly preconscious incorporated from parents

Id Unconscious Basic impulses (sex and

aggression); pleasure principle;
seeks immediate gratification;
irrational, impulsive

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 THANKS!

Manish Kumar Asthana (Ph.D.)

Assistant Professor
Department of Humanities & Social Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology
Email: [email protected]

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 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

HS 002: Introduction to Psychology

Manish Kumar Asthana (Ph.D.)

Assistant Professor
Department of Humanities & Social Sciences
Lecture 4: 22.08.2019
Recap
1. What is personality?
Personality is a dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical system that
determine his unique adjustment with the environment.
2. Personality is divided into 3-levels
of consciousness.
3. Structure of Personality?

4. Id monitors super-ego. T/F

5. Ego follows pleasure principle? T/F
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Nature versus Nurture

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Nature versus Nurture
Epigenetics

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Instinct

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Instinct

Sigmund Freud stated that –

- Humans have little to no capacity for free will...
- Humans behavior is driven by a desire for pleasure and is
governed by 2-instincts: (i) Life Instinct (EROS) (ii) Death
Instinct (Thanatos)

What is Instinct?
- An inborn psychological representation of an inner somatic
source of excitation.
The psychological representation is called wish and the bodily
excitation from which it stems is called a need. For e.g. State of
hunger (physiologically) psychologically it is represented as a
wish for food.
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Characteristics of Instincts

Instinct has four characteristics:

1. A source: is the bodily condition or needs
2. An aim: is the removal of the bodily excitation (e.g.
aim of hunger is to remove nutrient deficiency)
3. An object: number of actions involved to avoid
hunger
4. An impetus: is the force or strength, which is
determined by the intensity of the underlying need.
For eg. Nutritional deficiency increases up to the point where
physical weakness sets in, the force of the instinct become
correspondingly greater.

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 Types of Instinct (Life & Death)

1. Life instinct(EROS) covers all self-preserving and erotic

instincts. The form of energy by which the life instinct perform
their work is called libido. (Everybody wants to be love and be loved).
2. Death instinct (Thanatos) covers all the instincts towards
aggression, self-destruction, and cruelty. (Everybody want to be
remembered after they die)
3. Freud gave sexual drives an importance and centrality in
human life, human actions, and human behavior. He argued
that sexual drives exist in children from child birth and that
sexual energy (libido) is the single most important motivating
force in adult life.
4. Freud effectively redefined the term “sexuality” to make it cover
any form of pleasure which is or can be derived from the body.

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Defense Mechanism

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 Defense mechanism (12 types)

- Defense mechanism is used to

protect ourselves from feelings of
anxiety or guilt, which arises
because we feel threatened, or
because our id or superego
becomes too demanding.
- Techniques of ego to deal with
unwanted thoughts and desires and
reduce or avoid anxiety
- Ways of coping with difficult
feelings.

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Rationalization/Rationalism (making excuses)

Rationalization is a defense mechanism- in which

controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and
explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner
to avoid the true explanation.

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Projection

Projection is a defense mechanism - in which the

human ego defends itself against unconscious
impulses or qualities by denying their existence in
themselves while attributing them to others.

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Repression & Suppression

1. Repression
(motivated forgetting)
– active effort by the
ego to push
threatening material
out of consciousness.
2. Suppression – is the
voluntary blocking of
unpleasant feelings
and experiences from
one’s awareness to
void discomfort and
anxiety.

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Compensation
Compensation is a defense mechanism – in which
psychologically counter balancing perceived
weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other
areas
E.g. (i) a physically unattractive adolescent starts
weightlifting.
(ii) A blind woman becomes proficient in playing piano.

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Reaction Formation

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism – in

which a person perceived their true feelings or
desires to be socially or, in some cases, legally
unacceptable.
For e.g.:
- A person who is angry with a
colleagues actually ends up being
particularly courteous and friendly
towards them.
- Someone frightens you so you act
super nice.

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 Carl Jung (1875-1961)
1. Analytic Psychology, Collective Unconscious
and Archetypes
2. Close friend and protégé of Freud (1907-1912)
3. Freud (51) and Jung (30) had a father-son
relationship
4. Freud thought he perceived parricidal
feelings.
5. Freud often had interest in occult symbols
and mystical religious beliefs.
6. Interpretation of Dreams: Freud and Jung
had different perspectives in the
interpretation of dreams
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 Carl Jung (1875-1961)
• According to Jung: Level of
consciousness are:
1. Conscious
2. Personal Unconsciousness (complexes): individual’s
thoughts, memories, wishes, impulses; like Freud’s
Preconscious + Unconscious
Complex is a core pattern of emotions, memories, perception and wishes
in the personal unconsciousness
3.Collective Unconscious (archetypes): storehouse of
memories inherited from the common ancestors of the
whole human race; no counterpart in Freud’s theory.
Archetype: A primitive mental image inherited from the earliest human
ancestors, and supposed to be present in the collective unconsciousness.

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Collective Unconscious

• According to Freud:
Unconscious is the
repressed instinctual
drives of which the
sexual drive was the
most prominent.
• According to Jung:
Unconscious is of two
type (i) personal
unconscious and (ii)
collective unconscious

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 Collective Unconsciousness
1. It contains archetypes,
emotionally charged
images and thought
forms that have universal
meaning.
2. Archetypes cause us to
respond in certain ways to
common human
experiences.
3. Key archetype: Mandala
(“magic circle”), an image
symbolizing the unity of
life.
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 Archetypes (A primitive mental image inherited from the earliest human
ancestors and supposed to be present in the collective unconsciousness)

1. Mandala: graphical representation of the center (the

self at Jung)
2. Persona: your public personality, aspects of yourself
that you reveal to others (individual’s system of adaptation).
3. Shadow: prehistoric fear of wild animals, represents
animal side of human nature (represents dark side of
someone’s personality).
4. Anima: feminine archetype in men (the woman in men e.g.
mother mary, mother earth, medusa etc.).
5. Animus: masculine archetype in women.
6. Others: God, Hero, Nurturing Mother, Wise Old Man,
Wicked Witch, Devil, Powerful Father.
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Two Basic Personalities are

• Introversion:
focused inward; the
person is cautious,
shy, timid, reflective.
• Extroversion:
focused outward; the
person is outgoing,
sociable, assertive,
energetic.
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 The Concept of Self
1. The self is the fully
developed
personality.
2. It is attained by
balancing and
integrating all parts
of the personality.
3. Jung was the
forerunner of the
humanistic
movement, with its
emphasis on self-
actualization.
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Questions…

1. What is Personality?
2. Levels of Consciousness by Sigmund
Freud?
3. Levels of Consciousness by Carl Jung?
4. What is structure of personality?
5. Defense Mechanism and its types?
6. What is collective Unconsciousness?
7. What is Archetypes?
8. Types of Archetypes?
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THANKS!

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