Laplace Transform

Laplace Transform
Example 1:
Find the Laplace transforms of
a. f(t) = a where: a = constant
b. f(t) = e±at
c. f(t) = cos(at)
d. f(t) = sinh(at)
 Solution to Example 1
(a) f(t) = a where: a = constant

L{a}   e  st (a )dt
0

L{a}  a  e  st dt
0

 st 
ae
L{a}  
s 0

ae  s (  ) ae  s ( 0 ) a
L{a}    
s s s
 Solution to Example 1
(b) f(t) = e±at

L{e  at
}  e  st
(e  at
)dt
0

L{e  at
}   e ( s  a )t dt
0

( s  a ) t 
 at e
L{e } 
sa 0
 ( s  a )(  )  ( s  a )( 0 )
 at e 1 e
L{e }   
sa sa sa
 Solution to Example 1
(c) f(t) = cos(at)
Eulers Identity
e jat
 cos at  j sin at
e  jat  cos at  j sin at
e jat  e  jat
cos at 
2
 e jat  e  jat    st  e jat  e  jat 
L{cos at}  L    0 e  dt
 2   2 
 Solution to Example 1
(c) f(t) = cos(at)
L{cos at} 
2 0

1   ( s  ja )t
 e  e 
 ( s  ja ) t
dt

1 e  ( s  ja ) t 
e  ( s  ja ) t  
L{cos at}    
2  s  ja 0 s  ja 0 
 
1   e  ( s  ja )(  ) e  ( s  ja )( 0)   e  ( s  ja )(  ) e  ( s  ja )( 0 )  
L{cos at}           
2   s  ja s  ja   s  ja s  ja  
1 1 1  1  ( s  ja )  ( s  ja )  s
L{cos at}         2
2  s  ja s  ja  2  s a
2 2
 s  a 2
 Solution to Example 1
(d) f(t) = sinh(at)
Eulers Identity
e at  cosh at  sinh at
e  at  cosh at  sinh at
e at  e  at
sinh at 
2
 e at  e  at    st  e at  e  at 
L{sinh at}  L    0 e  dt
 2   2 
 Solution to Example 1
(d) f(t) = sinh(at)
L{sinh at}   e
2 0

1   ( s  a )t
 e  ( s  a )t dt

1 e  ( s  a )t 
e  ( s  a )t  
L{sinh at}    
2 sa 0 sa 0
 
1   e  ( s  a )(  ) e  ( s  a )( 0)   e  ( s  a )(  ) e  ( s  a )( 0)  
L{sinh at}         
2 sa sa   sa s  a  
1 1 1  1  ( s  a)  ( s  a)  a
L{sinh at}         2
2 s  a s  a 2  s a
2 2
 s  a 2
 Laplace Transform
Example 2:
Find the Laplace transforms of
1. x(t) = -1 0<t<2
= 0 2<t<4
=1 t>4

2. θ(t) = 2 0<t<2
= -4t +10 2<t<3
= -2 t>3
 Solution to Example 2
(1)
2 4 
L{x(t )}   e (1)dt   e (0)dt   e  st (1)dt
 st  st
0 2 4

 st 2  st 
e e
L{x(t )}  
s 0
s 4

 e s ( 2) e s (0)   e s ( ) e s ( 4)  1 e 2 s e 4 s
L{x(t )}             
 s s   s s  s s s
 Solution to Example 2
(2)
2 3 
L{ (t )}   e (2)dt   e (4t  10)dt   e  st (2)dt
 st  st
0 2 3
2 3 3 
L{ (t )}   e (2)dt   e (4t )dt   e (10)dt   e  st (2)dt
 st  st  st
0 2 2 3

u t dv  e  st dt
e  st
du  dt v  
s
  e  st 2     e  st 3  st     e  st 3     e  st   
L{ (t )}   2     4  t dt    10      2 
3e

  s   s 2 2 s     s    s 
  0      2   3 

  e  st 2     e  st 3 e  st 3     e  st 3     e  st   
L{ (t )}   2     4  t  2    10     2 
  s   s 2 s 2   s 2   s 3 
  0         
 Solution to Example 2
(2)
  e  s ( 2 ) e  s ( 0 )     e  s ( 3)
e  s ( 2)
  e  s ( 3)
e  s ( 2)
 

L{ (t )}   2     
 4  (3)  (2)    2  2  
 
  s s     s s  s s  
  e  s ( 3) e  s ( 2 )     e  s (  ) e  s ( 3)  
 10       2
    

  s s     s s  
2e  2 s 2 12e  3 s 8e  2 s 4e  3s 4e  2 s 10e  3 s 10e  2 s 2e  3 s
L{ (t )}       2  2   
s s s s s s s s s
2 4e  3s 4e  2 s
L{ (t )}   2  2
s s s
 Seatwork 1
Derive the following f(t):
1. sin(at)
2. cosh(at)
3. tn
4. tcosωt
 Laplace Transform
Example 4:
Use Table 1 to determine the Laplace transform of each
of the following functions:
(a) : t 3 ( f ) : sinh 3t
(b ) : t 7 ( g ) : cosh 5t
(c ) : sin 4t ( h ) : t sin 4t
(d ) : e  2t (i ) : e  t sin 2t
 t 
(e) : cos   ( j ) : e 3t cos t
2
 Solution to Example 4
(a) t  t 
3 n n! (c) 
sin 4t  sin t 
s n 1 s2  2
3! 6 4 4
t  31  4
3
sin 4t  2  2
s s s 4 2
s  16

(b) n! (d)  2t 1
t t 
7 n e e  at

s n 1 sa
7! 5040  2t 1
t  7 1  8
7 e 
s s s2
 Solution to Example 4
(e) cos t  cos t  2
s (g) cosh 5t  cosh t 
s
2 s 2 s2   2
t s s s s
cos  2  cos 5t  2  2
2 s  (1 2) 2 s 2  1 4 s 5 2
s  25

 2s
(f) sinh 3t  sinh t  2 (h) t sin 4t  t sin t 
s 2 s 2
 
2 2

3 3 2(4) s 8s
sinh 3t  2  2 t sin 4t  
s 3 2
s 9 s 2
4 
2 2
s 2
 16 
2
 Solution to Example 4
(i) (j)
 ( s  a)
t
e sin 2t  e  at
sin t  e cos t  e cos t 
3t  at

( s  a) 2   2 ( s  a) 2   2
2 2 ( s  3) ( s  3)
e  t sin 2t   e 3t cos t  
( s  1) 2  22 ( s  1) 2  4 ( s  3) 2  12 ( s  3) 2  1
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 5:
Find the Laplace transforms of the
following functions:
(a) : 3  2t
(b) : 5t  2e
2 t
 Solution to Example 5
(a)
3 2(1!) 3 2
F ( s)   11   2
s s s s

(b)
5(2!) 2(1) 10 2
F ( s)  21   3
s s 1 s s 1
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 6:
Find the Laplace transforms of the following:
(a) : 5 cos 3t  2 sin 5t  6t 3
(b) : e t  12 (sin t  cos t )
 Solution to Example 6
(a) 5s 2(5) 6(3!)
F (s)  2  2  31
s 3 2
s 5 2
s
5s 10 36
F (s)  2  2  4
s  9 s  25 s

(b) 1 1 2 (1) 1 2 ( s)
F (s)     2 2
s 1 s 1
2 2
s 1
1 12 1 2 ( s)
F (s)     2
s 1 s 1 s 1
2
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 7:
a.) Use Table1 to find the Laplace transform

f (t )  t sin 5t

b.) Use the first shift theorem to write down

 3t
L e t sin 5t 
 Solution to Example 7
(a) 2(5) s 10s
F ( s)  
s 2
5 
2 2
s 2
5 
2 2

(b) F (s)  10( s  3) 10s  30


(s  3) 2
5 
2 2
(s  3) 2
5 
2 2
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 8:
The Laplace transform of a function, f(t) is
given by: 2s  1
F ( s) 
s( s  1)
State the Laplace transform of
2 t
(a) : e f (t )
3t
(b) : e f (t )
 Solution to Example 8
(a)
2( s  2)  1 2s  4  1 2s  5
F ( s)    2
( s  2)[(s  2)  1] ( s  2)(s  3) s  5s  6

(b)
2( s  3)  1 2s  6  1 2s  5
F ( s)    2
( s  3)[(s  3)  1] ( s  3)(s  2) s  5s  6
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 9:
Given:
L f (t )  , find : L(t  2) f (t  2)
2s
s9
Use the second shift theorem with d=2.
Solution to Example 9

2 s
e (2s)
F ( s) 
s9
 Laplace Transform Property
3 s
Example 10: e
The Laplace transform of a function is s 2 .
Find the function.
Solution to Example 10

3 s
e (1)
F ( s)  2
, d  3
s
Lt  3 f t  3
f (t )  t
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 11:
2t
Verify the final value theorem for f (t )  e
Solution to Example 11

lim sF ( s )  lim f (t )
s 0 t 

 1 
lim s 
   lim  
e  2t
s 0
 s 2  t 
 1  2( )
(0)    e
 0  2 
00
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 12:
Verify the initial value theorem for
4( s  2)
F (s) 
( s  2)  25
2
Solution to Example 12
4( s  2)  2t
F (s)  ; f (t )  4e cos 5t
( s  2)  25
2

lim f (t )  lim sF ( s )
t 0 s 

lim 4e   2t
  4( s  2) 
cos 5t  lim s 
 2
 
t 0 s 
 ( s 2) 25 
  2s) 
 
2
 2t ( s
lim 4e cos 5t  lim 4 2 
t 0 s 
 s  4s  29 
Solution to Example 12
  2s  
 1  s 2  
 
lim 4e  2t cos 5t  lim 4   
t 0 s 
 1  4 s  25 
 s 2 s 2 
 2(  ) 
1  
2 
 2(0)  ( ) 
4e cos[5(0)]  4
4() 25
1 
( ) 2
( ) 2
44
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 13:
Find the laplace transform of f (t )  t sin 2t
using differentiation of laplace transform.
Solution to Example 13
2
sin 2t  2
s 4
d  2 
t sin 2t    2 
ds  s  4 
 0( s 2  4) 1  2(1)(2 s  0) 
t sin 2t   

  s 2
4
2 

4s
t sin 2t 
s 4
2
 2
 Laplace Transform Property
Example 14:
Given x(0) = 2 and x’(0) = -1
Write expressions for the Laplace
transforms of:
(a) 2x” – 3x’ + x
(b) -x” + 2x’ + x
 Solution to Example 14
(a) x"  s 2 X ( s)  sX (0)  X ' (0)  s 2 X ( s)  2s  1
x'  sX ( s )  X (0)  sX ( s )  2
x  X (s)
 
2 s 2 X ( s )  2 s  1  3sX ( s )  2  X ( s )  0
2 s 2 X ( s )  4 s  2  3sX ( s )  6  X ( s )  0
2 s 2 X ( s )  3sX ( s )  X ( s )  4 s  2  6
2s 2

 3s  1 X ( s )  4 s  8
4s  8
X ( s)  2
2 s  3s  1
 Solution to Example 14
(b) x"  s 2 X ( s )  sX (0)  X ' (0)  s 2 X ( s )  2 s  1
x'  sX ( s )  X (0)  sX ( s )  2
x  X (s)
 
 s 2 X ( s )  2 s  1  2sX ( s )  2   X ( s )  0
 s 2 X ( s )  2 s  1  2 sX ( s )  4  X ( s )  0
 s 2 X ( s )  2 sX ( s )  X ( s )  2 s  1  4
 
 s 2 X ( s )  2 sX ( s )  X ( s )  2 s  5
s 
 2s  1 X ( s)  2s  5
2

2s  5
X ( s)  2
s  2s  1
 Seatwork 2
Find the laplace transform of the following
function
t 2 1
1. 2  t 1
t 1
 t 1 , 0  t 1
 2t  2 , 1 t  2

2.  (t )  
 2t  6 , 2t3
 t , t 3
3. cosh 2t  sinh 2t
4. y" '4 y"2 y  cosh t  0 where : y" (0)  0, y ' (0)  2, and y (0)  0
1
5. t 2 cosh 2t
2
 Seatwork 2
6. Perform the following operations:
a. Find the final value of X ( s)  5  3
s s2
2 s s 2 s
2
b. Find the initial value of X ( s)  
e  e e
2

s s s
Inverse Laplace Transform
 Inverse Laplace Transform
Example 1:
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the
following:
2
(a) : 3
s
16
(b) : 3
s
s
(c ) : 2
s 1
1
(d ) : 2
s 1
s 1
(e) : 2
s 1
Solution to Example 1
2
(a ) F ( s )  3 ; f (t )  t 2
s
16
(b) F ( s )  3 ; f (t )  8t 2
s
s
(c ) F ( s )  2 ; f (t )  cos t
s 1
1
(d ) F ( s)  2 ; f (t )  sin t
s 1
s 1 s 1
(e) F ( s )  2  2  2
s 1 s 1 s 1
f (t )  cos t  sin t
 Inverse Laplace Transform
Example 2:
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the
following functions:
10
(a) :
( s  2) 4
( s  1)
(b) :
( s  1) 2  4
15
(c ) :
( s  1) 2  9
 Solution to Example 2

10 10 3! 10  2t 3
(a) F ( s)   ; f (t )  e t
( s  2) 4
3! ( s  2) 4
6
( s  1) ( s  1) t
(b) F ( s )   ; f (t )  e cos 2t
( s  1)  4 ( s  1)  2
2 2 2

15 5(3)
(c ) F ( s )   ; f (t )  5e t
sin 3t
( s  1)  9 ( s  1)  3
2 2 2
 Inverse Laplace Transform
Example 3:
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the
following functions:
s3
(a) : 2
s  6s  13
2s  3
(b) : 2
s  6 s  13
s 1
(c ) : 2
2 s  8s  11
 Solution to Example 3

s3 s3
(a) F ( s)  2 
s  6s  9  4 s  32  2 2
f (t )  e 3t cos 2t
 Solution to Example 3

2s  3 2s  9  6
(b) F ( s )  2 
 
s  6s  9  4 s  32  2 2
2( s  3)  6 2( s  3) 3(2)
F ( s)   
s  3  2 s  3  2 s  3  2 2
2 2 2 2 2

f (t )  2e 3t cos 2t  3e 3t sin 2t

 Solution to Example 3
s 1 s 1
(c ) F ( s )  2  2

s  4 s  5.5 s  4 s  4  1.5 
s 1 s 23
F ( s)  
s  22  1.5
2
 
s  22  1.5  2

s2 1.5 3
F ( s)  
s  2 2
  1.5 
2
1.5 s  2   2
 1.5 
2

 2t 3
f (t )  e cos 1.5t  e  2t sin 1.5t
1.5
 Inverse Laplace Transform using
Partial Fraction Expansion
Example 4:
Find the inverse Laplace transform of:
4s  1
(a) : 2
s s
6s  8
(b) : 2
s  3s  2
 Solution to Example 4
4s  1 4s  1 A B 6s  8 6s  8 A B
(a)    (b )   
s  s s ( s  1) s s  1
2 s 2  3s  2 ( s  2)( s  1) s  2 s  1
 4s  1  1  6s  8  4
A  s  1 A  ( s  2)    4
  ( s  2)( s  1)  s  2  1
 s ( s  1)  s 0  1
 6s  8  2
 4s  1  3 B  ( s  1)    2
B  ( s  1)    3  ( s  2)( s  1)  s  1 1
 s ( s  1)  s 1 1
4 2
1 3 F (s)  
F ( s)   s  2 s 1
s s 1 f (t )  4e  2t  2e t
f (t )  1  3e t
 Inverse Laplace Transform using
Partial Fraction Expansion
Example 5:
Find the inverse Laplace transform of:
3s  6s  2
2

s 3  3s 2  2s
 Solution to Example 5
3s 2  6 s  2 3s 2  6 s  2 A B C
   
s ( s  3s  2) s ( s  2)( s  1) s s  1 s  2
2

 3s 2  6 s  2  2
A  s   1
 s ( s  2)( s  1)  s 0 2
 3s 2  6 s  2  1
B  ( s  1)    1
 s ( s  2)( s  1)  s  1  1
 3s 2  6 s  2  2
C  ( s  2)    1
 s ( s  2)( s  1)  s  2 2
1 1 1
F ( s)   
s s 1 s  2
f (t )  1  e t  e  2t
 Inverse Laplace Transform using
Partial Fraction Expansion
Example 6:
Find the inverse Laplace transform of:

2
F ( s)  4
s  5s 3  4 s 2
 Solution to Example 6
2 2 A B C D
F (s)      
s 4  5s 3  4 s 2 s 2 ( s  4)( s  1) s 2 s s  4 s  1
 2  2
D  ( s  1)  2  
 s ( s  4)( s  1)  s  1 3
 2  2 1
C  ( s  4)  2    
 s ( s  4 )( s  1)  s  4  48 24

1 d 
( 2 1)
 2  2    2(2 s  5) 10 5
B    ( s )  2     
(2  1)!  ds   
 s ( s  4)( s  1)  s 0  s 2  5s  4 2
s 0
16 8
 2  2 1
A  (s 2 ) 2   
 s ( s  4 )( s  1)  s 0 4 2
1 5 1 2
 
F ( s )  22  8  24  3
s s s  4 s 1
1 5 1 2
f (t )  t   e  4t  e t
2 8 24 3
 Inverse Laplace Transform using
Complex Numbers
Example 7:
Find the inverse Laplace transform of :
s3
s 2  6s  13
 Solution to Example 7
s3 s3 A B
 6  36  4(13) 2   
s s  6s  13 ( s  a)( s  b) s  a s  b
2
 6   16
s
2 s  3  A( s  b)  B( s  a)
 6  j4 let :
s
2
s  a  3  j 2
s  3  j 2
 Solution to Example 7
j 2  A(3  j 2  b)  A( j 4)  s  3  1 1  1
1 1 
L  2  L   
 s  6 s  13  2  s  a s  b 
A  12
1 at
1 A B ....  (e  ebt )
2
B2 1

...  e
2

1 ( 3  j 2 )t

 e( 3  j 2 ) t
s3 1 1 1  1  3t j 2 t
    ...  e ( e  e  j 2t
)
s 2  6 s  13 2  s  a s  b  2
1  3t
...  e (cos 2t  j sin 2t  cos 2t  j sin 2t
2
...  e  3t cos 2t
 Convolution Theorem
Example 8:
Find the convolution of 2t and t3.
 Solution to Example 8
t
f (t )  2t f (t ) * g (t )   2(t  v)v 3dv
0
g (t )  t 3
t
2t * t   2(t  v)v 3dv
3
f (t  v)  2(t  v) 0
t
g (v )  v 3 ...........  2  (tv 3  v 4 )dv
0

 t (t ) 4 t (0) 4   t 5 05 
t
 tv v 
4 5
..........  2     2       
 4 5 0  4 4   5 5 
t5 t5   5t 5  4t 5 
..........  2     2  
 4 5   20 
t5
.......... 
10
 Convolution Theorem
Example 9:
Show that f*g = g*f
where f(t)=2t and g(t) = t3
 Solution to Example 9
( g * f )(t )  2t * t 
5 t5 g * f  t 3 * 2t
10
.........   (t  v) 3 2vdv
t

0
t
( g * f )(t )   g (t  v) f (v)dv
t
0
.........   (t 3  3t 2 v  3tv 4  v 3 )2vdv
0
g (t )  t , so
3

.........  2  (t 3v  3t 2 v 2  3tv 3  v 4 )dv

t

g (t  v)  (t  v)3 , and 0
t
f (v)  2v t v 3 2
3tv v  4 5
.........  2  t v 
2 3
 
 2 4 5 0
t5
......... 
10
 Inverse Laplace Transform using
Convolution Theorem
Example 10
Use the convolution theorem to find the inverse
Laplace transform of the following functions:
1
(a)
( s  2)( s  3)
3
(b) 2
s ( s  4)
 Solution to Example 10
1  1  1
(a) : F ( s) 
1
, G(s) 
1 L    L {F ( s )G ( s )}
s2 s3  ( s  2)( s  3) 
then , ..............................  ( f * g )(t )
f (t )  L1{F ( s )}  e  2t t
..............................   e  2 ( t  v )e  3v dv
0
g (t )  L1{G ( s)}  e  3t t
..............................   e  2t e 2 v e  3v dv
0
t
..............................   e  2t e  v dv
0

..............................  e  2t
 e 
v t
0

..............................  e  2t (e  t  1)
..............................  e  2t  e  3t
 Solution to Example 10
3
(b)..F ( s )  ,.....G ( s )  2
1 1  3  1
L  2   L {F ( s )G ( s )}
s s 4  s ( s  4) 
then , .........................  ( f * g )(t )
..... f (t )  3,.......g (t )  12 sin 2t t sin 2v
.........................   3 dv
0 2
3 t
.........................   sin 2vdv
2 0
3   cos 2v 
t

.........................  
2  2  0
3
.........................  (1  cos 2t )
4
 Solving Linear Constant Coefficient Differential
Equations using Laplace Transforms

Example 11
Solve the differential equation using Laplace
transform
dx
 x  0,.....x(0)  3
dt
 Solution to Example 11
 dx 
L   L ( x )  0
 dt 
[ sX ( s )  x(0)]  [ X ( s )]  0
sX ( s )  3  X ( s )  0
sX ( s )  X ( s )  3
( s  1) X ( s )  3
3
X (s) 
s 1
t
x(t )  3e
 Solving Linear Constant Coefficient Differential
Equations using Laplace Transforms

Example 12
Solve the equation using Laplace transform
dx
 x  9e 2t ,........x(0)  3
dt
 Solution to Example 12
9
sX ( s )  x(0)  X ( s ) 
s2
9
sX ( s )  3  X ( s ) 
s2
9 9  3s  6 3s  3
( s  1) X ( s )  3 
s2 s2 s2
3( s  1)
( s  1) X ( s ) 
s2
3( s  1) 3
X ( s)  
( s  2)( s  1) s  2

x(t )  3e 2t
 Seatwork 3
1. Find the inverse laplace of the following:
12
a.
s4
1
b. 2
s  2 s  10
s2
c.
s  2  2  4
s
d. 2
s  6 s  13
1
e. 2
s  4s  4
 Seatwork 3
2. Use complex operation in finding the inverse
laplace:
3s  1 2s  3
a. 2 b. 2
s  6s  13 s  4s  8
3. Use partial fraction expansion to find the inverse
laplace transform
2s  3 2s 2  1
a. b.
s  4
3
s( s  1) 2
 Seatwork 3
4. Find the convolution of the following
functions
a. f (t )  t g (t )  sin 3t
b. f (t )  e t
g (t )  cos 2t
 Seatwork 3
5. Find the inverse laplace of the given
laplace equations using convolution theorem
a. b.

1 3  
1 1 
L  2 2  L  
 s ( s  9)   ( s  1)( s  1) 
2

6. Find the solution to

x" (t )  4 x' (t )  4 x(t )  4e 2t

where : x(0)  1; x' (0)  4

Electrical Circuits
 Example
Find i(t) of the circuit
Solution
 Solution
Apply Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
E  VR  VC  0
VR  VC  E
1
RiR   ic dt  E ; iR  iC  i
C
1  I ( s ) CVC (0)  E
RI ( s )     
C s s  s
I ( s ) VC (0) E q 0.015
RI ( s )    ;VC (0)    37.5V
Cs s s C 0.0004
 Solution
I (s) 37.5 50
10 I ( s )   
0.0004 s s s
 2500 I ( s ) 50 37.5 12.5  s 
10 I ( s )       
s s s s  10 
sI ( s )  250 I ( s )  1.25
( s  250) I ( s )  1.25
1.25
I ( s) 
( s  250)
i (t )  1.25e  250t
 Example
The network shows that the switch is
closed when t = 0,assume that i(0) = 0;
q(0) = 0. Find i(t)
Solution
 Solution
Apply Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

E  VR  VL  VC  0
VR  VL  VC  E
diL 1
RiR  L   ic dt  E ; iR  iL  iC  i
dt C
1  I ( s ) CVC (0)  E
RI ( s )  LsI ( s )  I (0)      ; i (0)  I (0)  0
C s s  s
I ( s ) VC (0) E q (0) 0
RI ( s )  LsI ( s )    ;VC (0)    0V
Cs s s C 0.00005
 Solution
I ( s) 60
40 I ( s )  0.02 sI ( s )  
0.00005s s
 20000 I ( s ) 60  s 
40 I ( s )  0.02 sI ( s )  s
  
s  0.02 
s 2 I ( s )  2000 sI ( s )  1000000 I ( s )  3000
( s  1000) 2 I ( s )  3000
3000
I ( s) 
( s  1000) 2
i (t )  3000e 1000t t
 Derivation

F ( s ) 0 f (t )dt
 
L  f (t )dt 
s

s
 
1 
 1  I ( s) 0 
L   idt   
idt
; q   idt
C  C s s 
 
1  1  I ( s ) q (0)  I ( s ) q(0)
L   idt        ; q / C  VC
C  C s s  Cs Cs
1  I ( s ) VC (0)
L   idt   
C  Cs s
 Example
Find the currents in the network shown
when the switch is closed at t = 0 and the
capacitor carries a charge of 0.03
coulomb.
 Solution
• At t>0, using Kirchoff’s Law
 Solution
• At t>0, using Kirchoff’s Law
 Solution
• Using Kirchoff’s Current Law

I1  I 2  I 3  0
I1  I 2  I 3 eqn(1)
 Solution
• Using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law in loop 1

E  VR1  VC  0
E  VR1  VC
1
E  R1 I 1   I 2 dt eqn (2)
C
 Solution
• Using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law in loop 2
E  VR1  VR2  0
E  VR1  VR2
E  R1 I 1  R2 I 3 eqn (3)
 Solution
• Solving eqn. 2
1
E  R1I1 
C  I 2 dt

E I 2 ( s ) VC (0) q 0.03
 R1I1 ( s )   ; VC (0)    60V
s Cs s C 0.0005
60 I ( s) 60
 10 I1 ( s )  2 
s 0.0005s s
 I 2 ( s) 
 0  10 I1 ( s )  2000   10
s 
I 2 ( s)
I1 ( s )  200 0 eqn (4)
s
 Solution
• Solving eqn. 3 but
E  R1 I 1  R2 I 3 I 3  I1  I 2
E
 R1 I 1 ( s )  R2 I 3 ( s ) substitute
s
 60 
 I 1 ( s)  2I 1 ( s )  I 2 ( s )
6
 s  10 I 1 ( s )  20 I 3 ( s )  10
s
6 6
 I1 ( s)  2 I 3 ( s)  I1 ( s)  2 I1 ( s)  2 I 2 ( s)
s s
6
 3I 1 ( s )  2 I 2 ( s ) eqn (5)
s
 Solution
• Combining eqn (4) and eqn (5)
 I 2 (s)  I 2 ( s) 3
 I 1 ( s)  200 s  0  3 I 2 ( s )  300 
  s s
6  300  3
3I 1 ( s )  2 I 2 ( s )  I 2 ( s ) 1   
s  s  s

3I 1 ( s)  600
I 2 (s)
0  s  300  3
I 2 (s)   
s  s  s
6
3I 1 ( s )  2 I 2 ( s )  3
s I 2 (s)  
s  300
 I 2 ( s) 6
2 I 2 ( s )  600 s   s   2 I 2  3e  300t (answer )
 
 Solution
• Substituting I2(s) in eqn (4)
 3 
 s  300   600  600
I1 ( s )  200 0 A  s   2
s  s ( s  300)  s  0 300
3  600  600
I1 ( s )  200 0 B  ( s  300)     2
s ( s  300)  s ( s  300)  s  300  300
 600 2 2
I1 ( s )  0 I1 ( s )  
s ( s  300) s s  300
600 A B I1  2  2e  300t (answer )
I1 ( s )   
s ( s  300) s s  300
 Solution
• Substituting the value of I1(s) and I2(s) in
eqn (1)
I1  I 2  I 3
I 3  I1  I 2
  
I 3  2  2e  300t   3e  300t 
I 3  2  e  300t (answer )
 Example
The switch is closed at t = 0 with the
network is in the steady state prior to t = 0.
Find i(t).
 Solution
For t<0;
 Solution

Apply Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (t=0)

E  V8  V4  0
V8  V4   E
Ri8  Ri4   E; i (0 )  i8  i4 
E 24V
i (0)    2A
R8  R4 (8  4)
 Solution
For t > 0
 Solution
For t > 0
 Solution

Apply Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

E  VR  VL  0
VR  VL  E
diL
RiR  L  E ; iR  iL  i (t )
dt
RI ( s )  LsI ( s )  I (0)  ; i (0)  I (0)  2 A
E
s
E
RI ( s )  LsI ( s )  2 L 
s
 Solution
24
8 I ( s )  2 sI ( s )  4 
s
 4 s  24  s 
8 I ( s )  2sI ( s )    
s  2 
s 2 I ( s )  4 sI ( s )  2 s  12
s ( s  4) I ( s )  2s  12
2s  12 A B
I (s)   
s ( s  4) s s  4
 Solution
 2 s  12  12
A  s   3
 s ( s  4)  s  0 4
 2 s  12  4
B  ( s  4)     1
 s ( s  4)  s  4  4
3 1
I ( s)  
s s4
i (t )  3  e  4t
 Seatwork 4
1. The circuit is in dc steady state prior to t
= 0. Find v(t) when the switch is opened
at time t=0.

Answer: v(t) = 25 e-2t V

 Seatwork 4
2. In the network shown, the switch is closed
at t = 0. Find i(t).

Answer: i(t) = 6 - 6e-2t