Energy  Efficiency:  Comparison  between  GREENSHIP  and  LEED  
 
Baharuddin  and  Ramli  Rahim  
 
Department  of  Architecture,  Faculty  of  Engineering,  Hasanuddin  University,  Makassar  Indonesia  
   
Email  address  of  corresponding  author:  [email protected]  
 
ABSTRACT  
 
This   paper   compares   the   energy   efficiency   in   the   two   green   building   rating   tools   i.e.   GREENSHIP   and   LEED.  
The  study  has  been  carried  out  by  comparing  the  energy  performance  standard  and  the  energy  calculation  
method   of   both   rating   tools.   GREENSHIP   uses   the   OTTV   (overall   thermal   transfer   value)   to   measure   the  
efficiency  of  energy  use  of  the  building  design,  while  LEED  uses  ASHRAE  standard  for  baseline  building.  The  
result   shows   that   the   energy   standard   uses   in   LEED   rating   tool   is   more   stringent   than   the   one   uses   in  
GREENSHIP   and   the   energy   calculation   method   uses   in   LEED   is   more   accurate   than   the   one   uses   in  
GREENSHIP.          
 
©  2011  12th  SENVAR.  All  rights  reserved.  
 
Keywords:  Energy  efficiency,  Green  Building,  GREENSHIP,  LEED  
 
 
 
1.   Introduction  
 
Green   building   tool   is   a   rating   system   to   assess   the   environmental   performance   of   buildings   during   the  
lifecycle  of  the  building  in  order  to  quantify  the  quality  of  building  performance.  This  assessment  tool  consists  
of   many   important   aspects   for   making   sure   that   the   building   is   environmentally   friendly.   Basically,   green  
building   rating   system   consists   of   five   categories   as   follows:   Sustainable   site,   Water   efficiency,   Energy  
efficiency,  Material  and  resources,  and  Indoor  environmental  quality.  
There  has  been  a  growing  movement  towards  green  building  since  the  second  half  of  the  1980s,  leading  to  
the   development   of   various   methods   for   evaluating   the   environmental   performance   of   buildings.   Methods  
developed  around  the  world  include  BREEAM  (Building  Research  Establishment  Environmental  Assessment  
Method)  in  the  UK,  LEED  (Leadership  in  Energy  and  Environment  Design)  in  the  USA,  HK-­‐BEAM  (Hong  Kong  
Building  Environmental  Assessment  Method)  in  Hong  Kong,  CASBEE  (Comprehensive  Assessment  System  for  
Building  Environmental   Efficiency)   in  Japan,   GBTool   (Green   Building   Tool)   in   Canada,   Green   Star   in   Australia,  
and  so  on.  These  methods  have  attracted  interest  around  the  world  including  Indonesia.    
GREENSHIP   is   one   of   emerging   green   building   tool   developed   by   Green   Building   Council   Indonesia   (GBCI).  
GBCI  has  been  established  in  2009  and  has  become  a  member  of  World  Green  Building  Council  (WGBC).  The  
GREENSHIP   for   New   Building   version   1.0   was   launched   in   17   June  2010.   It   is   to   assess   the   green   performance  
of  building  design,  construction  and  operation  in  Indonesia.  The  first  building  registered  for  this  certification  
is  the  Minister  of  Public  Works  Building.  In  order  to  accommodate  the  existing  building  stocks,  the  GBCI  has  
also  launched  the  GREENSHIP  for  Existing  Building  in  13  January  2011  (GBCI,  2010a).  
LEED   is   a   well   known   green   building   rating   tool   developed   by   U.S.   Green   Building   Council   (USGBC)   in  
1996.  It  has  been  widely  accepted  in  U.S.,  Canada,  India,  and  it  is  internationally  recognized  around  the  world.  
According  to  USGBC  website,  currently  there  were  22,448  certified  projects  which  are  equal  to  1.495  billion  sf.  
around  the  world  (USGBC,  2011a).  The  energy  performance  report  shows  that  LEED  certified  buildings  have  
25-­‐30  use  less  energy  than  the  US  national  average  (Turner  &  Frankel,  2008).  Currently,  LEED  has  nine  rating  
systems  as  follows  (USGBC,  2011b):  
•New  Construction  (NC)  
•Existing  Buildings:  Operations  &  Maintenance  (EB:  O&M)  

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•Commercial  Interiors  (CI)  

•Core  &  Shell  (CS)  
•Schools  (SCH)  
•Retail  
•Healthcare  (HC)  
•Homes  
•Neighborhood  Development  (ND)          
This   paper   will   compare   the   energy   saving   assessment   of   the   two   rating   tools.   To   achieve   the   objective   the  
paper  will  be  carried  out  as  follows:  
(1) Review  the  general  aspect  of  the  two  rating  tools  
(2) Review  the  criteria/standard  adopted  by  the  two  rating  tools  
(3) Review  the  energy  assessment  method  used  by  the  two  rating  tools  
 
2.   Review  of  the  General  Aspect  
 
The   comparison   of   categories   between   GREENSHIP   and   LEED   NC   2009   are   shown   in   Figure   1.   As   shown   in  
Figure   1,   GREENSHIP   has   six   categories   (GBCI,   2010b),   while   LEED   NC   2009   has   seven   categories   (USGBC,  
2009).  Both  rating  tools  set  the  priority  in  the  energy  conservation  which  shown  in  the  percentage  of  credits.  
However,   the   weights   are   different.   GREENSHIP   has   25%   of   energy   credits,   while   LEED   NC   2009   has   32%.  
Therefore,  it  is  clear  that  LEED  NC  2009  has  higher  concern  in  energy  conservation  than  GREENSHIP.      
 

 
 
Figure  1:  General  Comparison  between  GREENSHIP  and  LEED  NC  2009  
 
For  the  comparison  purpose,  the  prerequisites  and  credits  in  the  energy  category  of  the  two  rating  tools  
are   shown   in   Table   1.   GREENSHIP   NB   version   1.0   has   two   prerequisites   and   five   credits,   while   LEED   NC   2009  
has   three   prerequisites   and   six   credits.     From   Table   1,   it   is   clear   that   not   all   prerequisites   and   credits   have  
direct  correlation  between  the  two  rating  tools.  The  prerequisite  1  of  GREENSHIP  electrical  sub  metering  is  
not  set  up  as  one  of  prerequisite  in  the  LEED  NC  2009.  However,  similar  credit  is  listed  in  LEED  NC  2009  as  
Credit  5  Measurement  and  Verification.  The  intent  of  EA  Credit  5  is  to  provide  for  the  ongoing  accountability  
of   building   energy   consumption   over   time  meets  the  criteria  of  EEC  Prerequisite   1.   Both   rating   tools   require   a  
minimum  energy  performance  which  is  listed  as  EEC  Prerequisite  2  and  EA  Prerequisite  2,  respectively.  Both  
rating  tools  also  provide  credits  that  measure  the  energy  efficiency  and  the  onsite  renewable  energy.    
Other   credits   such   as   EEC   2   Natural   lighting   and   EEC   3   Ventilation   are   not   part   of   Energy   and   Atmosphere  
(EA)   category   in   the   LEED   NC   2009.   These   credits   are   listed   in   another   category   i.e.   Indoor   Environmental  
Quality   (IEQ).   The   refrigerant   impact   on   the   environment   is   listed   as   EA   Prerequisite   3   and   EA   Credit   4   in  
LEED   NC   2009   but   it   is   not   listed   in   EEC.   The   refrigerant   impact   is   a   part   of   Material   Resources   and   Cycle  
(MRC)   category.   This   indicates   that   both   rating   system   concern   about   the   impact   of   refrigerant   on   the  
environment,  especially  on  the  ozone  depletion  and  global  warming.    In  order  to  make  sure  that  all  building  
energy  systems  working  properly,  LEED  require  the  Fundamental  Commissioning  of  Building  Energy  System  
and   provide   additional   credits   in   EA   Credit   3   Enhanced   Commissioning.   These   commissioning   prerequisite  
and  credit  are  not  listed  as  part  of  EEC  in  GREENSHIP,  but  it  listed  in  the  Building  Environmental  Management  
(BEM)  category  as  credit  BEM  4  Proper  Commissioning.  Even  though  some  prerequisites  and  credits  are  listed  
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in   different   categories,   both   rating   tools   covers   almost   the   same   prerequisites   and   credits   related   to   the  
energy  conservation.    
 
Table  1:  Comparison  of  Prerequisites  and  Credits  in  the  Energy  Efficiency  Category  between  GREENSHIP  and  LEED  NC  
2009  
 
Prerequisite/   GREENSHIP  NB  version  1.0   LEED  NC  2009  
Credits  
Prerequisite   EEC  Prerequisite  1  Electrical  Sub   EA  Prerequisite  1  Fundamental  Commissioning  of  Building  
Metering     Energy  System  
  EEC  Prerequisite  2  OTTV  Calculation   EA  Prerequisite  2  Minimum  Energy  Performance  
    EA  Prerequisite  3  Fundamental  Refrigerant  Management  
Credits   EEC  1  Energy  Efficiency  Measure   EA  Credit  1  Optimize  Energy  Performance  
  EEC  2  Natural  Lighting   EA  Credit  2  On-­‐site  Renewable  Energy    
  EEC  3  Ventilation   EA  Credit  3  Enhanced  Commissioning  
  EEC  4  Climate  Change  Impact   EA  Credit  4  Enhanced  Refrigerant  Management  
  EEC  5  On  Site  Renewable  Energy   EA  Credit  5  Measurement  and  Verification  
    EA  Credit  6  Green  Power  
 
Source:  (GBCI,  2010b;  USGBC,  2009)  
 
For   the   next   review,   one   prerequisite   and   one   credit   have   been   selected   i.e.   Prerequisite   2   and   Credit   1.  
The   requirements   of   both   prerequisite/credit   are   listed   respectively   in   Table   2   and   3   for   GREENSHIP   and  
LEED  NC  2009.    
Table  2:  Description  of  Energy  Performance  Requirements  of  GREENSHIP  
 
Prerequisite/Credit   Description  of  Requirement   Point  
 
Prerequisite  2   OTTV  Calculation  shall  be  based  on  National  Standard  (SNI)  03-­‐6389-­‐2000  on   Required  
OTTV  Calculation   Building  Envelope  Energy  Conservation  in  Building  Structures.  
 
EEC  1  Energy  Efficiency  Measure   OPTION  1  EEC  1-­‐1.  Energy  modeling  software   1-­‐20  
  Calculating  energy  saving  by  using  Energy  Modeling  Software  Simulation.  The  
saving  is  a  comparison  on  Energy  Intensity  requirement  between  the  baseline  
and  the  designed  building.  Saving  has  to  reach  10%  reduction  from  baseline.  
Points  will  be  awarded  for  every  2.5%  reduction  after  (this  calculation  is  
mandatory  for  Platinum).  
OPTION  2  EEC  1-­‐2.  Standardize  Worksheet   1-­‐15  
Calculating  energy  saving  by  using  worksheet  calculation  between  the  baseline  
and  the  designed  building.  Saving  has  to  reach  10%  reduction  from  the  baseline.  
Points  will  be  awarded  for  every  2%  reduction  after.  
OPTION  3  EEC  1-­‐3.  Prescriptive  measures   1-­‐5  
Conducting  prescriptive  separate  energy  saving  measures  by  consider  OTTV  on  
Building  envelope,  artificial  lighting,  vertical  transportation,  and  coefficient  of  
performance  on  AC  equipment.  
EEC  1-­‐3-­‐1  BUILDING  ENVELOPE    
Every  reduction  of  3  W/m2  from  45  W/m2  OTTV  baseline  (SNI  03  -­‐  6389  -­‐  
2000),  attains  1  point.  
EEC  1-­‐3-­‐2  NON-­‐NATURAL  LIGHTING    
1.  Energy  requirement  for  lighting  shall  reach  30%  lower  than  SNI  03  -­‐  
6197-­‐2000  baseline.  
2.  Using  100%  high  frequency  ballast  for  office  room.    
3.  Light  zoning  for  all  office  rooms  which  connect  with  motion  sensors.  
4.  Locating  light-­‐switch  in  arm  opening  distance  from  the  room’s  exit  door.  
EEC  1-­‐3-­‐3  VERTICAL  TRANSPORTATION    
1.  Using  traffic  management  system  in  elevator  which  passes  traffic  analysis  test,  
or  using  regenerative  drive  system.  
2.  Using  saving  energy  features  in  elevator  system  connecting  to  motion  sensors,  
or  using  sleep  mode  in  escalator  system.    
EEC  1-­‐3-­‐4  COP    
Using  Chiller  with  COP  minimum  of  10  %  higher  than  SNI  03-­‐6390-­‐2000  
baseline.  
 
Source:  (GBCI,  2010b)  

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Table  3:  Description  of  Energy  Performance  Requirements  of  LEED  NC  2009  
 
Prerequisite/Credit   Description  of  Requirement   Point  
 
EA  Prerequisite  2  Minimum   OPTION  1.  Whole  Building  Energy  Simulation   Required  
Energy  Performance   Demonstrate  a  10%  improvement  in  the  proposed  building  performance  rating  
for  new  buildings,  or  a  5%  improvement  in  the  proposed  building  performance  
rating  for  major  renovations  to  existing  buildings,  compared  with  the  baseline  
building  performance  rating.  
OPTION  2.  Prescriptive  Compliance  Path:  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design  
Guide  
PATH  1.  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design  Guide  for  Small  Office  Buildings  2004  
PATH  2.  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design  Guide  for  Small  Retail  Buildings  2006  
PATH  3.  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design  Guide  for  Small  Warehouses  and  Self  
Storage  Buildings  2008  
OPTION  3.  Prescriptive  Compliance  Path:  Advanced  Buildings  Core  Performance  
Guide  
EA  Credit  1  Optimize  Energy   OPTION  1.  Whole  Building  Energy  Simulation   1-­‐19  
Performance   Demonstrate  a  percentage  improvement  in  the  proposed  building  performance    
rating  compared  with  the  baseline  building  performance  rating.  Calculate  the  
baseline  building  performance  according  to  Appendix  G  of  ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA  
Standard  90.1-­‐2007  (with  errata  but  without  addenda)  using  a  computer  
simulation  model  for  the  whole  building  project.  Points  will  be  awarded  for  every  
2%  improvement  after  10%  as  specified  in  the  Prerequisite  2.  
OPTION  2.  Prescriptive  Compliance  Path:  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design   1  
Guide  
PATH  1.  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design  Guide  for  Small  Office  Buildings  2004    
PATH  2.  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design  Guide  for  Small  Retail  Buildings  2006    
PATH  3.  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design  Guide  for  Small  Warehouses  and  Self  
Storage  Buildings  2008  
OPTION  3.  Prescriptive  Compliance  Path:  Advanced  Buildings  Core  Performance   1-­‐3  
Guide  
 
Source:  (USGBC,  2009)  
 
3.   Review  of  the  Criteria/Standard  
 
As  seen  in  Table  2,  the  GREENSHIP  Prerequisite  2  OTTV  calculation  requires  all  registered  buildings  to  carry  
out   the   Overall   Thermal   Transfer   Value   (OTTV)   calculation.   The   OTTV   should   be   calculated   based   on   SNI  
03-­‐6389-­‐2000   for   Energy   Conservation   of   Building   Envelope   (BSN,   2000)   and   the   value   should   not   exceed  
45Watt/m2.   This   SNI   has   been   developed   based   on   the   reference   from:   1)   ASEAN-­‐USAID,   Building   Energy  
Conservation   Project,   ASEAN   =   Lawrence   Berkeley   Laboratory,   1992;     2)   ASHRAE,   Standard   on   Energy  
Conservation   in   New   Building   Design,   1980;   3)   BOCA,   International   energy   conservation   code   2000;   and   4)  
The   Development   &   Building   Control   Division   (PWD)   Singapore:   Handbook   on   Energy   Conservation   in  
Buildings  and  Building  Services,  1992.    
On  other  hand,  LEED  NC  2009  minimum  energy  performance  requires  the  building  design  to  comply  with  
ASHRAE  Standard  90.1-­‐2007  (ASHRAE,  2007).  This  standard  regulates  several  sections  as  follows:  5)  Building  
Envelope;   6)   Heating,   Ventilating   and   Air-­‐conditioning;   7)   Service   Water   Heating,   8)   Power,   9)   Lighting   and  
10)  Other  Equipment.  The  building  design  should  comply  with  sections  5.4,  6.4,  7.4,  8.4,  9.4.  and  10.4  of  this  
standard.     For   small   buildings,   LEED   provides   opportunity   to   use   a   prescriptive   ASHRAE   Advanced   Energy  
Design  Guide.  The  conditions  to  use  these  respective  guides  are  as  follows:  
• ASHRAE   Advanced   Energy   Design   Guide   for   Small   Office   Buildings   2004.   The   building   must   meet   the  
following  requirements:  Less  than  20,000  square  feet  and  office  occupancy.  
• ASHRAE   Advanced   Energy   Design   Guide   for   Small   Retail   Buildings   2006.   The   building   must   meet   the  
following  requirements:  less  than  20,000  square  feet  and  Retail  occupancy.  
• ASHRAE   Advanced   Energy   Design   Guide   for   Small   Warehouses   and   Self   Storage   Buildings   2008.   The  
building   must   meet   the   following   requirements:   less   than   50,000   square   feet   and   warehouse   or   self-­‐
storage  occupancy.  

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Another  prescriptive  compliance  path  is  that  Advanced  Buildings  Core  Performance  Guide.  The  building  
should   comply   with   the   prescriptive   measures   identified   in   the   Advanced   Building   Core   Performance   Guide  
developed  by  the  New  Buildings  Institute.  The  building  must  meet  the  following  requirements:  
• Less  than  100,000  square  feet.  
• Comply  with  Section  1:  Design  Process  Strategies,  and  Section  2:  Core  Performance  Requirements.  
• Office,   school,   public   assembly,   and   retail   projects   less   than   100,000   square   feet   must   comply   with  
Section  1  and  Section  2  of  the  Core  Performance  Guide.  
• Other   project   types   less   than   100,000   square   feet   implement   the   basic   requirements   of   the   Core  
Performance  Guide.  
• Health  care,  warehouse  and  laboratory  projects  are  ineligible  for  this  path.  
The  use  of  OTTV  as  the  only  control  parameter  has  been  criticized.  The  method  is  inadequate  and  cannot  
ensure   energy   is   used   efficiently   in   the   building.   This   is   because   the   OTTV   only   deals   with   the   building  
envelope  and  does  not  consider  other  aspects  of  building  design  (such  as  lighting  and  air-­‐conditioning)   and  
the   coordination   of   building   systems   to   optimize   the   combined   performance   (Yik   &   Chan,   1995).   Before   other  
energy   codes   are   implemented,   the   effect   of   the   OTTV   standard   on   ‘real’   energy   savings   is   questionable,  
although   it   helps   to   increase   concern   and   awareness   of   energy   efficiency   matters   (Hui,   1997).   Yik   and   Wan  
(2005)  also  found  that  the  OTTV  calculated  with  the  use  of  pre-­‐calculated  coefficients  may  not  truly  reflect  the  
thermal  performance  of  a  building  envelope.  To  get  more  accurate  result,  the  use  of  OTTV  should  be  combined  
with   other   code/standard.   Many   countries   such   as   Hong   Kong   now   moving   towards   energy   performance  
criteria/code,  in  order  to    get  more  accurate  results  (EMSD,  2005).    
 
4.         Review  of  the  Energy  Assessment  Method  
 
The   GREENSHIP   Prerequisite   2   OTTV   calculation   requires   simple   method   to   comply   this   requirement.   It  
requires  the  calculation  of  thermal  transfer  of  the  building  envelope.  This  method  only  accounts  some  aspect  
of  energy  performance  in  buildings.  This  method  does  not  account  the  use  of  more  sustainable  system  such  as  
daylight  control.    On  the  other  hand,  EA  Prerequisite  2  of  LEED  NC  2009  requires  energy  simulation  method  to  
show   the   building   design   satisfaction   to   ASHRAE   Standard   90.1-­‐2007.     Energy   simulation   is   a   method   for  
predicting   the   energy   consumption   of   a   building.   The   analysis   considers   the   building’s   numerous   thermal  
characteristics  including  the  materials  of  the  walls  and  rest  of  the  building  envelope,  the  size  and  orientation  
of  the  building,  how  the  building  is  occupied  and  operated,  and  the  local  climate.  In  addition,  EA  Prerequisite  2  
provides  prescriptive  compliance  for  small  buildings.    
For  the  EEC  1  energy  efficiency  measure,  GREENSHIP  provides  a  performance  based  as  well  as  prescriptive  
methods.  The  performance  based  energy  simulation  shall  only  be  applied  if  the  registered  building  intended  
for   platinum   certification.   Energy   simulation   provides   1-­‐20   points.   Another   performance   based   method   is  
energy   calculation   method   using   Standardized   Worksheet.   Both   energy   simulation   and   Standardized  
Worksheet  calculate  the  energy  performance  of  baseline  and  design  building.  This  is  almost  similar  in  LEED  
NC   2009.   LEED   NC   2009   also   provides   performance   based   and   prescriptive   methods.   LEED   NC   2009   provides  
energy   simulation   as   performance   based   method   for   large   buildings   and   prescriptive   compliance   methods  
based  on  ASHRAE  Advanced  Energy  Design  Guide  and  Advanced  Buildings  Core  Performance  Guide.  
Giving   above   facts,   the   use   of   OTTV   calculation   cannot   provide   the   energy   performance   of   the   building  
design  which  is  based  on  the  interaction  many  factors  i.e.  building  envelope,  heating  and  ventilating  system,  
air-­‐conditioning   system,   lighting   and   daylighting   system   and   also   building   schedule.   Energy   simulation,   which  
considers   all   these   parameters,   should   be   applied.   The   OTTV   calculation   may   only   be   useful   for   selecting  
building  envelope  materials.    
 
5.         Conclusion  
 
In  conclusion,  in  general  comparison,  GREENSHIP  and  LEED  has  similar  structure  and  almost  cover  all  energy  
conservation   aspects   in   their   rating.   However,   they   have   a   big   difference   in   terms   of   energy   assessment  
criteria  and  method.  GREENSHIP  uses  OTTV  as  energy  assessment  criteria,  while  LEED  NC  2009  uses  ASHRAE  
standard  for  this  purpose.  Because  the  OTTV  only  consider  the  building  envelope,  it  therefore  less  stringent  in  
comparison  to  ASHRAE  standard  which  considers  building  envelope,  heating,  ventilating  and  air-­‐conditioning,  
water   heating,   lighting,   power,   other   equipment.     Energy   simulation   which   calculates   the   interaction   of   all  
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building   systems   will   give   more   representative   and   accurate   energy   performance   than   a   quite   simple   OTTV  
calculation   method.   It   is   recommended   that   the   forthcoming   version   GREENSHIP   NB   to   use   performance  
based   standard/criteria   for   energy   efficiency   and   use   more   accurate   energy   calculation   method   i.e.   energy  
simulation.    
   
References  
 
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