System Operation :

Complexities & Challenges

P. Pentayya
General Manager
Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre
Power System Operation Corporation Ltd.
Source:
Powerline
(Siemens Ad),
Oct-2006
 August 2006
Five Regional Grids North synchronized
Two Frequencies
With Central Grid
March 2003
West synchronized NEW Grid
With East & Northeast

October 1991 South

East and Northeast Grid
SR Synch
synchronized By 2013-14

Central Grid
MERGING
OF
MARKETS
North

West
East Installed Capacity: 167 GW
Northeast
South
Inter – Regional
Renewable: 16.8 GW
Capacity:
Five Regional Grids 22 GW
Five Frequencies Target 2012: 200 GW
 The
‘Electrical’
Regions
‘N-E-W’ Grid NORTHERN
REGION

1 NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION

EASTERN
REGION

WESTERNRE
GION

SOUTH Grid

2
SOUTHERN
REGION

POWERGRID - NRLDC 4 4
NLDC
 Regional Grids – ‘Geographical’
Inter regional MW capacity
Link
NER-ER 1,260

ER-NR 7,930

ER-SR* (excl. 1,130

30,500 MW
40370 MW Talcher-Kolar
bipole)
2284 MW
ER-WR 2,990
21091
MW SR-WR 1,720
49027 MW 16,000

WR-NR 4,220

Other 132 KV 600

Links
43009 MW Installed Generation Capacity
Current ~ 167 GW (as on Nov-10) Talcher Kolar 2,500
Target for Year 2012: 200 GW HVDC Bipole
Total as on 22,350
date
Target for 2012 37,700
5-Sep-12 5 5
NLDC
All India Installed Generation Capacity

Central Sector:
52 GW

State Sector:
82 GW

Private Sector:
33 GW

All India:
167 GW

As on
30th Nov 2010
 Area : 1010,000 SQ KMS
Population : 330 Million
Peak Demand : 32 GW
Max energy Consumption:781 MU REGIONAL
INSTALLED CAPACITY
GRIDS NORTHERN :- 45.5 GW
Area : 255,090 SQ KMS
Population : 40 Million EASTERN :- 22.0 GW
Peak Demand : 1.6GW
Max energy consumption : 27 MU SOUTHERN :- 45.7 GW

NORTHERN WESTERN :- 51.5 GW

REGION
NORTH- NORTH-EASTERN :- 2.3 GW
EASTERN
REGION
TOTAL 167 GW
EASTERN
REGION
WESTERN Area : 433680 SQ KMS
REGION Population : 240 Million
Area : 951470 SQ KMS Peak Demand : 14 GW
Population : 244 Million Max energy consumption:271 MU
Peak Demand : 40 GW
Max energy consumption :745 MU

SOUTHERN
REGION
Area : 636280 SQ KMS
Population : 232 Million
Peak Demand : 32 GW
Max energy consumption :660 MU

Total 3,287,263 sq. km area

Total than
More 3,287,263 sq. km
1 Billion area
people
More than 1 Billion people
As on 30th November 2010
Renewable Energy : Wind Power
India: 5th Largest Wind
Power Producer

Total Renewable
Energy Sources ~ 17 GW

Wind Installed
Capacity ~ 12 GW

Estimated Wind
Potential ~ 45 GW

NLDC 8
 URI
765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM
W AG OORA

K IS H E N P U R
DU LH ASTI

RAVI SATLUJ
THE POWER
JULLA NDHA R ‘HIGHWAY’
BALLA BG ARH
MOGA
A 'P U R
TEHRI C H IC K E N N E C K Hydro
(D E L H I R IN G )

H IS S A R
M EERUT
BHUTAN D IH A N G D A M W E
T ALA RANG ANADI
B E A R IL L Y TEESTA
M 'B A D LUCKNOW
KATH AL-
NR J A IP U R
B H IW A D I
AG RA
G 'P U R
M 'P U R
B O N G A IG A O N GURI
M A R IA N I
A LLA HA BAD
/U N N A O VARANASI PURNEA
S H IR O H I M IS A
M A LA NPUR S IL IG U R I/B IR P A R A
25 S IN G R A U L I BADARPUR
00 BARH
MW 500M W
KAHALGAON T IP A IM U K H
ZERDA V IN D H Y A - B 'S H A R IF
DEHGAM NAG DA SATNA CHAL
N O R TH
M A IT H O N
NER
B IN A JAM SH EDPUR
L IM B D I G ANDHAR/ S IP A T KARANPURA BAN G LA
SEONI
AM RELI KAW AS DESH
JETPUR CHEG AON RO U RKELA
KORBA
VAPI BHANDARA R A IP U R ER
H IR M A
P IP A V A V T AR APUR A KO LA
B O IS A R W ARDA
P A D G H EA M R A V A T I CHANDRAPUR TALCHER

DHABOL
W RP A R L I
L O N IK A N D
1000M W JEYPO RE
Cheap Thermal
KOYNA
KARAD
RAM AG UNDAM
W GAZUW AKA
M
KOLHAPUR SR 20
00 CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM
V IJ A Y A W A D A NORTH-EAST AND PIT
THE NORTH-
W

PONDA
M

NARENDRA
HEAD THERMAL POWER
00
20

K A IG A S IR S I
K R IS H N A P A T N A M
FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE
BAN G ALO RE
C H IT T O O R
RING AND EXITS TO POWER
MYSORE
HO SUR SO UTH CHENNAI STARVED REGIONS
S IN G A R P E T LEG END
K O Z H IK O D E PU G ALUR
C UD DALO RE E X IS T IN G / X PLAN N A T IO N A L XI PLAN
LA

SALEM IX P L A N G R ID
C O C H IN
KS

K A R A IK U D I 7 6 5 K V L IN E S
HA

KA YAM KULA M
KAYATHAR 4 0 0 K V L IN E S
DW

T R IV A N D R U M
H V D C B /B
KUDANKULAM
EE

NLDC
H V D C B IP O L E 9
P
Growth in Inter-regional Transmission Capacity

Source: CEA
Inter – Regional Exchanges
 International Nepal
Interconnections
Over 16 links of 132/33/11 KV
Radial links with Nepal
Net import by Nepal

Bhutan

Tala: 1020 MW
Chukha: 336 MW
Kurichu: 60 MW
Net import by India
India- Bhutan synchronous links
400 kV Tala-Binaguri D/C
400 kV Tala-Malbase-Binaguri
220 kV Chukha-Birpara D/C
220 kV Chukha-Malbase-Birpara
Maps not to scale
132 kV Kurichu-Gelegphug-Bongaigaon
 All India Demand Met

Peak Shortage ≈ 10%

13
Energy Shortage ≈ 8%
 Peculiarities of Regional Grids in India

Deficit Region

REGIONAL Snow fed – run-

run-of –the –river hydro
Highly weather sensitive load
GRIDS
Adverse weather conditions: Fog & Dust
CHICKEN-NECK Storm
NORTHERN Very low load
REGION NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION High hydro potential
EASTERN
REGION Evacuation problems
WESTERN
REGION Low load
High coal reserves
SOUTHERN
Pit head base load plants
REGION

Industrial load and agricultural load

High load (40% agricultural load)

Monsoon dependent hydro
Peculiarities of Indian Power System

• High Growth Rate

• Shortage – both (MW & MU)
• Federal Structure
• Decentralized Scheduling & Despatch
• Diversity
• Unique Holding pattern
• Floating Frequency
• Large Hydro Variation
• Large Demand Variation
Regional Grid Operation: Philosophy
as per IEGC

• Operated as loose power pools

• States have full operational autonomy
• State power system treated as notional
(flexible) control area
• Very tight control of actual interchange by
state utilities & Inter State Generating
Stations not mandated
• Deviations from net drawal schedules
appropriately priced
 Present SCADA/EMS
– Multi way information Flow
National NLDC
Unified Load Level
Despatch &
Communication Region
5 Nos. RLDC
Level

31 State HQ SLDC
Nos. Level
Group of
District
Level
51 SUB LDC
Nos.
Plant/Sub
1160 Nos. Station RTU
Level
UI Vector (Effective 3-May-10)
ER/NEW Grid Frequency Profile (1998 onwards)
South Grid Frequency Profile
Renewable Energy : Wind &
Solar Power
 Fluctuations in Wind Generation
MW

DATE

Tamil Nadu Aug 2010 TIME

 Control Center – Challenges

• High pace of growth

• Integration of new Control Centers & RTUs
• Technological obsolescence
• Security Issues
• Ever increasing appetite for information
– Multiple stakeholders
– Retrieval/presentation of archived data a Herculean
task
• Expertise of man behind machine
– Knowledge management systems
– User friendly interfaces
 WAMS Initiatives By
POWERGRID
• Western Region
– PMU at 25-30 Locations
– Participation by the Industry and the Academia
– Project duration – 3 years
• Northern Region
– Pilot project Implemented
– More installations in pipeline
• Other Regions
– Pilot projects under various phases of implementation
• Cross Reporting of PMUs
• Challenges
– Capacity building, Assimilation and use of PMU Data
 WAMS Technology in Next 5-7 Years

PDC at
NRLDC

Master PDC
at NLDC
PDC at
ERLDC
PDC at
PDC at
NERLD
WRLDC
C

PDC at
SRLDC Tentative PMU
Locations
 UNPRECEDENTED SNOWFALL AND
BLIZZARD
12 meters of snowfall in Feb 2005, 220 kV
Highest snowfall in last 30 years. Kishenpur-Pampore
Previous highest of 4.5 meters was
recorded in February 1967.

PIR PANJAL
MOUNTAIN RANGE

400 kV
Kishenpur-Wagoora
was commissioned on
31st Oct-2006
IMPACT OF SILT ON GRID OPERATION

SILT
DEPOSITS

SPITI
RIVER
CHANGE OF KOSI RIVER COURSE

9/5/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 29

 CHANGE OF RIVER COURSE

Original river course Changed river course

9/5/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 30

 TOWER COLLAPSE DUE TO
SHIFTING OF RIVER

9/5/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 31

UNFORESEEN LOAD CRASH
8 HOUR TEST OF NERVES
‘Killer Smog’
 15
SMOG AFFECTED GRID-DAYS IN NORTHERN REGION
12
11
10
Grid Days

2 2 2

0
1995-00 2000-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
 Ancillary Services in Indian Context
• Proposed in June’10
o Load Generation Balancing Service (LGBS)

Use of un-despatched surplus, peaking and pumping stations
o Network Control Ancillary Service (NCAS)

Power Flow Control Ancillary Service (PFCAS)

Voltage Control Ancillary Service (VCAS)

use of synchronous condensers
o System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS)

• Services identified for immediate implementation

o Grid Support Ancillary Service (GSAC)

LGBS renamed as GSAC

Utilization of un-despatched generation

Liquid fuel, merchant, diesel, IPPs

Facilitation through Power Exchange : ‘pay as bid’ mechanism

NLDC
 System Operation Control Centres

• 31 SLDCs, 5 RLDCs, 1 NLDC

• Round-the-clock manning
• Wideband speech and data communication
• Fish as well as bird eye view through SCADA
• Common database in SLDC/RLDC
• Common Information Model (CIM) in NLDC
• Classical data presentation plus alarm
processing, exception lists, animation,
geographical displays
• Multilayering, Trending
• SoE and replay
 System Operator competencies
• Ability to direct other personnel
• Contribute to a positive environment
• Ability to perform under high stress
• Aptitude for logical problem solving, strong reasoning
• Aptitude for mechanical, electrical and mathematical
analysis
• Decision making skills

A typical day of a System Operator is similar to an Air Traffic Controller

“Numerous shifts, recalcitrant pilots who don’t follow speed controls…
Keeping a hawk's eye on the monitor as planes inch towards the airport…
Firing instructions at 100 words/minute to pilots Courtesy:
Asking emergency services to stand by for a distressed flight Times
They have to be cool, clinical, detached. of India
24th April 2008
The stress often results in ulcers, hypertension and heart problems.”
 Model of Human Performance in Control Centers

“Detailed symptom-based procedures (“If this is observed, do that...”) have

only limited applicability in system operation because of the complexity
of power systems and the impossibility of anticipating every event.”
Source: CIGRE WG 39.03 Report
 Concerns
• Reliability of physical system
– Adequacy, Security, Dependability
• Rapid growth
– Harmonization
– Jurisdiction
• Visualization and situational awareness
– Dynamic system
• Deployment of technology
– Automation, Information exchange
• Capacity building
– Inclusive, sustainable, broad based
– Human Resource
Indian Electricity Market
 A Typical Dispatch
Surpluses/Deficits - Balance supply and demand

Forecast Contingency Real-time

36
34 Day Ahead, UI
PX
32 Buy Buy
‘00 MW

30 Sell Sell

28
26
ADVANCE SHORT TERM BILATERAL CONTRACTS
24
22
FIRM SHARES IN ISGS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hours
 Market Design

Four Pillars of Market Design

ELECTRICITY MARKET

SCHEDULING ANCILLARY
& CONGESTION IMBALANCES
MANAGEMENT SERVICES
DISPATCH

“Making Competition Work in Electricity”,

Sally Hunt
 INDIAN ELECTRICITY MARKET
ENABLERS STRUCTURE
Legislation Balancing Mechanism
Indian Electricity Act 2003 Frequency linked
National Electricity Policy Unscheduled Interchange
12-Feb-2005, Para 5.7.1(d) Short-term Bilateral
Regulation Contingency
IEGC-Feb 2000 Day-ahead
ABT Order-Jan2000 Day-ahead Power Exchange
Open Access-May-2004 Multiple Power Exchanges
Power Exchange-Feb-2007 Short-term Bilateral
Execution First-come-first served
CTU/STU, RLDC/SLDC Three-month ahead
Grid & Market Operation Long-term Bilateral
Control Centres & SEMs Shared resources (ISGS)
ABT settlement: in stages 2002-03 Own resources
 Trade under Short-Term Open Access
Volume of trade (BUs) No. of transactions

60 25000
50
50 20000

Num ber of Transactions ---->

39 18116

40
Energy (BUs) ----->

31 18128
30 15000
15414
30 24
23
10000
20 17
9560
5000
10 5933
778 3938
0 0
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09* 2009-10* 2010-11*
*Includes Bilateral + Collective transactions
Market Clearing Price (MCP)

Source: Website of Indian Energy Exchange (IEX)

 Approved Energy (MUs)--->

1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000

MAY '04
AUG'04
NOV'04
FEB'05
MAY'05
AUG'05
NOV'05
FEB'06
MAY'06
AUG'06
NOV'06
FEB'07
MAY'07
AUG'07
NOV'07
FEB'08
MAY,08
AUG'08
Nov'08
Feb'09
May'09
Aug'09
Nov'09
Feb'10
May'10
Aug'10
Increasing trend of STOA - Approved Energy (MUs)

Nov'10
Feb'11
 NO. OF TRANSACTIONS

0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
MAY'04
JULY
SEPT
NOV'04
JAN'05
MAR
MAY'05
JULY
SEP
NOV'05
JAN
MAR
MAY'06
JULY
SEP
NOV'06
JAN
MAR
MAY'07
JULY
SEP
NOV'07
JAN'08
MAR
MAY,08
JULY'0
SEP'08
Nov'08
JAN'09
MAR'09
MAY'09
JULY
SEP
Nov'09
<--Introduction of Day-Ahead Product from April,2005
Open Access- TOTAL TRANSACTIONS ( 2004-10)

Jan'10
Mar'10
May'10
July'10
Sep'10
Nov'10
Jan' 11
 NORTHERN REGION ENERGY APPROVED(MU)-Bilateral
3500
2010 - 11
3000

2500

2000 2007-08
2009-10
1500 2006-07
2008-09
Energy (MUs)---------->

1000
2005-06
500

0
Y

R
N
UG

T
IL

LY

V
P

B
E

EC
A

JA

A
SE

FE
N
PR

JU
M

M
JU

D
A

Month -------->
 SOUTHERN REGION ENERGY APPROVED(MU)-Bilateral
16 0 0

2010
14 0 0
Approved Energy(MUs)------>

2011
12 0 0 2009

10 0 0 2008

800 2007

600 2006

400

200

Month -------------->
STOA Bilaterals – Encouraging facts
• Transactions between extreme corners of the country
– Kerala to Punjab
– Nagaland, Arunachal, Tripura to Maharashtra, UP
• Most of the States participated.
• Market Players – Simultaneous Buy & Sell on same day
– Delhi – Buy in Peak, sell in off-peak
• Transactions from few MW to hundreds of MW
– 2 MW (JP Cement Rewa,MP – JP Cement, Ayodhya,UP)
– 800 MW (BSES Rajdhani to UP)
• Surplus during Weekend/Holidays utilised
– Budge-Budge of CESC : National Award for PLF of 99.6% in
2005-06
• Improved performance of Generating Plants
• Diversity being gainfully utilized
 SKEWED LOAD GENERATION BALANCE
Skewed Load-Generation Balance
NR

Scenarios:
1. 4S
WR ER+ 2. 3S + 1D
NER (Congestion)
3. 2S + 2D
4. 1S + 3D
5. 4D
SR
FLOWGATES
 Expectations

• Focus on reliability of the physical system

• Designing markets that complement
reliability
• Appreciation of System Operation as an
important function
– Allocation of resources
– Automation
– Capacity building
• Grid security comes before Economics
– No economic theory, no legislation, no regulation
can repeal the Laws of Physics
 “Great Expectations”
System Operation is
• a ‘mission critical activity’ for uninterrupted, secure,
reliable and quality power supply in the country
• a ‘relentless pursuit’ for optimization of precious power
generating resources and minimization of inherent system
losses
• a ‘facilitator’ for an efficient electricity market
• a ‘vehicle’ for equitable and fair use of the transmission
infrastructure in the country
• a ‘vital link’ between the administrators, planners &
regulators on one end and physical system on the other
end
Thank You !!