BUS TRANSFER OF AC INDUCTION MOTORS, A PERSPECTIVE

Copyright Material IEEE

Paper No. PCIC-89-07

Roger H . D a u g h e r t y , Member IEEE

E u c l i d Research Center
R e l i a n c e E l e c t r i c Company
Cleveland. Ohio

ABSTRACT rated voltage. Such p l a n n e d bus t r a n s f e r s may

o c c u r much m o r e f r e q u e n t l y t h a n t h e s w i t c h i n g
The u s e o f b u s t r a n s f e r schemes i n v o l v i n g o f a u x i l i a r y power s o u r c e s i n a g e n e r a t i n g
i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s has come u n d e r q u e s t i o n i n p l a n t which operates c o n t i n u o u s l y . Motors i n
recent years. The s u b j e c t i s much more complex an i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t o r i n remote a r e a s w i l l
t h a n p r e v i o u s l y t h o u g h t . One i n d u s t r y S t a n d a r d a l s o b e e x p o s e d t o d i s t u r b a n c e s on t h e u t i l i t y
has been changed based on t h e r e s u l t s p r e d i c t e d system and t h e consequences o f any q u i c k a c t i n g
by t h e more advanced methods o f a n a l y s i s b e i n g a u t o m a t i c c i r c u i t b r e a k e r r e c l o s u r e s on those
used i n r e c e n t y e a r s . T h i s paper w i l l a t t e m p t systems, u s u a l l y w i t h o u t t h e end users knowledge.
t o p u t t h e p r o b l e m o f bus t r a n s f e r o f i n d u c t i o n I t has been s u g g e s t e d t h a t j u s t such e v e n t s
motors i n t o p e r s p e c t i v e by p r e s e n t i n g , i n may h a v e r e s u l t e d i n t h e d e f o r m a t i o n o f a
g e n e r a l t e r m s , t h e o v e r a l l c o n c e r n s and t h e c o u p l i n g j a c k s h a f t o f an i n d u c t i o n motor
methods o f a n a l y s i s r e c e n t l y developed. d r i v e n c e n t r i f u g a l compressor [ 2 1 .

E a r l i e r methods o f a n a l y z i n g t h e e f f e c t s
l" o f bus t r a n s f e r g e n e r a l l y c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e
d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t s and
D i s t u r b a n c e s i n t h e e l e c t r i c a l s u p p l y system air-gap electromagnetic torque i n the motor.
,expose i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s t o a w i d e v a r i e t y o f By making c e r t a i n a s s u m p t i o n s , such as c o n s t a n t
electrical transients. W h i l e one may n o t t h i n k speed o f t h e m o t o r and d r i v e n equipment f o r
o f a b u s t r a n s f e r a s a d i s t u r b a n c e t h e same t h e p e r i o d o f t i m e o f i n t e r e s t , i t was p o s s i b l e
as one w o u l d c o n s i d e r a f a u l t . t h e consequences t o l i n e a r i z e the equations representing the
o f t h e b u s t r a n s f e r may b e m o r e s e v e r e t h a n m o t o r and t o f o r m u l a t e c l o s e d f o r m s o l u t i o n s
t h a t o f a t h r e e phase f a u l t a t t h e motor f o r t h e c u r r e n t and a i r - g a p e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
t e r m i n a l s . W i t h t h e w i d e s p r e a d u s e o f bus torque [3]. I n t h i s concept a closed form
t r a n s f e r systems i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t the s o l u t i o n i s an e q u a t i o n i n t o which one s u b s t i t u t e s
e f f e c t o f i n t e r r u p t i n g t h e power s o u r c e t o t h e the a p p r o p r i a t e motor parameter values t o
motor and t h e n r e s t o r i n g i t be b e t t e r understood. a r r i v e a t t h e m a g n i t u d e and f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e
e l e c t r i c a l transients. These methods, however,
The r e a s o n s f o r b u s t r a n s f e r f i t i n t o two do n o t l e n d t h e m s e l v e s t o u s e i n c a l c u l a t i n g
general c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . The planned ( c o n t r o l l e d ) t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e complex m u l t i p l e o c c u r r i n g
t r a n s f e r and t h e emergency t r a n s f e r . Perhaps e v e n t s w h i c h m i g h t o c c u r d u r i n g some b u s
t h e b e s t examples o f p l a n n e d t r a n s f e r s a r e i n transfers. S h a f t t o r q u e , i f c a l c u l a t e d , was
power g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t s . When t h e p l a n t i s determined by t h e use o f a d d i t i o n a l s i m p l i f y i n g
i n normal o p e r a t i o n t h e power r e q u i r e d b y t h e assumptions such t h a t i t c o u l d be approximated
a u x i l i a r y systems s u p p o r t i n g t h e g e n e r a t o r i s based on t h e peak value o f the air-gap
s u p p l i e d by t h e generator. However, d u r i n g electromagnetic torque.
p l a n t s t a r t - u p o r shut-down t h e g e n e r a t o r i s
u n a b l e t o s u p p o r t t h e l o a d and a s e p a r a t e power The u s e o f computers t o p e r f o r m n u m e r i c a l
s o u r c e f o r t h e a u x i l i a r y systems must be u s e d . i n t e g r a t i o n a n a l y s i s i n r e c e n t y e a r s has made
The p r o c e s s o f t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e a u x i l i a r i e s i t p o s s i b l e t o c a l c u l a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f bus
f r o m one s o u r c e t o t h e o t h e r has been p l a n n e d t r a n s f e r w i t h o u t m a k i n g many o f t h e p r e v i o u s l y
i n advance t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e l i m i t i n g a s s u m p t i o n s , and f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e
e x p e c t e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e s e p a r a t e power t o include the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the shaft torque
source buses. P a r t 15 o f ANSI ( 3 0 . 4 1 [ l ] was i n b o t h t h e motor and t h e d r i v e n equipment
developed t o address these types o f bus t r a n s f e r . while c a l c u l a t i n g the e l e c t r i c a l transients
An example o f an emergency bus t r a n s f e r i s t h e i n t h e m o t o r [2],[4]. By a n i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n
s w i t c h i n g o f power s o u r c e s when t h e o r i g i n a l b e t w e e n t h e e l e c t r i c a l model and t h e s h a f t
s o u r c e i s u n e x p e c t e d l y l o s t . such as m i g h t system model t h r o u g h t h e a i r - g a p e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
happen when a f a u l t o c c u r s on t h e power system t o r q u e and t h e speed and a n g u l a r p o s i t i o n o f
or a transformer f a i l s . t h e m o t o r r o t o r , I t i s now p o s s i b l e t o o b s e r v e
t h e e f f e c t o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e s e two
The need f o r bus t r a n s f e r i s n o t u n i q u e t o systems d u r i n g t h e d i s t u r b a n c e . One consequence
any o n e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f u s e r o f i n d u c t i o n o f t h i s c o m p l e x i t y i s t h a t i t i s more d i f f i c u l t
motors. I t i s o f t e n t i m e s u s e d as e x t e n s i v e l y t o provide the general insight that closed
i n an i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t as i t i s used i n a power form s o l u t i o n s a l l o w r e g a r d i n g t h e e f f e c t o f
g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t . For i n s t a n c e , reduced v o l t a g e changes i n v a r i o u s m o t o r p a r a m e t e r s because
s t a r t i n g o f l a r g e i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s i s a common the r e s u l t s a r e presented i n graphical, rather
p r a c t i c e t o r e d u c e t h e power i n r u s h demanded than e q u a t i o n , form.
f r o m t h e power s y s t e m . When t h e s w i t c h o v e r
t o f u l l v o l t a g e i s made, i t i s a bus t r a n s f e r I n another method o f a n a l y s i s [ 5 ] a complex
p e r f o r m e d under t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e motor computer model i s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e v a l u e
t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e i s known t o be l e s s t h a n t h e o f t h e magnitudes and f r e q u e n c i e s o f the

89-CH2777-1/89/0000-0219$01.00 8 19891EEE
- 219 -
components o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l t r a n s i e n t s f o r
complex sequences o f m u l t i p l e o c c u r r i n g e v e n t s
w
and t o p r e s e n t t h e r e s u l t s i n an equat.ion f o r m Machine Parameters
t h a t c a n t h e n b e s e p a r a t e l y a p p l i e d t o a model 2 5 0 HP. 4 P o l e , 4000 V o l t
o f t h e s h a f t system t o determine the s h a f t
torque. T h i s method can p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n EkLuQad kduxu&x
as t o w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e a i r - g a p e l e c t r o m a g -
n e t i c t o r q u e c o n t a i n s any f r e q u e n c y components RI. P.U. .0136 .0136
near a t o r s i o n a l resonance f r e q u e n c y o f t h e
s h a f t system. I t i s n e c e s s a r y , however, t h a t XI, P.U. .119 .113
many o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n s a b o u t l i n e a r i t y b e
made a n d t h e r e i s no i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n ( i . e . . R2. P . U . .0103 .018
feedback) f r a n the shaft model t o the e l e c t r i c a l d e l .
x 2 . P.U. .0768 .0258
A study o f the m a t e r i a l i n the references
noted h e r e i n p o i n t s o u t t h a t the question o f Xm. P.U. 2.25 1.13
t h e e f f e c t o f bus t r a n s f e r o n i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s

-- -
has b e e n a n a l y z e d b y many d i f f e r e n t methods,
each h a v i n g some d i s t i n c t a d v a n t a g e s . V a r i o u s Jm 1.34 I b - f t - s e c 2 JL 3.88 I b - f t - s e c 2
r u l e s o f thumb f o r b u s t r a n s f e r h a v e b e e n
developed o v e r t h e y e a r s from t h e s e a n a l y s e s .
D i f f e r e n t c o n t r o l d e v i c e s a r e b e i n g used t o
K
F u l l Load -
35400 I b - f t / r a d
7 3 9 I b - f t Q 1777 RPM

c o n t r o l bus t r a n s f e r i n v a r i o u s s i t u a t i o n s .
The i n t e n t o f t h i s p a p e r I s t o p r o v i d e a n
o v e r a l l p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e use o f bus t r a n s f e r J a b l e 1'1
o f i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s and i t s e f f e c t .
M o t o r V o l t a g e s and C u r r e n t s
a t S p e c i f i e d Load L e v e l s
Motor V o l t a a e a f t e r D i s c o n n e c t i o n
kLi&ad EkLLhuI
Vt. P.U. 1 .om0 1 .o&
Some g e n e r a l r u l e s o f t h u m b h a v e b e e n
developed t o p r o v i d e guidance as t o t h e b e h a v i o r 11, p . U . . 4 2 2 / - 8 9 -7' 1.241-31 -8'
o f t h e open c i r c u i t r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e o f an
i n d u c t i o n m o t o r when i t i s d i s c o n n e c t e d f r o m ,V, p.u. .950/0.3O ,9151-7.3'
t h e power s o u r c e . The t y p i c a l i n d u c t i o n m o t o r
equivalent c i r c u i t i l l u s t r a t e d i n Figure 1 12, P.U. 0. 1.13/-12.7'
forms t h e b a s i s f o r m o s t o f t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s .
The v a l u e s f o r t h e r e s i s t a n c e s and r e a c t a n c e s
f o r the e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t a r e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e One r u l e o f thumb o f t e n q u o t e d I s t h a t
from t h e manufacturer. Some o f t h e s e v a l u e s when t h e m o t o r i s d i s c o n n e c t e d f r o m t h e power
w i l l v a r y I n r e l a t i o n t o t h e speed o f t h e motor s o u r c e t h e m o t o r open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e w o u l d
and t h e s a t u r a t i o n l e v e l i n t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s s u d d e n l y change t o b e equal t o t h a t a c r o s s t h e
o f the motor. T y p i c a l values f o r a 250 m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e I n b o t h m a g n i t u d e and
h o r s e p o w e r , 4 p o l e , 4000 v o l t m o t o r a r e g i v e n phase p o s i t i o n . Based on F i g u r e 1 , such a
i n Table I . theory would r e q u i r e t h a t the c u r r e n t t h r u the
m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e be e x a c t l y t h e same a f t e r
I n t e r r u p t i o n a s I t was p r l o r t o I t . F o r t h i s
t o occur, the current I n the rotor squirrel
cage w o u l d h a v e t o change t o b e e q u a l t o t h a t
same c u r r e n t a n d t h i s w o u l d b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d
by a sudden change i n t h e m o t o r t o r q u e .

A n o t h e r a s s u m p t i o n s o m e t i m e s made i s t h a t
t h e c u r r e n t i n a l l t h r e e phases o f t h e s t a t o r
c i r c u i t a r e s u d d e n l y i n t e r r u p t e d a n d become
Figure 1 zero. Under t h i s a s s u m p t i o n t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t
I n d u c t i o n Motor E q u i v a l e n t C i r c u i t i n F i g u r e 1 m u s t b e t h e same i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r
I n t e r r u p t i o n a s I t was b e f o r e . This rotor
The amount o f c u r r e n t r e q u i r e d by t'he motor current would be the only current i n the
and t h e speed a t which i t o p e r a t e s a r e dependent m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e and t h e open c i r c u i t
on t h e amount o f l o a d w h i c h t h e m o t o r m u s t v o l t a g e would be p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h i s c u r r e n t .
carry. The v o l t a g e V, across the magnetizing I n t h e case o f t h e 250 horsepower motor a t
reactance i s equal t o the vector d i f f e r e n c e f u l l l o a d such an assumption would p r e d i c t an
between t h e a p p l i e d t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e V t and i n i t i a l open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e l e v e l o f over
the voltage drop across the s t a t o r resistance 10.000 v o l t s .
R1 and r e a c t a n c e XI. T h i s v o l t a g e i s thus a
f u n c t i o n o f t h e l o a d and i t s m a g n i t u d e i s l e s s The q u e s t i o n o f w h i c h o f t h e above two
t h a n t h a t o f t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e and i t s phase a s s u m p t i o n s g i v e s t h e b e s t e s t i m a t e as t o t h e
angle i s behind t h a t o f the applied voltage. motor t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a f t e r t h e motor breaker
The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e i s opened c a n b e examined u s i n g a t h r e e phase
i s e q u a l t o t h e v e c t o r d i f f e r e n c e between t h e model o f t h e I n d u c t i o n m o t o r as d i s c u s s e d I n
s t a t o r i n p u t c u r r e n t and t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t . Reference [ 4 ] . The p o l e s I n t h e b r e a k e r a r e
F o r t h e 2 5 0 Hp m o t o r d e s c r i b e d i n T a b l e I . assumed t o c l e a r o n c u r r e n t z e r o e s . When one
v a l u e s f o r t h e c u r r e n t s and v o l t a g e s r e f e r r e d p o l e f i r s t c l e a r s , t h e motor w i l l operate I n
t o i n F i g u r e 1 a r e g i v e n i n Table I 1 f o r the a s i n g l e - p h a s e mode u n t i l t h e r e m a i n i n g two
no l o a d and f u l l l o a d c o n d i t i o n s . p o l e s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y c l e a r when t h e i r common

- 220 -
c u r r e n t p a s s e s t h r u a z e r o v a l u e . The t i m e i s connected t o a large i n e r t i a load I s a
between t h e f i r s t p o l e c l e a r i n g and t h e f i n a l r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e t o r s i o n a l o s c i l l a t i o n of t h e
pole clearings i s approximately 1/3 o f a cycle, m o t o r r o t o r as a r e s u l t o f t h e sudden d r o p i n
e q u i v a l e n t t o 120 e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e s . During the motor electromagnetic torque from f u l l
t h i s b r i e f p e r i o d o f time t h a t t h e motor i s l o a d t o z e r o when t h e b r e a k e r i s opened. The
o p e r a t i n g i n the single-phase c o n d i t i o n the apparent e f f e c t o f speed change on t h e magnitude
r o t o r c u r r e n t undergoes a s i g n i f i c a n t t r a n s i e n t o f t h e m o t o r v o l t a g e c a n be e l i m i n a t e d by
change i n v a l u e and p h a s e p o s i t i o n . For t h e d i v i d i n g t h e p e r - u n i t magnitude o f t h e motor
250 horsepower motor i n t e r r u p t e d f r o m t h e f u l l v o l t a g e b y t h e p e r - u n i t v a l u e o f t h e speed ( o r
l o a d c o n d i t i o n , t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t was c a l c u l a t e d e q u i v a l e n t frequency) t o determine the p e r - u n i t
t o drop from the 1.13 per u n i t steady-state open c i r c u i t m o t o r v o l t s p e r h e r t z . A s shown
v a l u e t o a v a l u e o f .406 p e r u n i t , s i m i l a r i n i n F i g u r e 2 t h e v o l t s / H z i s independent o f t h e
rms content t o t h e c u r r e n t through the magnetizing i n e r t i a , o r r a t e o f change i n speed, I n d i c a t i n g
r e a c t a n c e X, a t f u l l load. T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h a t i t Is a t r u e measure o f t h e r e s i d u a l f l u x
t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t does n o t remain equal t o t h e i n the motor.
i n i t i a l s t e a d y - s t a t e v a l u e as suggested by t h e
second a s s u m p t i o n . I n the t r a n s i e n t c o n d i t i o n
t h e r e s u l t i n g o p e n c i r c u i t v o l t a g e when a l l I 1.5 ~

t h r e e p o l e s o f t h e b r e a k e r h a d c l e a r e d was
c a l c u l a t e d t o be .892 p e r u n i t rms (3570 v o l t s ) 5
w i t h a phase a n g l e o f -15 d e g r e e s . I n the 0.
v
steady-state f u l l load c o n d i t i o n the voltage 1 .o
a c r o s s t h e m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e was c a l c u l a t e d m
t o be .915 p e r u n i t rms (3670 v o l t s ) a t a phase cd
a n g l e o f -7 d e g r e e s . I f t h e r e were c o n d i t i o n s -
4-

w h i c h a f f e c t t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e b r e a k e r and
t h e o r d e r i n w h i c h t h e p o l e s c l e a r , then t h e
2 0.5
i n i t i a l open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e c o u l d be d i f f e r e n t . L
0
T h i s suggests t h a t t h e f i r s t g u i d e l i n e o f u s i n g .w
0
the s t e a d y - s t a t e v o l t a g e across t h e magnetizing I O
reactance t o estimate the magnitude o f the 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.
i n i t i a l o p e n c i r c u i t v o l t a g e may b e u s e f u l . Time ( s e c o n d s )
so l o n g as t h e b a s i s b e h i n d . i t i s u n d e r s t o o d
and c a r e i s e x e r c i s e d i n i t s u s a g e . T h e r e i s Figure 2
no c l e a r way t o e s t i m a t e t h e p h a s e a n g l e o f Decay o f M o t o r Open C i r c u i t V o l t a g e
t h e v o l t a g e immediately a f t e r t h e b r e a k e r opens.

A f t e r t h e i n t e r r u p t i o n o f power t h e r e w i l l A f t e r t h e m o t o r has been d i s c o n n e c t e d f r o m

be some l e v e l o f c u r r e n t t r a p p e d i n t h e r o t o r t h e power s o u r c e t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e m o t o r
b a r s as c a l c u l a t e d above. These c u r r e n t s w i l l r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e speed
n o t be s u s t a i n e d i n an open c i r c u i t motor o f the motor r o t o r . S i n c e t h i s frequency i s
b e c a u s e t h e r e i s no v o l t a g e s o u r c e a v a i l a b l e n o t e q u a l t o t h a t o f t h e power s o u r c e , t h e
on t h e r o t o r t o do s o . Because o f t h e l o s s e s phase a n g l e between t h e motor r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e
i n t h e c l o s e d r o t o r s q u i r r e l cage, t h e r o t o r and t h e power s o u r c e v o l t a g e w i l l be c o n s t a n t l y
c u r r e n t s w i l l b e g i n t o decay and t h e r e s u l t i n g changing. Even i f t h e m o t o r does n o t s l o w
induced v o l t a g e o b s e r v e d a t t h e motor t e r m i n a l s down a f t e r b e i n g d i s c o n n e c t e d , t h i s phase a n g l e
w i l l start to f a l l . The decay r a t e o f t h e w i l l change because t h e i n d u c t i o n motor d i d
v o l t a g e i s r e f e r r e d t o as t h e motor open c i r c u i t n o t o p e r a t e a t s y n c h r o n o u s speed when i t was
t i m e c o n s t a n t and can be p r e d i c t e d f r o m t h e connected. The r a t e a t w h i c h t h e phase a n g l e
e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g u r e 1 t o be e q u a l t o : changes w i l l i n c r e a s e as t h e m o t o r and d r i v e n
e q u i p m e n t s l o w s down. This rate i s directly
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e amount o f l o a d TL demanded
from t h e d r i v e n equipment d u r i n g the i n t e r r u p t i o n
(1) and i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e t o t a l i n e r t i a
JT o f t h e m o t o r and t h e d r i v e n e q u i p m e n t . The
r e s u l t i n g change i n t h e phase a n g l e p can b e
approximated from E q u a t i o n ( 2 ) .
I t s h o u l d be noted t h a t Equation ( 1 ) i s
b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e m o t o r speed
remains c o n s t a n t d u r i n g t h e t i m e t h a t t h e motor
i s d i s c o n n e c t e d f r o m t h e power s o u r c e . A p o i n t
n o t g e n e r a l l y recognized i s t h a t the magnitude
AD - t
2
[ (umo-us) -
JT
f] (2)
o f t h e m o t o r v o l t a g e a l s o decays as a f u n c t i o n
o f t h e d e c r e a s e i n m o t o r speed. T h i s can be
r e c o g n i z e d by c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e observed When TL i s n o t a f u n c t i o n o f speed, t h e n
open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e i s an i n d u c e d v o l t a g e t h e change I n phase a n g l e can be r e a d i l y
c r e a t e d by t h e r o t a t i n g f i e l d f l u x e s t a b l i s h e d evaluated. When T L i s a f u n c t i o n o f s p e e d
by t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t s . The f a s t e r t h i s f i e l d then numerical i n t e g r a t i o n techniques a r e
rotates. the greater the magnitude o f the u s e f u l i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e change I n phase a n g l e
induced v o l t a g e . T h e r e f o r e , i f the motor i s as a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e . I t s h o u l d a g a i n be
connected t o a low i n e r t i a l o a d and i s c a r r y i n g noted t h a t i t i s n o t necessary f o r t h e motor
l o a d d u r i n g t h e i n t e r r u p t i o n , then t h e magnitude t o s l o w down f o r t h e p h a s e a n g l e t o c h a n g e .
o f t h e motor v o l t a g e w o u l d b e o b s e r v e d t o decay The change i n phase a n g l e due t o t h e f a c t t h a t
f a s t e r t h a n i f t h e m o t o r was c o n n e c t e d t o a t h e m o t o r d o e s n o t r u n a t s y n c h r o n o u s speed
l a r g e i n e r t i a o r no l o a d . This i s depicted when l o a d e d c a n b e s i g n i f i c a n t . F o r example,
i n F i g u r e 2 f o r t h e 2 5 0 hp m o t o r i n i t i a l l y a t f o r a m o t o r t h a t o p e r a t e s a t a s l i p o f 2% t h e
f u l l load p r i o r t o disconnection o f the motor. change i n phase a n g l e j u s t due t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e
The o s c i l l a t i o n i n t h e v o l t a g e when t h e m o t o r b e t w e e n t h e i n i t i a l m o t o r s p e e d Om0 a n d

- 221 -
synchronous speed os i s 72 degrees i n 10 c y c l e s
( . 1 7 seconds).
Multio-on Bus

I t i s t y p i c a l f o r s e v e r a l m o t o r s t o be
- I n a f a s t t r a n s f e r the breaker t o the
a l t e r n a t e source i s closed almost immediately
a f t e r t h e f i r s t b r e a k e r i s opened. Such a
method o f t r a n s f e r assumes t h a t s w i t c h i n g t h e
c o n n e c t e d t o a common b u s w h i c h i s b e i n g s o u r c e s r a p i d l y can m i n i m i z e t h e e f f e c t s o n
t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m one power s o u r c e t o a n o t h e r . t h e m o t o r . Under t h i s t h e o r y i t i s g e n e r a l l y
When t h a t common bus i s d i s c o n n e c t e d t h e m o t o r s assumed t h a t t h e a l t e r n a t e s o u r c e m u s t b e
a r e n o t s e p a r a t e d f r o m one a n o t h e r . The common n e a r l y i n phase w i t h the f i r s t source. A
bus c a n h a v e o n l y one v o l t a g e m a g n i t u d e . phase h i g h - s p e e d s y n c - c h e c k r e l a y i s commonly u s e d
a n g l e , and f r e q u e n c y . That f r e q u e n c y w i l l be t o v e r i f y t h a t t h e phase a n g l e between t h e
between t h e h i g h e s t frequency corresponding motor v o l t a g e and t h e a l t e r n a t e source a r e
t o t h e motor w i t h t h e h i g h e s t p e r - u n i t value w i t h i n acceptable l i m i t s b e f o r e a l l o w i n g the
o f speed and t h e l o w e s t f r e q u e n c y based o n t h e completion o f the t r a n s f e r .
m o t o r w i t h t h e l o w e s t p e r - u n i t v a l u e o f speed.
As a r e s u l t , t h e m o t o r s t h a t a r e o p e r a t i n g a t Residual Transfer
a p e r - u n i t value o f speed below t h a t corresponding
t o t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e common b u s w i l l a c t D e l a y i n g t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e bus t r a n s f e r
a s m o t o r s and draw energy f r o m those m o t o r s u n t i l a f t e r t h e m o t o r r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e has
o p e r a t i n g a t t h e h i g h e r p e r - u n i t speeds w h i c h decayed t o some p r e d e t e r m i n e d l e v e l , g e n e r a l l y
w i l l t h e n a c t as i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r s . The 25% t o 30% o f r a t e d v o l t a g e , i s r e f e r r e d t o
t i m e f o r t h e common b u s v o l t a g e t o decay w i l l as a r e s i d u a l t r a n s f e r . The l e n g t h o f t i m e
be s h o r t e r t h a n t h a t t i m e based on t h e motor necessary f o r the motor r e s i d u a l voltage t o
w i t h t h e l o n g e s t open c i r c u i t t i m e c o n s t a n t decay t o 25% o f r a t e d v o l t a g e i s e q u a l t o
and l o n g e r t h a n t h a t f o r t h e m o t o r w i t h t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y one and o n e - h a l f open c i r c u i t
shortest time constant. The c h a n g e i n t h e time constants (see Equation ( 1 ) ) .
common bus v o l t a g e i s u s u a l l y a p p r o x i m a t e d b y
u s i n g s i m p l i f i e d e q u i v a l e n t s o f the motors In-Dhase T r a n s f e c
o p e r a t i n g o n a common b u s . [ 6 ]
.. An i n - p h a s e t r a n s f e r i s a bus t r a n s f e r t h a t
F f f e c t o f Power F a c t o r C o r r e c t i o n C a p a c i t o r s i s c o m p l e t e d when t h e m o t o r r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e
and t h e a l t e r n a t e s o u r c e v o l t a g e a r e i n phase.
C a p a c i t o r s may b e c o n n e c t e d t o i n d i v i d u a l To a c c o m p l i s h t h i s r e q u i r e s a n t i c i p a t i n g when
m o t o r s , t o a common b u s , o r t o t h e i n c o m i n g the v o l t a g e s w i l l be i n phase such t h a t allowance
power l i n e s t o i n c r e a s e t h e o v e r a l l power can b e made f o r t h e t i m e between w h i c h a c l o s e
factor. I f t h e c a p a c i t o r s remain connected s i g n a l c a n b e s e n t t o t h e b r e a k e r and t h e
t o t h e motor a f t e r t h e i n t e r r u p t i o n then t h e r e breaker a c t u a l l y closes. The a b i l i t y t o do
w i l l be a t r a n s f e r o f power between t h e t h i s i s c o m p l i c a t e d by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r a t e
c a p a c i t o r s and t h e m o t o r ( s ) . T h i s w i l l r e s u l t a t w h i c h t h e phase a n g l e changes i s c o n t i n u a l l y
i n an i n c r e a s e i n t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e i n c r e a s i n g a s t h e m o t o r s l o w s down i n speed.
r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e t o decay and must be c o n s i d e r e d A p o w e r - t r a n s f e r r e l a y t h a t senses t h e phase
when d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f bus t r a n s f e r . d i f f e r e n c e between t h e two v o l t a g e s may be used.

T a b l e 2 o f R e f e r e n c e [ 7 ] p r o v i d e s an example
o f t h e e f f e c t t h a t c a p a c i t o r s m i g h t have.
W i t h no c a p a c i t o r s c o n n e c t e d i n t h e system t h e
maximum v a l u e o f p e a k e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e
f o r v a r i o u s b u s t r a n s f e r t i m e s and s w i t c h i n g
AlwAmAl
o p e r a t i o n s was c a l c u l a t e d t o b e e q u a l t o 8 . 8 5 P a r t 15 o f ANSI C 5 0 . 4 1 - 1 9 8 2 [ l ]a d d r e s s e s
times r a t e d f u l l load torque. When 3 8 MVAR t h e q u e s t i o n o f bus t r a n s f e r o r r e c l o s i n g w i t h
o f c a p a c i t a n c e was added t o t h e a u x i l i a r y b u s . r e g a r d s t o i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s i n power g e n e r a t i n g
w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n a l e a d i n g power f a c t o r f o r stations. As s t a t e d i n t h e S t a n d a r d , ' t o l i m i t
t h e c o n d i t i o n u n d e r s t u d y , t h e n t h e maximum t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f damaging t h e motor or d r i v e n
v a l u e o f peak e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e i n c r e a s e d equipment, o r b o t h , i t i s recommended t h a t t h e
t o 17 t i m e s r a t e d f u l l l o a d t o r q u e . power system be designed so t h a t t h e r e s u l t a n t
v e c t o r i a l v o l t s p e r h e r t z between t h e motor
r e s i d u a l v o l t s p e r h e r t z and t h e incoming
JYPFS OF BUS TRANSFER source v o l t s per h e r t z at t h e i n s t a n t t h e
t r a n s f e r o r r e c l o s i n g i s c o m p l e t e d does n o t
The m e t h o d s o f b u s t r a n s f e r a r e g e n e r a l l y e x c e e d 1 . 3 3 p e r u n i t v o l t s p e r h e r t z on t h e

-
s e p a r a t e d i n t o t h r e e t y p e s based on t i m i n g motor r a t e d v o l t a g e and frequency b a s e s " . Two
181: p a r a l l e l ( h o t ) t r a n s f e r , f a s t t r a n s f e r , key phrases i n t h i s statement a r e ' t o l i m i t
and d e l a y e d t r a n s f e r . Based o n t h e o p e r a t i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f damage' and 'power system
c r i t e r i a the delayed transfer i s further be d e s i g n e d ' . The f i r s t p h r a s e d o e s n o t
separated i n t o residual transfer or in-phase t r a n s f e r . suggest t h a t t h e 1.33 g u i d e l i n e separates harmful
bus t r a n s f e r s f r o m t h o s e w h i c h a r e n o t h a r m f u l .
R a t h e r , i t o n l y s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e chance o f
damaging t h e e q u i p m e n t w i l l be m i n i m i z e d by
C l o s i n g t h e breaker t o t h e a l t e r n a t e source following the guide. The e q u i p m e n t may s t i l l
o f power b e f o r e o p e n i n g t h e b r e a k e r t o t h e be damaged i f any v a l u e o f r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r i a l
f i r s t s o u r c e i s r e f e r r e d t o as a h o t t r a n s f e r . v o l t s p e r h e r t z would i n f a c t r e s u l t i n over-
I t i s assumed t h a t b o t h s o u r c e s a r e i n s t r e s s i n g t h e equipment. I t ' s j u s t t h a t some
synchronism. Such a t r a n s f e r scheme r e q u i r e s l e v e l s may s t r e s s i t more t h a n o t h e r s . Several
c l o s e c o n t r o l a n d may n o t b e p r a c t i c a l i n recent authors [ 2 ] , [ 4 ] . [ 5 ] have p o i n t e d ou;t t h a t
emergency s i t u a t i o n s . s t a y i n g below 1.33 v o l t s does n o t i n f a c t limit
t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f damage'.

- 222 -
 T h e p h r a s e 'power system be designed' t o c o r r e c t t h e induced v o l t a g e t o the v a l u e
suggests t h a t t h i s p a r t o f the Standard i s w h i c h i t w o u l d h a v e a t t h e power s y s t e m
a p p l i c a b l e o n l y i n t h o s e c a s e s where one has frequency. As i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 2 , t h e
c o n t r o l o v e r t h e d e s i g n o f t h e power s y s t e m decay r a t e o f t h e m o t o r r e s i d u a l v o l t s l h e r t z
and c a n p r e - d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e i s r e l a t e d t o t h e m o t o r open c i r c u i t t i m e
v a r i o u s b u s e s t o d e c i d e i f bus t r a n s f e r i s t o c o n s t a n t a n d i s less d e p e n d e n t o n t h e change
be p e r m i t t e d and what t y p e i s t o b e u s e d . In i n speed t h a n i s t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e i n d u c e d
t h a t c o n t e x t , t h i s s t a t e m e n t may i n d i c a t e t h a t v o l t a g e . T h i s use o f v o l t s / h e r t z . however,
t h i s p a r t o f t h e ANSI S t a n d a r d was n o t i n t e n d e d makes i t d i f f i c u l t t o use any d e t e c t i o n equipment
f o r a p p l i c a t i o n s o u t s i d e o f t h e d e s i g n o f power t o monitor t h i s r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r i a l v o l t s per
s u p p l y s y s t e m s and t h a t t h o s e who have a d o p t e d h e r t z t o c o n t r o l c o m p l e t i o n o f a bus t r a n s f e r .
i t s u s e i n o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s may h a v e d o n e O f t e n t i m e s t h i s concept o f t h e use o f v o l t s / h e r t z
so w i t h o u t a c o m p l e t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f i t s i s n o t r e c o g n i z e d when t r y i n g t o a p p l y t h e
intended use. intent o f the Standard. Using only volts
rather than v o l t s l h e r t t neglects the e f f e c t
t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n f r e q u e n c i e s between t h e
motor and t h e power source might have.
S e c t i o n 20.85 o f t h e NEMA MG1 S t a n d a r d [ 9 ]
a l s o a d d r e s s e s t h e q u e s t i o n o f bus t r a n s f e r
or reclosing. P r i o r t o the l a t e s t r e v i s i o n o f SHAFT TORSlONAl ANALYSIS
t h e MG1 S t a n d a r d i n 1987 t h e s t a t e m e n t i n MG1
was t h e same as t h a t i n ANSI C50.41. P a r t 15. A g u i d e l i n e o f t e n t i m e s used f o r d e t e r m i n i n g
However, a f t e r s e v e r a l y e a r s o f s t u d y o f t h e t h e m a g n i t u d e o f m o t o r s h a f t t o r q u e a f t e r one
q u e s t i o n o f bus t r a n s f e r i n l i g h t o f t h e r e c e n t d e t e r m i n e s t h e peak v a l u e o f t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
papers o n t h e s u b j e c t , t h e recommendation g i v e n t o r q u e i s t o assume t h a t t h e two a r e r e l a t e d
i n MG1 was changed. I t i s now recommended i n by t h e r a t i o o f t h e l o a d i n e r t i a t o t h e t o t a l
NEMA MG1 t h a t ' s l o w t r a n s f e r ( i . e . . r e s i d u a l i n e r t i a , as g i v e n by E q u a t i o n ( 3 ) . [ 7 ] . [ 1 0 ] . [ 1 1 ]
t r a n s f e r ) be used t o l i m i t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f
damaging t h e motor o r d r i v e n e q u i p m e n t , o r
both'. Whenever f a s t t r a n s f e r ( i . e . . i n any
time s h o r t e r than t h a t f o r a slow t r a n s f e r ) (3)
i s contemplated then ' t h e electromechanical
i n t e r a c t i o n s o f t h e motor, t h e d r i v e n equipment.
and t h e power s y s t e m ( s h o u l d ) be s t u d i e d ' .
T h i s assumes t h a t t h e ' s p r i n g i n e s s ' o f t h e
s h a f t can be neglected. The r e s u l t i s t h a t
RFSULTANT VECTORlAl VOLTS PFR HFRT7 i f t h e l o a d i n e r t i a i s l a r g e compared t o t h e
motor i n e r t i a then t h e s h a f t torque w i l l be
The ANSI C50.41 Standard r e f e r s t o a q u a n t i t y n e a r l y equal t o t h e electromagnetic torque.
c a l l e d t h e r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r i a l v o l t s per h e r t z The s h a f t t o r q u e w o u l d b e s m a l l i n , r e l a t i o n
between t h e m o t o r r e s i d u a l v o l t s p e r h e r t z and t o the electromagnetic torque i f the motor
the incoming source v o l t s per h e r t z . T h i s i s i n e r t i a i s much g r e a t e r t h a n t h e l o a d i n e r t i a .
d e p i c t e d i n ANSI C50.41 a s shown i n F i g u r e 3.
When o n e c a n n o t n e g l e c t t h e ' s p r i n g i n e s s '
o f the s h a f t o r the presence o f o t h e r load
masses, t h e t r a n s i e n t t o r q u e s c r e a t e d i n t h e
m o t o r - d r i v e n equipment s h a f t system as a r e s u l t
o f d i s t u r b a n c e s i n t h e m o t o r e l e c t r i c a l power
o r i n t h e l o a d can be d e t e r m i n e d t h r u t h e use
o f lumped m a s s - s p r i n g t o r s i o n a l m o d e l s as
d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 4. The number o f masses
u s e d i s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e number o f m a j o r
e l e m e n t s i n t h e m o t o r and t h e d r i v e n equipment

Vs -- E q u i v a l e n t system v o l t s / H z i n p e r u n i t
w h i c h m u s t b e m o d e l e d . The m o t o r i s u s u a l l y
c o n s i d e r e d as a s i n g l e lumped mass.
V,
Vr - E q u i v a l e n t motor v o l t s / H z i n p e r u n i t
Resultant v e c t o r i a l volts/Hz i n per u n i t

Figure 3 F2 I F3
Determination o f Resultant V o l t s per Hertz

U U

I n order t o determine the r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r i a l 01 02 U3

v o l t s per h e r t z i t i s necessary that the
m a g n i t u d e . p h a s e a n g l e , and f r e q u e n c y o f b o t h
t h e m o t o r r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e and t h e i n c o m i n g Figure 4
source v o l t a g e be determined. Except i n an T o r s i o n a l Model f o r R o t a t i n g System
analytical analysis, i t i s generally d i f f i c u l t
t o a p p l y t h e ANSI C50.41 g u i d e l i n e because t h e
length o f the vectors represent v o l t s / h e r t z To i l l u s t r a t e some o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s o f
rather than j u s t voltage. For instance, i f t o r s i o n a l system responses, c o n s i d e r a system
t h e m o t o r i s o p e r a t i n g a t a s l i p o f 0.2 p e r c o n s i s t i n g o f two masses, m o t o r and l o a d ,
u n i t t h e n t h e v a l u e o f t h e v o l t s / h e r t z would connected by one s h a f t . As d i s c u s s e d i n
b e 25% g r e a t e r t h a n t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e p e r Reference [4], t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equation which
u n i t v o l t a g e . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h i s u s e o f d e p i c t s t h e change i n s h a f t t o r q u e as a f u n c t i o n
v o l t s / h e r t z may b e t h o u g h t o f a s a n a t t e m p t o f t i m e c a n be w r i t t e n a s i n E q u a t i o n ( 4 ) .

- 223 -
 K
d2Ts
- + K -
Jm+JL
Ts I- Te
K
-- TL (4)
dt2 JmJL Jm JL

There w i l l be a f a m i l y o f n a t u r a l t o r s i o n a l Again, t h e r e i s a s i m i l a r i t y t o Equation (3)

f r e q u e n c i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h each o f t h e s h a f t s i n r e l a t i n g t h e peak v a l u e o f t h e s h a f t t o r q u e
i n the model. I n t h e c a s e o f t h e two mass t o t h e peak v a l u e o f t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e .
model t h e f i r s t n a t u r a l t o r s i o n a l f r e q u e n c y From E q u a t i o n ( 8 ) i t becomes a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e
can be c a l c u l a t e d from E q u a t i o n ( 5 ) . g u i d e l i n e r e p r e s e n t e d by E q u a t i o n ( 3 ) i s based
on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s h a f t i s v e r y r i g i d
( i . e . . no ' s p r i n g i n e s s ' ) such t h a t t h e t o r s i o n a l
n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y wn i s much g r e a t e r t h a n t h e
f r e q u e n c y r) o f t h e a p p l i e d t o r q u e . Under t h i s
assumption t h e s h a f t t o r q u e w i l l respond a t t h e
a p p l i e d f r e q u e n c y w i t h a magnitude g i v e n by
Equation ( 3 ) . However, I f t h e f r e q u e n c y r) o f
The r o t a t i n g s h a f t s y s t e m w i l l o s c i l l a t e a t t h e a p p l i e d t o r q u e i s w i t h i n t h e range o f t h e
t h i s n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y whenever t h e r e i s a t o r s i o n a l n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y wn +70% t h e n t h e
change i n t h e m o t o r t o r q u e o r i n t h e l o a d t r a n s i e n t t o r q u e p r e d i c t e d by Equation ( 3 ) w i l l
torque. T h i s o s c i l l a t i o n would be sustained be t o o low. F o r example, i f r) i s equal t o 1 . 3
i f t h e r e were no damping i n t h e system. t i m e s 0, t h e n t h e component o f t o r q u e o s c i l -
F r i c t i o n a n d damping i n t h e m a t e r i a l o f t h e l a t i n g a t t h e t o r s i o n a l n a t u r a l frequency w i l l
s h a f t s themselves a r e some examples o f damping. be equal t o 1.9 times t h a t p r e d i c t e d by E q u a t i o n
A less r e c o g n i z e d s o u r c e o f d a m p i n g i s t h e ( 3 ) and t h e component a t t h e a p p l i e d f r e q u e n c y
t o r q u e c r e a t e d b y a s q u i r r e l cage m o t o r when w i l l b e e q u a l t o 1 . 5 t i m e s t h a t p r e d i c t e d by
t h e r o t o r o s c i l l a t e s a b o u t a n a v e r a g e speed. Equation ( 3 ) .

Assuming t h a t t h e l o a d t o r q u e TL i n E q u a t i o n Notice that i f the frequency o f the

( 4 ) remains c o n s t a n t a t A w h i l e t h e motor e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e i n E q u a t i o n (7) i s equal
e l e c t r i c a l t o r q u e s u d d e n l y changes f r o m A t o t o t h a t o f t h e t o r s i o n a l system then the
B. as w o u l d happen t o t h e average v a l u e o f t h e t r a n s i e n t s h a f t torque w i l l continue t o increase
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e when s w i t c h i n g o p e r a t i o n s w i t h t i m e u n t i l damage may o c c u r . Thus e x i s t s
take place, the r e s u l t i n g s h a f t torque t r a n s i e n t the reason f o r keeping the design o f the s h a f t
r e s p o n s e i s g i v e n b y E q u a t i o n (6). system f r o m h a v i n g n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s a r o u n d
60 h e r t z . The m a g n i t u d e o f t h e t o r q u e may be
l i m i t e d by t h e s t r e s s c r e a t e d i n t h e m a t e r i a l
i t s e l f , w h i c h a c t s as a damping f a c t o r . A
concern i n bus t r a n s f e r s i t u a t i o n s which i s
p o i n t e d o u t i n R e f e r e n c e 151 i s t h a t when t h e
m o t o r i s r e c o n n e c t e d t o a power s o u r c e a f t e r
i t has s l o w e d down t h e n t h e r e may be t r a n s i e n t
The f o r m o f t h e t r a n s i e n t response i n E q u a t i o n components o f t o r q u e c r e a t e d w h i c h o s c i l l a t e
(6) a p p e a r s s i m i l a r t o t h a t i n E q u a t i o n ( 3 ) . a t f r e q u e n c i e s l e s s t h a n 60 h e r t z . This might
b u t t h e r e a r e some f u n d a m e n t a l d i f f e r e n c e s . create s i g n i f i c a n t levels o f shaft torque
The p e a k v a l u e o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g t o r q u e i s b u i l d u p i f a t o r s i o n a l n a t u r a l frequency Of
e q u a l t o t h e c h a n g e (B-A) i n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t h e s h a f t system i s c l o s e t o t h i s frequency.
t o r q u e m u l t i p l i e d by the r a t i o o f the load
i n e r t i a t o the t o t a l i n e r t i a . I f the load The above examples i l l u s t r a t e how d i f f i c u l t
i n e r t i a i s v e r y l a r g e , t h e peak s h a f t t o r q u e i t i s t o a p p l y any s i m p l i f i e d g u i d e l i n e s t o
w i l l be e q u a l t o t h e i n i t i a l e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c e v a l u a t e peak s h a f t t o r q u e . I n actual s i t u a t i o n s
t o r q u e A p l u s 2 t i m e s t h e change, ( B - A ) , i n the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e c o n s i s t s o f components
the electromagnetic torque. T h i s can n o t be o f b o t h s t e p changes i n a v e r a g e t o r q u e and
p r e d i c t e d from Equation ( 3 ) . o s c i l l a t i n g t o r q u e . T h e r e a r e o t h e r components
s u c h a s a s t e p c h a n g e i n t o r q u e w h i c h decays
I f t h e change i n motor electromagnetic a t an e x p o n e n t i a l r a t e . O b v i o u s c a r e must b e
torque i s s i n u s o i d a l i n n a t u r e then the t r a n s i e n t t a k e n when u s i n g E q u a t i o n ( 3 ) a n d t h e p e a k
s h a f t t o r q u e w i l l be e q u a l t o t h a t g i v e n by value of the t o t a l electromagnetic torque t o
E q u a t i o n ( 7 ) .e x p r e s s e d i n i t s usual form. e s t i m a t e t h e peak v a l u e o f t h e s h a f t t o r q u e .

ATe - A sin(qt)
S h a f t Response t o M u l t i p l e F v e n t s

The s h a f t s y s t e m may c o n t a i n l i t t l e i n t h e
way o f m e c h a n i c a l d a m p i n g w h i c h means t h a t
once a t o r s i o n a l o s c i l l a t i o n i s i n i t i a t e d , i t
may b e s e v e r a l s e c o n d s b e f o r e i t d i e s o u t .
I f another event should t a k e p l a c e b e f o r e t h e
f i r s t s e t t l e s o u t , then the e f f e c t s o f t h a t
event w i l l b e added t o t h e f i r s t . Since the
t o r s i o n a l o s c i l l a t i o n s a r e c y c l i c i n nature,
t h e s e p a r a t e t r a n s i e n t s w i l l add t o g e t h e r w i t h
some phase r e l a t i o n s h i p between them dependent
upon t h e t o r s i o n a l f r e q u e n c i e s . For example,
F i g u r e 5 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e e f f e c t o f two s t e p
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g t e r m s changes i n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e w h i c h t a k e
i n E q u a t i o n ( 7 ) may b e e x p r e s s e d i n a n o t h e r p l a c e a t such a t i m e t h a t the t o r s i o n a l responses
f o r m , b a s e d o n E q u a t i o n (5). a s shown i n a r e i n phase o r 90° o u t o f p h a s e .
Equation ( 8 ) .
- 224 -
 10
I I I I I
--Electromagnetic Torque

I-.-L -1
-2

+
- ~ - ---
~

0 .05 .10 .15 .20

Time ( s e c o n d s ) -5 .2 .3 .4
0 .1
( a ) Two s h a f t r e s p o n s e s i n p h a s e Time A f t e r Power I n t e r r u p t i o n ( s e c o n d s )

Figure 6
M o t o r Response t o Power I n t e r r u p t i o n
o f 3 C y c l e s ( . 0 5 seconds)

S
5-
CL
Y

0 .05 .10 .15 .20 a)

Time ( s e c o n d s ) S
U
L
( b ) Two s h a f t r e s p o n s e s 90° o u t o f phase 0
I-

Figure 5
S h a f t T o r q u e Response t o Two S t e p F u n c t i o n s 0 .1 .2 .3 .4
Time A f t e r Power I n t e r r u p t i o n ( s e c o n d s )

A bus t r a n s f e r i n v o l v e s a t l e a s t two changes Figure 7

i n t h e m o t o r e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e spaced a t M o t o r Response t o Power I n t e r r u p t i o n
a t i m e i n t e r v a l d e p e n d e n t on t h e t i m e o f t h e o f 6 C y c l e s ( . l o seconds)
i n t e r r u p t i o n . The change i n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
torque a t the time o f disconnection o f the
motor w i l l be a s t e p f u n c t i o n i n n a t u r e s i n c e
t h e r e w i l l b e no s t a t o r c u r r e n t t o c o n t r i b u t e
t o a s i n u s o i d a l component. When t h e m o t o r
breaker i s r e c l o s e d t h e t r a n s i e n t e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
t o r q u e w i l l c o n s i s t o f a s t e p f u n c t i o n , an
e x p o n e n t i a l l y c h a n g i n g a v e r a g e v a l u e , and one
o r more s i n u s o i d a l c o m p o n e n t s . The t r a n s i e n t
s h a f t t o r q u e w i l l be a r e s u l t o f the e f f e c t s
o f a l l o f t h e components a c t i n g t o g e t h e r .
-. 5-

T h e r e a r e t i m e s when t h e r e w i l l b e m o r e
t h a n two s e p a r a t e e v e n t s t a k i n g p l a c e d u r i n g
a s h o r t p e r i o d o f time. I n many cases t h e bus
t r a n s f e r may b e i n i t i a t e d as t h e r e s u l t o f a U
I
f a u l t on t h e system o r a transformer f a i l u r e .
The f i r s t e v e n t w h i c h m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d i s
the f a u l t . The second e v e n t i s t h e c l e a r i n g
o f t h e m o t o r b r e a k e r o r t h e common b u s . The I
t h i r d e v e n t i s t h e r e c l o s u r e o f t h e motor o n t o
t h e a l t e r n a t i v e power s o u r c e . Numerical -10-
J, I
I'
-
i n t e g r a t i o n methods l e n d themselves w e l l t o !'
d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f such complex e v e n t s .

RFSULTS OF A DYNAMIC STUDY

-15 ; .1 .2 .3 .4
Time A f t e r Power I n t e r r u p t i o n ( s e c o n d s )
Some examples o f t h e r e s u l t s o f a s t u d y o f Figure 8
-bus t r a n s f e r o n t h e 250 hp m o t o r a r e shown i n M o t o r Response t o Power I n t e r r u p t i o n
Figures 6 through 9 f o r various reclosure o f 8 C y c l e s ( . 1 3 3 seconds)
times. I l l u s t r a t e d i s t h e complex e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
transient together w i t h the r e s u l t i n g shaft
torque transient for various &rations of powr interruption.
f r e q u e n c y i t c a n be e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e t r a n s i e n t
When t h e m o t o r i s d i s c o n n e c t e d f r o m t h e shaft torque r e s u l t i n g from the reclosure w i l l
power s o u r c e t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e f a l l s be i n phase w i t h t h e t r a n s i e n t s h a f t t o r q u e
t o z e r o and an i n i t i a l l e v e l o f o s c i l l a t i n g due t o t h e b r e a k e r c l e a r i n g i f t h e change i n
t o r q u e a t 30 h e r t z i s c r e a t e d i n t h e s h a f t average electromagnetic torque i s p o s i t i v e
system. Based on t h e 30 h e r t z n a t u r a l t o r s i o n a l when t h e b r e a k e r i s r e c l o s e d a f t e r a t i m e

- 225 -
 F i g u r e s 7 a n d 9 t h e maximum l e v e l o f s h a f t
torque occurs a t a l a t e r time during the
transient. As p r e d i c t e d by Equations (4)
t h r o u g h ( 7 ) t h e changes i n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
t o r q u e cause t h e s h a f t system t o o s c i l l a t e a t
I t s natural frequencies. There I s l i t t l e
damping i n t h e m e c h a n i c a l system t o reduce t h e
l e v e l o f t h a t o s c l l l a t l n g torque during the
s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e d i s c u s s e d h e r e . The t o t a l
t o r q u e i s t h e sum o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g component
and t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e . T h i s average s h a f t
torque w i l l tend t o f o l l o w the average
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e as I t r e p r e s e n t s t h e

-10 +0 .1 .2 .3 .4
Time A f t e r Power I n t e r r u p t i o n ( s e c o n d s )
average t o r q u e d e l i v e r e d t o t h e t o t a l i n e r t l a
and l o a d f o r a c c e l e r a t i o n .
the s h a f t torque then occurs approximately
The peak v a l u e o f

when t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f s h a f t t o r q u e ( o r
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e ) r e a c h e s i t s maximum
value. The p o i n t a t w h i c h t h e a v e r a g e s h a f t
Figure 9 t o r q u e i s a maximum c o u l d be i n t h e n e g a t i v e
M o t o r Response t o Power I n t e r r u p t i o n torque r e g i o n (Figure 8) o r i n the p o s i t i v e
o f 10 C y c l e s ( . 1 6 6 seconds) r e g i o n ( F i g u r e s 6, 7, and 9). One o f t h e most
s e v e r e c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e p r e d i c t e d t o b e one
i n which t h e o s c i l l a t i n g torque I s q u i t e l a r g e
p e r i o d e q u a l t o a n o d d number o f e l e c t r i c a l and t h e m o t o r passes t h r u i t s normal breakdown
frequency c y c l e s ( 6 0 h z ) . S i m i l a r l y , t h e two t o r q u e l e v e l (average t o r q u e ) w h i l e a c c e l e r a t i n g
s h a f t t o r q u e t r a n s i e n t s w i l l be i n phase i f b e c a u s e i t h a d s l o w e d down b e l o w b r e a k d o w n
t h e change i n a v e r a g e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e speed b e f o r e t h e r e c l o s u r e c o u l d be accomplished.
i s n e g a t i v e a f t e r a n e v e n number o f c y c l e s .
The two s h a f t t o r q u e t r a n s i e n t s w i l l be p a r t i a l l y The m a g n i t u d e o f t h e peak s h a f t t o r q u e
o r c o m p l e t e l y o u t o f phase f o r a l l o t h e r r e s u l t i n g from r e c l o s u r e times o f 3 through
reclosure times. 12 c y c l e s i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 0 as a f u n c t i o n
o f t h e r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r i a l v o l t s / h e r t z as
When t h e b r e a k e r i s r e c l o s e d a c o m p l e x d e f i n e d b y t h e ANSI C50.41 S t a n d a r d . The e r r o r
t r a n s i e n t e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e r e s u l t s . The i n using a value o f resultant vectorial
i n i t i a l d i r e c t i o n o f t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c torque v o l t s / h e r t z o f 1.33 t o p r e d i c t whether o r n o t
i s d e t e r m i n e d by the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e motor t h e ' p o t e n t i a l ' f o r damaging t h e equipment
r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e t o t h e power s o u r c e v o l t a g e would be ' l i m i t e d ' i s d r a m a t i c a l l y i l l u s t r a t e d .
at the time o f reclosure. When t h e i n i t i a l F o r a r e f e r e n c e p o i n t , t h e peak t r a n s i e n t
average v a l u e o f t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c torque s h a f t t o r q u e r e s u l t i n g f r o m an a c r o s s - t h e - l i n e
i s i n t h e n e g a t i v e ( g e n e r a t o r ) d i r e c t i o n , as s t a r t o f t h e m o t o r f r o m r e s t was c a l c u l a t e d
i n F i g u r e s 7 . 8 , and 9. i t q u i c k l y r e t u r n s t o t o be 3.5 p e r u n i t . I n steady s t a t e o p e r a t i n g
t h e p o s i t i v e ( m o t o r ) c o n d i t i o n as t h e m o t o r c o n d i t i o n s i t i s p o s s i b l e t o e s t i m a t e t h e motor
a c c e l e r a t e s back t o i t s n o r m a l r u n n i n g speed. speed-torque c u r v e f o r d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f
A s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e f i r s t c y c l e peak o f t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by assuming t h a t t h e t o r q u e
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e i s a f i r s t c y c l e peak v a r i e s as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e v o l t a g e squared,
o f s h a f t t o r q u e i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n a f t e r assuming t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f s a t u r a t i o n a r e
the reclosure. I n 3 o u t o f t h e 4 examples neglected. A l s o shown o n F i g u r e 1 0 i s a
i l l u s t r a t e d t h e v a l u e o f t h e f i r s t peak o f sometimes used g u i d e l i n e based on an assumption
shaft torque i s greater than the value o f the t h a t t h e peak t o r q u e c a n b e p r e d i c t e d I n a
f i r s t peak o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e . I n F i g u r e
8 t h e v a l u e s o f t h e f i r s t t h r e e peaks o f s h a f t
t o r q u e a r e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e peak v a l u e o f t h e
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e . T h i s w o u l d n o t be
p r e d i c t e d by t h e r u l e - o f - t h u m b E q u a t i o n ( 3 ) .
The r a t i o o f l o a d i n e r t i a t o t o t a l i n e r t i a i s Length of Power Interruption (cycles)
.74 i n t h i s c a s e .

Aside from t h e magnitude sf the s h a f t ," 10

torque, the e f f e c t o f the d i r e c t i o n o f the Peak Shaft Torque 4
s h a f t t o r q u e must a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d . In 5
R e f e r e n c e [ 1 2 ] i t i s s t a t e d t h a t t h e 'most U
L
s i g n i f i c a n t p o i n t about t h e r e s w i t c h i n g - t o r q u e 0
p a t t e r n s i s t h e l a r g e n e g a t i v e - t o r q u e peaks t-
t h a t c a n occur.. C o u p l i n g keys found sheared +
i n an a n t i - r o t a t i o n d i r e c t i o n might suggest
'c
a 5-
that a significant level o f negative shaft L:
v)
t o r q u e may h a v e r e s u l t e d f r o m a r e c l o s u r e
Y
e v e n t . I n R e f e r e n c e [ 2 ] i t was s u g g e s t e d t h a t Q
i t was s u c h p o s s i b l y h i g h l e v e l s o f n e g a t i v e al
n
t o r q u e r e v e r s a l s d u r i n g bus t r a n s f e r t h a t may
have r e s u l t e d i n t h e d e f o r m a t i o n o f a c o u p l i n g 0 I I I I
jack s h a f t . 0 0.5 1.0 1.33 1 . 5

I n F i g u r e s 6 and 8 t h e f i r s t v a l u e o f t h e
s h a f t t o r q u e t r a n s l e n t i s t h e maximum v a l u e F i g u r e 10
o f s h a f t torque t h a t r e s u l t s from the reclosure. Peak S h a f t T o r q u e v s M o t o r - S y s t e m R e s u l t a n t
However, t h i s i s n o t a l w a y s t h e c a s e . In V o l t a g e and L e n g t h o f Power l n t e r r u p t l o n

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s i m i l a r f a s h i o n u s i n g t h e 3 . 5 p e r u n i t peak NOMENCLATURE
s t a r t i n g t o r q u e as t h e r e f e r e n c e p o i n t . Use
o f such a g u i d e l i n e I s o b v i o u s l y erroneous. f frequency. hertz
A n o t h e r g u i d e l i n e o f t e n u s e d I s t h a t t h e peak force (torque) on mass. Ib-ft
s h a f t t o r q u e s h o u l d n o t exceed 6 times r a t e d
torque. T h i s g u i d e l i n e v a l u e i s exceeded i n
7; ,, 1
JL J
,
2 primary and secondary current, p.u
load and motor mass moment of inerti%Ib-ft-sec2
s e v e r a l o f t h e cases f o r t h e 2 5 0 horsepower total mass moment of inertia Ib-ft-sec
motor-pump u n i t . R e s u l t s o f t e s t s on a 2500/1250
KJT shaft spring constant, Ib-ft/radian
P number of poles
HP, 1 0 / 1 2 p o l e m o t o r - f a n u n i t r e p o r t e d i n primary and secondary resistance, p.u
R e f e r e n c e [ 1 3 ] show t h a t t h e c o u p l i n g mounted R1 ,Rp
t time, seconds
between t h e m o t o r and t h e f a n had a peak t o r q u e electromagnetic and load torque, Ib-ft or p.u
T, ,TL
c a p a b i l i t y o f 3 . 1 p e r - u n i t and t h a t I t f a i l e d shaft torque, Ib-ft or p.u
d u r i n g t h e t e s t when bus t r a n s f e r s were performed. ;'do open circuit ac time constant. seconds
Xm magnetizing reactance, p.u
I n e a c h o f t h e examples p r e s e n t e d t h e l e v e l X 1 ,X2 primary and secondary leakage reactance, p.u
o f the o s c i l l a t i n g shaft torque I s d i f f e r e n t . Vm ,V + - .D.U
maanetizino and terminal voltaae.
However, i n e a c h c a s e t h e l e v e l o f o s c i l l a t i n g B ' moror phage angle. degrees
shaft torque i s g r e a t e r than the l e v e l o f frequency of applied torque, radians/second
average s h a f t t o r q u e . T h i s r e s u l t s i n m u l t i p l e motor mechanical angular frequency at
torque reversals I n the shaft. Such t o r q u e time of power interruption, radlans/second
natural frequency, radlans/second
r e v e r s a l s c a n b e h a r m f u l because t h e y r e p r e s e n t motor mechanical angular frequency at
an a c t u a l change I n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e f o r c e s synchronous speed, radianshcond
I n t h e r o t a t i n g components e x e r t e d on k e y s ,
c o u p l i n g b o l t s . gears, e t c . Another concern
w i t h the o s c i l l a t i n g s h a f t torque I s that i t REFERENCES
may c a u s e e v e n t u a l f a t i g u e f a i l u r e o f t h e
equipment. W h i l e i t m i g h t be d e t e r m i n e d t h a t 'American National Standard for Polyphase Induction
Motors for Power Generating Stations', C50.41-1982.
t h e l e v e l o f peak s h a f t t o r q u e w i l l n o t c a u s e
g r o s s f a i l u r e o f any o f t h e r o t a t i n g p a r t s , GK Mruk and JD. Halloran, "Torques Due to
r e p e a t e d u s e o f b u s t r a n s f e r may weaken some Electrical Reclosures for Induction Motor Dr!ven .
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a s u b s e q u e n t b u s t r a n s f e r o r d u r i n g some o t h e r
severe e v e n t such as a f a u l t .
S.S. Kalsi, 'Switching Transients in Lar e Deep bar
Squirrel Cap&duction Motors'. IFFF 'fransa,ti(,
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A d e c i s i o n t o t r a n s f e r one o r more I n d u c t i o n
m o t o r s f r o m o n e power s o u r c e t o a n o t h e r i s a
d i f f i c u l t o n e t o make. I t I s c o m p l i c a t e d b y
' t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h I t m u s t b e made, Vol. PAS-1 0 1, .NO. 8,
i n a p l a n n e d o r I n an emergency s i t u a t i o n .
I t I s compounded b y t h e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e l e n g t h
o f t i m e between s e p a r a t i n g t h e m o t o r f r o m t h e J.S.C. Htvi. 'Ma nitude, Amplitudes and Frequencies
of Inductiowmc?or Air-aao Transient Toraue Throuah
f i r s t power s o u r c e and c o n n e c t i n g i t t o t h e Simultaneous Riciosin! mith
second. I t i s I n f l u e n c e d by t h e o p e r a t i o n o f
t h e b r e a k e r s , e i t h e r simultaneous p o l e opening
or staggered openings. T h e r e i s no s i m p l e
m. on
6, June
ower1
method o f a n a l y s i s a v a i l a b l e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g ICE Yeager, 'Bus Transfer of Multiple Induction
t h e e f f e c t s o n t h e r o t a t i n g components o f t h e Motor Loads in a 400 Megawatt Fossil Power Plant',
m o t o r , t h e c o u p l i n g s , and t h e d r i v e n equipment. on F onv Vol. 3,
-19887451-6"
There a r e s e v e r a l general g u i d e l i n e s i n use
b u t c a r e m u s t b e a p p l i e d when d e t e r m i n i n g i f S Ranganna, JR Boyle, RP. Broadwater, 'EMTP
t h e y a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s under Transient Analysis of Auxiliary Bus Transfers at the
c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The ANSI (250.41 r e c o m m e n d a t i o n Watts Bar Nuclear Power Plant', 1984
o f u s i n g a 1.33 p e r u n i t i l m l t f o r t h e r e s u l t a n t
v e c t o r i a l v o l t s p e r h e r t z as a d e t e r m i n i n g R Pettigrew, 'Automatic transfer: New way t o switch
spinning motors'. Magazine, Oct, 198 1, pp 65-67.
f a c t o r appears t o reduce t h e complexities o f
the d e c i s i o n t o o much. The NEMA MG1 recomnendation Motors and Generators'. National Electrical
t o w a i t u n t i l t h e m o t o r r e s i d u a l v o l t a g e decays Manufacturers Association Publication MG 1-1 987.
t o 30% t o 25% o f I t s i n i t i a l v a l u e may n o t b e
p r a c t i c a l f o r c r i t i c a l e q u i p m e n t . When o n e
does n o t h a v e t h e t i m e t o d e l a y r e c l o s u r e . t h e
NEMA MG1 recomnendation t h a t a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s
be performed I s a p p r o p r i a t e a t t h i s time.
I n d u s t r y standards o r g a n i z a t i o n s should be [ 11 1 AM. Wahl. and L A
encouraged t o study t h i s problem i n g r e a t e r
d e t a i l and a t t e m p t t o a r r i v e a t a more w o r k a b l e
recommendation t o c o v e r b u s t r a n s f e r .
[ 12 1 FP. Fiynn. RD. Slater. and W.S. Wood, "Transient

[ 1 3 1 J.S.C. Htsui "on-simultaneous Reclosing Air- ap

Transient Torque of Induction Motor: Part I
Sam le Studics and Discussion on Reclosing o i
f
,
ANSPC50.41 , E F Transations on Fner Conversu2n.
Vol. EC-2, No. 2, June, 1987. pp. 276-28od:

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