Key to

&ebra
Adding snd Subtracting Rations,I Expressions

J
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-' '-, i .l
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. ' t''..' ':..''|.

,i. ..,. ..,:, 4,

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t. 1 ..-ri.....-::,:r'
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_ry

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nfittL..4.

By JulieKingand PeterRasmussen

Name Class
 TABLEOF CONTENTS
Review .........1 ...
AddingFractions witha CommonDenominator............ ...................2
The Oppositeof a Fraction
Subtracting
Fractions witha Common Denominator.......... ..............7
Addingand Subtracting Fractions
withDitferent Denominators..... ................11
CombiningIntegers and RationalExpressions ..............14
CombiningPolynomials andRational Expressions............ ............ 15
MoreAddingandSubtracting Fractions withDifferent
Denominators...........................16
LeastCommonDenominators ......... ..............18
UsingCommonDenominators to SolveEquations .......23
Proportions.............. . . . . .2. 6
RatioProbfems. ............. 28
PercentProblems. .........30
TimeProblems .............. 32
ProblemsaboutRational Numbers ............... 34
Written
Work ................. 35
Practice
Test........ ......... 36
Youngand Giftedll
Historicalnoteby
Manymathematicians triedto solvethegenerallitthdegreeequation from DavidZitarelli
1545until1820,whentheteenagerNielsHenrikAbelsucceeded where
theyhadfailed.He showedthatit is impossible to constructa formulato lllustration
by
solveeveryequationof degreefiveor higher. Jay Flom
Meanwhilein Franceanotherchildprodigymeta similarfate.
EvaristeGalois(pronounced gabWAH;l8l1-1832)leda rebellious
life. Hedidn'tattendschooluntilhewas12 yearsold;hismotherprovided
him witha classicaleducationuntilthen. Evaristewasonlyan average
studentuntil he took a.tnath coursewhoset€xtbookby the famous
:l,f
mathematician Legendiecaughthisfancy.Intwodayshehadfinishedthe
bookdesignedfor two yearsof study.
Galoisthenhandedin histextbookwithtre explanation, 'l knowit."
He was right. WhenGaloissaidhe knewsomething,he meanthe had
masteredit.
Histeacher,Louis-Paul-Emile Richard,playedan impofiantrolein
hislife,particularly
sinceGaloisdidn'tgetalongwithmanyotherstudents
at the boardingschool. Mr. Richardarrangedfor Galoisto take the Thatis verysad.
examinationfor entranceinto France'smost famousuniversity,the Fortunatsly Galoisstay€dup theentirenightbeforetheduelwriting
Polytechnic Institute.Unfortunately theyoungGaloisfailedtheoralpaft a letterto his bestfriend. In it he summarized
his resultsin algebraand
of theexamwhenhe refusedto answera question,he feltwasimproperly outlinedth6 directiontrat his researchwouldlead.
posed. Wittroutknowingof Abel'swork Galoisprovedexacdythe same
DoyouthinkthatGalois'attitudewasimpertinent?Shouldhe have result_it is impossibleto constructa formulato solve fifth degree
challengedthe experts? Most mathematicians today agreethat his equations.Buthewentevenfurther.Heknewthatsomeequations could
opinionwas correct,evenif his behaviorwasn'tright. be solvedand otherscould not. He introducedgrorps of oblectsto
So Galoisretumedto highschoolandworkedind€p€ndently under determine whetheragivenequationof anydegrEecouldbesolvedor not.
Mr. Richard.Soon,however,he becameinvolvedin radicalpoliticsand Galoiswas aheadof his time. Hisworkswerenot understoodfor
at onepointmadea threaton lhe king'slife. HEwassentto prisonforthe some 25 yearsafter his death. Todaygraduate@ursesin 'abstract
algebra'beginby studyinggrouptheoryand end by str.rdying "Galois
threat,and he remainedthere until ill healthforcedthe authoritiesto
translerhimto a sanitorium. theory.'
Whiletherehe waschallengedto a duel. He accepted. On the coverof this bookGaloisprepareslor his duel. Unlikethe
mathematical "duels'oftheRenaissance, thisduelwasfoughtwith pistols
Thatwas verystupid. Galoishadno experience withpistols.
The nelt morninghe was killedin the duel. Hewasonly20 yearsold. and broughtthe endto Galois'shortlife.

IMPORTANTNOTICE:This book is sold as a studentworkbookand is notto be used as a duplicating

master. No part of this book may be reproducedin any form without the prior written permissionof the
publisher. Gopyrightinfringementis a violationof FederalLaw.

Copyright@1990by KeyGurriculum Project,Inc.All rightsreserved.

@Key to Fractions,Key to Decimals,Key to Percents,Key to Algebra,Key to Geometry,Key to Measurement,and
Key to MetricMeasurementareregisteredtrademarksof Key CurriculumPress.
Publishedby KeyCurriculumPress,115065thStreet,Emeryville, CA 94608
Printedin the UnitedStatesof Ameri:a 23 22 21 08 07 06 0s lsBN 1-559s3-007-3
Review
In thisbookyou willlearnhowto add andsubtractfractions(bothrationalnumbersand
rationalexpressions).To do thisyouwillhaveto remember multiply
howto add,subtract,
andfactorpolynomials, and howto findequivalent
howto simplifyrationalexpressions
expressionsin higherterms.Testyourmemoryby doingtheseproblems.
Simplify.
3a = 3a+3b __
3b a+b

x-tl = 2x* I
x'-lb x"+7x*12
Find an equivalentfraction.

1 = - x =_ 3 =1*ffi11
vl 5 l v 12 lzxy ^4
Add.

(x"*4x-6)*(2x,+x-8)=
( x " * 5 ") ( x - l ) =
in parentheses.
Writethe oppositeof the expression
-(x'"8)= -(3x'-5x*2)=
Subtract.

3 x- - 5 x = ( 3 x ' * 5 x ) - ( x ' * 4 x= )
-2a' -
6a' = ( x . * l x * B ) - ( x ' -2 x - 5 ) =
Multiply.Makesureyouransweris in simplest
form.
(x*7)(x-l)= 2x'(x- 5)=
Bx' *, = 5 y ' .( e
i )=
Factorcompletely.

1 0 5= 3 x '- 2 7=
l 5 g= xL + 3x - BB=

01990 by Ksy CutriculumProiecl.Inc

Do not duplicats withoul pormission.
AddingFractionswith a CommonDenominator
Whentwo fractionshavethe samedenominator we say thattheyhavea common
denominator.Addingfractions witha commondenominator is easy. Denominators
tell
whatkinds of numbersor expressionsare beingadded. Numerators tell howmany, so to
addfractionswe just addthe numeratorsand keepthe denominators the same.
3 +
2 5= + -+ 1 -= 3
T + t + a a a
Add.

5
_ 1 -
2 r + -
3= 2 +
3 =
B B 5 5 1 1

-7 -4 1 6+ - 2
+ = -t + -t + - 3 =
6 6 3 8 8 B

5 +
3= t + -
3=
q a 5b 5b

5_+ 5 -l
o
r
l 7 - 4
- - + - + =
7y f
ty x2 xl xy xY

1 + 1 2 3 - 7 2
+ _ = + _ = + =
x +3 x+3 a-l a-l xz-8 ?('-8

n 5 X V
+ = + + =
3 3 + r + 5

4 x +. 3I v= q2 62 - t . B x
+ - + =
3 3 q 1 3 3

2 @19$ by KeyCurriculum Proiecl,hc.

Do nol duplbalewilhoutp€rmission.
Sometimes
afteraddlngwe cansimplifythe answer.
5
8 . 1 =
r E= 5
9 q r' g 3Y
I
-2x 7- x=
+ 4 = x
5y 5y tzY V
I

I
d
n
t
.
?
,
L
=
x+z =
t)z = -
I
t2-Ll f.-4 xz- t-l l-*4lh-2) t-2
I
Add. Besureto simplify
eachanswer.

-3 + 5= 5 -l
tz tz 6 + E e

+.t,*= 4
3i*It=
2

3 +J = -5
+ tlr7 =
2x 2t th

- 131v - + _ = 12 3 r q
y*4 I++ 4 x +1 2 - 4 x + 1 2

+ l =
at- | at-l

+
xt+6t+8 1z+gx+g

5n
+ 5 n =
n"+2n nt+2n

-q
b2+2b-3 b z+ 2 b - 3

Ot990by KeyCufiicrlumProiect,Inc.
Do not duplicatewithoutpermissbn. 3
Add. Makesureeachansweris in simplestform.

3 ?
- T
8 -
2
=

Y Y Y

31 + + =
5v
2x 2t

1z -6
5r -
x2+6x x2+6x 11+5t

) a
x- 5x, =
x2-1 x2-q

-ttt -?
V J
-
r+rl x+{

3x2 * xllx
-4=
x

5x2 -5n
x2-4?"+3 xz-4r+3

lfx 4x =
3x-6 3r -6

-x 3x -2*
-
Xs+tl d2+4 tt+4

2 a 2
+ =
Oz+ 2a + | At +2a+ |

4 O19S by Key Cufriqrlum Projecl, Inc

0o not duplicats wilhout p€rmission.
The numerators
of theserational arepolynomials.
expressions Add. Thensimplify
the
answerif youcan.

qdd odd

x1 + 5 2x"-4
"^-3 + x - 3

? ( +l o +
N +z

2x+3 t
x+ |

/ t * + * L - - * Z y=
Y*f Y *|

2
-
-vz T
v 2 + 7=
3 vt 3 lv

2 x- 3 . x - l ? =

x+6 x+b

xz+1x .' - 2E t z - a
+
Ja(x + Zl 3 x( r + 2 )

- x z- x
( r t +l ) ( r - 3 )

Ztt+5 7+x-xL
(r+l)(r-3) (x+l)(x-3)

0199O by Ksy Curridrlum Proiod, Inc.

Oo nol dupli:ate without pormission. 5
The Oppositeof a Fraction
Subtracting
rationalnumbersandexpressions worksthe sameway as subtracting integers.
To subtract,we addthe opposite- so we needto knowhowto findthe oppositeof a
fraction.
The opposite of a fraction has the oppositenumeratorbut the same denominatoras
the originalfraction.
-3
- 3 = ,,Theopposite
ot I is f :'
r f t
-6
- =6 ,,Theopposite
of * u *:
? ( x
x - l - r + l
= jJ ,,Theopposire
ot ** ;s ;f,i{ j'
:(ar3 r--J

Writetheoppositeof eachfraction.

5 =
x-l =
o +3 =
8 3 o-3
-5
- - =
8
- r+ | =
3
_-c-r
x-l
=
_g= _ 2 x +4 = x z+2 x - 3
x x x

-i1 = _ 2x-4 = 3x'-x++

x x xa-l

-?(
- - = 4 = - 5 =
lo x-2 ^2-2x+l

Add.

-5 + - s= 2-!:l ^--2!:'7 -
8 8 5 5

- x x t.-tfi+3 -Xe+tlr-3
? - = + =
z 2 t+f ?(+l

6 0199 by Key Cutriculum Poj6ct, Inc.

Do not duplicats rvithoul permission.
SubtractingFractionswith a CommonDenominator
onerational
Tosubtract fromanother:
expression
signwithan addition
1. Replacethe subtraction sign.
2. Replacethe second fractionwithits opposite.
3. Go aheadand add.
Subtract.

2x -3x -{ t 2 5 =
+ - =
5 5 E 1 3x l3x

z _tl ? ( 5= 2x 4r
15 t5 { L +

I _3^= -L=
x+5 ttr 4r **y r(*y

x+5 x =
x + 3_ I = x+4
6 6 1 q ?(

'2t +'5 x+3

*T - x-2 =
T ?(

6x 2x+3 =
3r-l
n+I x+f

a+r{ 2a-6 = r( -f,

a-Z a-Z t+3 x+3

x2+3x-l x" -5x+2

-
Zx ?x

@1990by Koy CuriqJlum Prolecl, Inc.

0o not duplbate without p€rmissbn.
7
Subtract.Simplifythe answerif you can.

3x-{ 2x-5 =
3x+3 3t+3

,(+y - . -? ( - y
2x 2x

3x+2
a

3x
4x -12

h 3x
x. + 5x xz +5r(

lz + 4r(
x+rl

a + 5 a-5 =
ab qb

-2( 4x =
t5 t5

6a a-l
5or+a 5ar+a

t ( z + 3 n - 5 _ xz -2x + lO
lo lo

8 o l9S by KoyCuriculumPtoied,lnc.
wilhoulpomissbn.
Oonotduplicato
Hereare somemorerationalexpressions for youto add. Thistimeyouwill haveto multiply
to findout if thereare any liketermsyou can combine.
the factorsin eachnumerator

=
5r-t5 3x+18
- -B r + 3
7 7 7

{"-2)
t-l

5 ( z <2
+)
l2x

2(x -3)
tOrt

b("" !_)
ab

3(r + t{)
x"-|.6

6(a* l) a(c-l)
=
+ -
a"-tf c.-$

k+ 7)H-2) + ( x - 5 ) ( x + 2 )
H ++ ) h - 3 ) ( x + t i )( x - 3 )

@1990by Koy Cuniqllum Proiod, Inc.

Do not duplicato wilhout pormission. 9
Thesesubtraction problems
willbe easiestif you multiply
the expressionsin the
numerators
first. Thenchangeeachproblemto an equivalent additionproblem.

3 ( x * l ) _ 2 ( r . - 3 )= 3 x + 3 _ 2
-
r-5 =
. -2^+6
. ? - = r+9
5 5 5 5 5

5_I
I

5 (rr-tf) 4(r - 5)
2x 2x

2(x + 4) 6fx-l)
,x ?(

^' ( t + t ) ( x- l )
tz t2

r(x + l) ( x + 3 ) ( x- 3 )

2a+b Lh-b) _
ab ab

2 c ( c + 3 )_ .lc * +)
c-5 c-5

r(t+l (x+l\(t - l)
Y. Y,

10 O19S by Key Curridlum Proiect, Inc.

Do nol duDlicalewithout o€rmission
Adding and SubilactingFractionswith DifferentDenominators
Nowwe willadd andsubtractsomefractionswithdifferentdenominators.
To do this,we firsthaveto findequivalent
fractions
witha commondenominator.
ln eachproblembelowyou firstneedto rewriteoneof the fractionsso thatthe two
fractions
havea commondenominator. Thenyoucango aheadandcombine.

2'2x
21
+ t = tlr7 , x =5- r
6 5
l
4'6
3 =

2 _ 3= -+ + :?-
3 2 1 t 5 5

x +5*= 5 _+
8 t6 5x l5x

x + 2 =
5 + ? =
3 x x 2 x x

5x +6 R
=
x2

a\
z^l 'r( )x :
3 9 6

2 3 ? -
4 =

a a b b

| 4 +. 3
Y 'r" 'l
=

@1990by Key Curric1llum Pfojoc{,lnc.

Do not duDlicalewithout Dsrmission. 11
Add or subtract.

3 + 7 = 2 ' 3 - + / ' = , , 6 , ' . +. 2=kr+x2 =1 , = = 9 ' 4 - ,

x+2 2h*2) 2H"2)'2k*21 26*21 2h+21

5 3
x- 7 Ik -71

5 ^ * f -
k**){rx-t) x - T

3 l o
T
x+5 h*2)h*5)

6k-2) 5 6x-L, -L 6x-t'l

6 5
7-Z*=ffi ffi21=mA+ffit=m
7(x-2)
2 +
5 =
x az+Z*

3x+l Z =
X2+6x+9 X+3

r o +
x-6 x'-36

x 2 =
x2-9 l -3

l O a 3 =
s'* 6a a*6

3 x .T
Z
2x'-8x x-4

12 o19S by Key Curiculum Pnq.d. lnc.

0o nol duplicale mhoul pt rEaon.
Sometimes denominators thatlookdifferent arereallyequivalent Be on the
or opposites.
lookoutforthese. lf theyareopposites,it is.easyto makebothdenominatorsthe same.All
we haveto do is to multiply
onefractionby T.
Addor subtract.Lookfor denominators
thatareequivalent
or opposites.
3 Trt 3++r
2x+5 5+2x 5+2x
e l u i v o le n t

7x 7x -5r
7x 5x t . 7 =
2x
x-3 3-x ^-3 ^-3 x-s x-3
opposites

2 x , .? 5x
3x-l l-3x

(+3
5+r

2x
x-3 -x+3

t2 x +8
t{ -x x-4

01 990 by Key Curiculum Projscl,Inc.

Do not duplicate withoul pormission. 13
CombiningIntegersand RationalExpressions
theseintoa single
wecanwriteZ * 1 as 2| orwecancombine
Inarithmetic
fraction,f . In algebrawe canalsocombinean integerwitha rational
expression.
Combine.

l' + ?3 =( ! 5x + ?. 9 ,( = a! , "a9 1 a+ 3
l -

3
z- r+
3
B- 4
=

2+-l.,= W * *, = +? * h ='i:i'

5 | =
Y +
x+2

x =
r1 +
x- |

2x - l =
x+3

1+ Ll
".2
I 2 =

x + 'l =
+ L{ =
;
x-y

l l tt +x ! ? +( | z =
l +x 1 z
=

r
x t x
z+ J = * - r . f=
Inc.
14 @19S by Ksy CurriculumProiec,t,
Do nol duglicatewithoulparmissaon.
GombiningPolynomiafsand RationalExpressions
We cancombinepolynomials too. Firstwe haveto writethe
and rationalexpressions,
polynomial
as a rationalexpression
withthe samedenominator as the otherexpression.
Combine.

-st v *yZ =J ' f y *Z = t * L =*1!z

Y I Y I Y

2 x * x! =

o * t=

b-t =
( x *l ) - =
*

] . rx-5=
)

(x* 3)* #, - '.lip * #= ^'*kJ +ft= ^'.#;t

( x *l ) - # =

l L x - T - Z+x - ? =
I

ol9s0 by KsyCuiriculum Proi6ct,Inc.

Do notduplicatswithouloormission 15
MoreAdding and SubtractingFractionswith DifferentDenominators
Foreachproblemon thispageyoufirstneedto rewritealllhefractions
so thattheyhavea
commondenominator. Youcanalwaysfinda commondenominator by multiplying
the
natorstogether.
denomi

3.?. 1.5 +iF= - l -+ 2 =

3.5 3.5 t5 2 3

r + l 2 _ 7=
=
7 B 8 q

2 x x = -7 + - 5=
5 4 Y x

l 5 =
7 + ; =
3
3 t 4 a p

4 _ 3 = r 4 =
x z y 3 5

3x t+ 9._7=
=
5 r x y

^+
_ _
x+ _
x
=
3 f
L- {+ -
I =
3 2 5 a b c

q ?
' +
(
=
z _J=
4 x ' 3 7z y"

3x + -+=
5v + 2 =
5y 3x a 3

5 l = ? + 7 =
12 ^12 3 2x

16 019$ by Koy Curiculum Projocl, Inc.

0o not duplbale withoul p€rmissbn.
 Finda commondenominator.
Thenaddor subtract.

3 x -= 2
a =
- 3 r ( r + 5 ) ^- 7 ' 2 _
Fs 5ffilf = 3 1 1 + l 5 x'- ll+ 37iz+l$r+l$
iiffi) ftffi zJffi)
3 5 =
6 - a-2

*' 43n

Z
=
9X

x-l .?
2 =
x+3 x+l

x+ tf _
x x+3

1+3 , r( k+Z)(x+?l- x6+5)__r.+5r+6 , rl+Sx _2rr+tor+6

T -
x+5 t+2
=
(ffit= ffi+ fl=6;timi)' 1ffi j1=
ip5i;;55
x+t{ 3 =
+ -
x-4 rr3

r-4 x =
x+6 x+7

f
. x-l =

x+Ll

0199Oby KeyCurriclrtum Proisd,Inc.

Do notdupli;atewithoutDormi6sbn. 17
Least CommonDenominators
Theproductofthetwodenominators is notalways theleastor simplest
denominator
wecoulduse.Thinkaboutaddingfi andf .
lf weuse12times8, or 96,as a common denominator, weget
2*Z = -ms ' q "* i4Z : t g= I + o . 8 += t, zl bL l
rz-g %*TE
Wecouldhaveused24as a common denominator.
5 *J =Y * il = l9 *21 = 3l
t2 I t?.z 3.8 211 24 2q
Theanswers
areequivalent,
but 3l ir simpler.
Addor subtract
eachpairof fractions.Tryto findthe leastcommondenominator.
i l- - 4 =
?
6 t 5

3
20
-# =
q b =
20 2+

| * ! =
l?x 8x

3 . 2 =
2t r(2

5 +
3 =
ZxL 6^y

t +
+ _ =
x2 xy

5 - r lo =
6,
18 @19Qby KsyCurriculum Proioct,Inc.
0o notduplicalswilhoulpormissbn.
Didyoudiscover a wayto findthe leastcommondenominator? Hereis a methodthat
alwaysworks.We factorthe denominators. Thenwe multiply
eachdenominator by the
factorsof the otherdenominator whicharemissing.We multiply
the numeratorby those
factors,too.
Findthe leastcommondenominator.
Thencombine.

7r.tr= 5
2.2.3
ooo
.2++=?.

8 +' - 2=
35 t+5

? 2 =
t-15

3 + = 3 +' - L
l - b ' 6 - k ; 5 bbc ooo
^/^^1 oo
Jleeds c b ) N e e d so n c .
\*:/

2 -
4
F =

lxz l5r

8 Z =
abc bcd

l + - l =
l4x" Zlty

3 +
2 r =
?( at 13

5 3 =
a'b ab'

@1990by Key CurriculumProiecl,lnc.

Oo not duplicate withoul osrmission. 19
Findthe leastcommondenominator.Thenaddor subtract.

x 3.x 2 2.2 3x -+ 3x'+-

=
q,*6-a-*,.
I m)- ffil= m * mt= m)
zfzx*1 3(zx*a)
t 5
x" -3x 4x-l?

3 4
+ =
x- | x"-l

3x-6 x'-4

3 +
5 =
x'-25 2x+lO

5 2
+ =
x"-9 x, -bX+9

4 + _
z =
nz-4 nz-5n+6

, X z+ 6 X * 5 + =
1r + {1 + t

5 z
+ =
3x2-l? 4x+ 8

20 o'l9s by KoyCurriorlum Proiocl,hc,

Oo not duplicatewithou(pormbsion.
Add.

2
4 + =
x-6 6-x

- 7+
a+2

x +3

t0 +
+ =
x'y xy"

I +
x' - 3x

x + + =
v
3 + 2 + -t+ =
a b ob

+
x"-l x'+6x-7

Y +
3 y *|
@1990by KeyCurriculumPO€cl,Inc.
DonotduolbalewithoutD€rmission
21
Finda commondenominator
andadd. Thensimplify.

+ r- , + 3
t5

x+6
x+5

3 +
x-2

+
o-2b =
2sb

x + 2 + -x - 4 =
x-l x2-a,

5-x
+ - =
5-2x

4x+{

5x-25

22 OtgQ by KoyCurriorlum Projocl,Inc.

withoutpermbsion.
Do notduDlicate
 UsingCommonDenominators
to SolveEquations
Commondenominators are usefulfor solvingequations
whichcontainrational
expressions.In the equationbelowtherearethreefractions.The leastcommon
denominatorforthesefractionsis 612.lf we multiply
bothsidesof the equation
by the commondenominator, we willgetan equivalentequationwithoutfractions.
t t z ' l
+ + = !.ooftleleost'.oilondenominotori.ex)
2x 1z 6x-
7 'bx'
6x"(* + Zx ' /) =
6x
3r x
.b*
. - . - I 6 * Z 7 ,&
+ =
l 2 x l * 8x I
3 x + IZ = 7 x
l2 = Hr oo
x = 3 0
Solveeachequationby multiplying
bothsidesby the leastcommondenominator.

? =L x r ( l +
x 3 5 f Z = 5

3
x .+=Lt br{ *f--0

@t990 by Koy Cutriculum Projsc{, Inc.

0o not duplicatewithout Dsrmission 23
Solveeachequation

x+| = x _ |
B 2 t + x+2 ?( = !
t 2 z

3 t l
Tx-; 4
= x.#=ll

v5 t+ (=
2 7 1 _ 1 - q
2 2 2 ^

3 = t t + ^ 1 0 5
c<-l 2 x-l 3'3(x+4) x+Lt

24 @19S by Key Curricllum Projocl, Inc,

Do not duplicato withoul p€rmisgion.
 for youto solve.
Hereare somemoreequationswith rationalexpressions

V ( f i " +j * ) = ( x * t ) t 2 3*- #*=t

0 . 8 x= 2 * 0 . 7 x 0 . 5+ O . l x= O . B x- 0 . q
o
o
o

f O ( 0 . 8 x=) ( 2 + @ . 7 x 1 l O
8x = 2O+7x
x=20
0.23x*2.25=O45x-l.05 0.7x- 0.66x= 2

0.2x-0.08r=1.2 1 . 2 4 x3=. 2 * 0 . 6 x

@1900 by KeyCuricllumProjoct,Inc.
withoutp€mission.
Donol duplicate 25
Proportions
A proportionis a verysimplerational
equation equals
whichsaysthatonefraction
another.Eachoftheseis a proportion:
3 15
= - x = 5 r+| =
+
+ 2 0 2 1 t x+2
Lookat whathappensto a proportion
if we geta commondenominatorby multiplying
the
togetherandthenuseit to simplifythe equation.
twodenominators

z =T
3 1 5 1 5
4=To
q z_

Bs.fr=fr. 8o =
2 0 - 4
)s t * ')8

2 0 ' 3= l 5 ' + 9x= 5'2

has"moved"
It looksas if eachdenominator to the othersideof the equation.

lvl: ;Y*
+.t\20
Z O ' 3= 1 5 ' 4 ? x= 5 ' 2
Thearrowsshowwhereeachdenominator endedup. Sincethisis alwaysthe pattern,
we
usuallyskipthe firststepandgo rightto multiplying
eachnumeratorby the opposite
denominator. We callthiscross multiplying.
makesit easyto solveproportions.
Crossmultiplying to solveeach
Usecrossmultiplying
proportion
below.
- lO 29 = 15
1 =2 x = ?(
lto 20 8 t L B 1
= 16'r
20'',2
2+0= l6x
x=15
? (= 9 g -= { * l
r + 8 3 6

26 @19$ by Key Curiculum Projoc,l,Inc.

Do not duDlicatowithoul pormissbn
 Solveeachproportion.

!g= 15 x r+8
= -
g= l+
x x-6 6 1 8 lt x+3
1 0 ( r - 6 )= 1 5 ' a
lOt-bO = l5r
-bO = 5l
?( s 'lZ

3 2 3 -3
= P = 7
7 a 5 P+r+ 6 n +2 n-2

t+ v-3 x-5 ^ r-2

- = f -
=
5 Y+3 x-7 x+6 ^+Z

x l ?(+=
l z 1 = 1-
1 x 3 x t t a
la= l+
tr-rl= O
(r - Z l ( x + Z l = O
x-2=O | ".2=O
x'2 | x''2
x+6 r+ 2 0= ^
-3 d = 5
x- | 3 x-7 ? ( 5

01990 by Key Curiiculum Proioct, Inc,

Oo not duplicats without pormission. 27
Ratio Problems
Wecanuseproportions to solvemanyproblems thatinvolveratios.A ratiois a fraction
whichcompares onenumber to another.Theratioof 2 to 3 ir 3 . Wecanwritea proporlion
if we knowthattworatiosareequivalent.
Writea proportion
foreachproblem.Thensolvetheproportion
to findtheanswer.
lf it takes5 gallonsof gasto drive90 miles, Thecafeteriaused28 bottlesof ketchup
howmanygallonswouldit taketo drive in 18days. Howmuchketchupshouldbe
144miles? orderedtor 45 days?
Therolb of qallonr {o
niht is dwtir lfr ron

I xoo
Equation:
t ,+'}
l++,5 ' 1 0 ' x
720 = i0x
x = I
Answer:It tokes I gollonsto drive
f$$ miles.
A ballplayergets11hitsin 40timesat bat. is
Theratioof sandto cementin concrete
Howmanyhitswouldyoupredictin 1000 5 to 2. Howmanyshovels of sandshould
timesat bat? be mixedwith8 shovelsof cement?
Equation:

Answer: Answer:
A typistcantype300wordsin 4 minutes. willfeed100people,
lf 12 lb.of coleslaw
At thatrate,howlongwouldit taketo howmuchwouldyou needto feed40
typea 13,500worddocument? people?
Equation: Equation:

Answer: Answer:

28 @199 by Key CurriculumProjecl,Inc.

Oo nol duolicatewrlhoulosrmission
 Solveeachproblemby usinga proportion.
The ratioof redto browncandiesin a well- Thelabelon a 48-lb.bagof lawn
knownbrandis 2 to 3. Chrislikesthe red fertilizersaysit covers15,000square
ones.Jamieprefersbrown.Howmany feet. Howmanypoundswillbe needed
willChrisbe likelyto get if Jamiegets45? to cover50,000squarefeet?
Equation:

Answer: Answer:

A car'stripmeterregisters10.2milesfor A cakerecipecallsfor 2 eggsto 1| cups

a 1O-mile measured course.Whenthe of flour.Howmanyeggsshouldbe
meterregisters153miles,whatdistance usedwith9 cupsof flour?
hasthe car actuallytraveled?
Equation:

Answer: Answer:
The ratioof inchesto centimetersin a The ratioof left-handed
peopleto all people
measurement is about2 to 5. Maria's is about1 to 10. Howmanyleft-handed
waistmeasures 70 centimeters. studentswouldyou expectto findin a
Aboutwhatwouldthatbe in inches? highschoolwith450students?
Equation:

Answer:

@1990by Key Cuniculum Projoct, Inc.

Oo nol duplicatg without p€tmission. 29
PercentProblems
Thewordpercentmeans"hundredths"
or "outof a hundred."A percent is a ratio
witha denominator
of 100andso canbewrittenaseithera fraction
or a decimal.
73/o,fr and.73 allstandfortheratioof 73to 100.
Oftentheeasiest
wayto solvea percent problemisto writea proportion.
Writea proportion
foreachproblem.
Thensolvetheproportion
to gettheanswer.
32 outof 80 peoplein linegotticketsfor Concertticketscost$26each. 22o/"went
theconcert.Whatpercentof the peoplein to charity.Howmuchwentto charity?
lineweresuccessful?
32 oulof 80 is
ceuivofcnlfo whot
. 32 = x c nJmbrrovlof 100?
Equation: fr i1-p"
l . 0 0 . 3 2=
80.x
gZ0O' B0r
x = T 0
Answer: 407oof the pcopfcwere Answer:
successful
in gtting f iclets.
$15of Dan's$125wageswas It 12/" is alwayswithheld
fromDan's
withheldfortaxes.Whatpercent wages,howmuchwouldbe takenout
of hiswageswaswithheld? if he earned$220?
Equation: Equation:

Answer: Answer:

A surveyhasshownthat 20h ot Thepriceof gasoline was960a gallon

teenagers thinktheyareoverweight. beforeit wentup 25/". Howmuchdid
In a classof 325,howmanywouldthisbe? it go up?
Equation: Equation:

Answer:

30 @19S by Ksy CutriculumProiscl, Inc.

Do not duplicalo wilhout p€rmission.
Solveeachproblemusinga proportion.
A jacketis on salefor $68,whichis 80% Theawouldliketo leavea 15%tip.
of itsoriginalprice.Whatwasthe price Herbillwas$5.40.Howmuchshould
beforethe sale? she leave?
Equation: Equation:

Answer: Answer:

Thenumberof students High

at Plainview Ted readon a cerealboxthata serving
wentfrom520to 624in justoneyear. contains3 gramsof protein,
whichis 4/" ot
Thisyear'sstudentbodyis whatpercent the proteina personshouldeateachday.
of lastyear's? According to this,howmanygramsof
proteinshoulda personeat daily?
Equation:

Answer:

Readthe problemaboveagain.Thistime In the sciencelabShadfoundthata candle

figureout whatpercentlastyear'sstudent used60 out of 270ml of trappedair before
bodywasof thisyear's. goingout. Whatpercentof the airdidthe
candleuse?
Equation:

Answer: Answer:
O 1990by Koy Curri@lum Proiecl, Inc.
Oo not duplicate wilhoul pormissbn
31
TimeProblems

I con'l 9o,Jaa. 'll You'vcqol lo be Riqtri!Wc sharldbc

f hclp.
I've 9rl 6 hoursof kidding;Iock.IfI abic+oat feastcul your
wort hercto fiaish. it shouldfa&elcs; tinre in holf.Thot't
ihan your 6 jvvrs.

(,0
Howfongwouldit takeJackandJan workingtogether?We canwritean equationto find
the answer.All we haveto do is to thinkabouthowmuchof the workeachonecando in
an hour.
Total Time AmountDonein an Hour
Jack 6 hours !
6

Jan 5 hours 1
5

together r hours I
r

Think: lf we addthe amountseachonedoesin an hour,we shouldgetthe amount

theydo togetherin an hour.
Equation: ! + _ l _= l -
6 5 x

30^(* .+)= (*) 3ox

5 x+ 6 x 30
llx 30
30 c6
X = l l =- / l - l

Answer: Jan was right!Theycan do thejob togetherin lessthanthreehours.

32 ol9$ by KeyCurricrrlum Proiocl,Inc.
Do not duplicalewilhoulpetmissbn-
 for eachproblem.Thensolveit to findthe answer.
Writean equation
Jondelivers in 3 hours. Rexeatsa bagof dogfoodin 12days.
all hisnewspapers
It takeshistrainee4 hoursto coverthe Dukegoesthrougha bagin 6 days. How
route. Howlongwillit takethemtogether longwillonebagfeedthetwo of them?
if theystartfromoppositeends?
Equation:

Tracycan mowthe lawnwitha power Theoldduplicator couldproducean issue

mowerin 20 minutes.Haicanmowit with in 2 hours.Thenewone
of the newsletter
a handmowerin 50 minutes.Howlong takes40 minutes.Howlongwillit takeif
willit takethemif theycooperate? bothmachines areused?
Equation: Equation:

Answer:

O1990 by Key Curricllum Proioct, Inc.

Do not duplicale withoul gormisbn. 33
Problemsabout RationalNumbers
Makeup an equationfor eachproblem.Thensolvethe equationto getthe answer.
"l'mthinkingof a number.lf youaddhalf "l'mthinkingof an integer.Whenhalf
of thisnumberanda thirdof thisnumber, of thisintegeris addedto a thirdof
youwillget 35. Whatis my number?" the nextinteger,the resultis 7.
Whatis the integer?"
x -, - x = 3 5 Equation:
2 3
( i . $ )= 3 5 . 6
3x+2x 2lo
5r 2lo
Answer:+2 X = 2to = * 7 Answer:
5
"l'mthinkingof a number.lf I addthis "lf I takea fourthof a numberawayfrom
I get 2.
numberto its reciprocal, hallthenumber, I get10.
Whatis the number?" Whatisthenumber?"

Diophantuswasa famousmathematician of ancientGreece.A legendsaystherewasa

numberpuzzleon histomb- apuzzlethatyou can solvethe way you solvedthe other
problemson this page.
"ThistombholdsDiophantus.Foronesixthof hislifehe wasa boy,for one
twelfth,a youth. Afteroneseventhmorehe marriedandfiveyearslater
hada son. Theson livedonlyhalfas longas hisfather,anddiedfouryears
beforehim.' Howlongdid Diophantus live?
Equation:

Answer:
o19S bt l(oyCurtiqrlumProiod,Inc.
34 Do not duplitatowilhdJtpermiE8bn.
Written Work
Dotheseproblems onsomecleanpaper.Labeleachpageof yourworkwith
yourname,yourclass,thedate,andthebooknumber.Alsonumber eachproblem.
Keepthiswrittenworkinsideyourbook,andturnit in wlthyourbookwhenyouarefinished.
Pleasedoa neatjob.
1. Findthesum,difference,
product
andquotient
of eachpairof fractions.
E t a , S a b
f andi il d and;j= g and..'-fo
2 _ ^ - 4 4 4 r + 9 , r - 4
;ano; ffiand,.-z - and;:fu-

2. Simplify.
2 4 3 x + 9
5+5-A r - f r2 m +ffi
4

5 1 0 3 - 1 x + 1 x - 1
i+;+p 3*-; ffi-dffi
1 2 3 4 5 2
a+a+aE r - 5 r + 4 fr * f i r y1 - f f i 1

t r 3 r 2
i +x+y
. +
r + 2 - 12+2r x2+2r-48 - 12-4x-12

1 1 1 3 2r+4
- -
6i-6i-1t7 x - 1 x 2 - 1

3. TerryandSandyhadanother argument.
Sandysaidthattheanswerto this
problemis 11. Hereis Sandy's
work:
q
; * t ^ =z ^ l i * n )
I I l s l \

= 4.2 *4.. I
a x l %
=lO*l
: l l
TerrydisagreedwithSandy'sanswer.Whowas right? Explainwhy.
4. In a surveyof 300students,117 saidtheywouldliketo be liketheirparents.
183saidtheydefinitelydid notwantto be liketheirparents.Writea proportion
andthensolveit to findthe answerto eachquestionbelow.
a. Whatpercentof the studentswouldliketo be liketheirparents?
b. lf theseresultsaretypicalandyou interviewed
500otherstudents,how
manywouldyou expectwouldnotwantto be liketheirparents?
O19S0by KeyCu|rhulumProl€ct,Inc.
Do nol dupli:de s'ithou p€rr*a6bn. 35
PracticeTest
youranswerif youcan.
Add. Simplify

7 . 8 v 3
5'5= 2,x 2r

6 + _
5 = x-2 a+6 =
x+5 x+5 x+Z x+2

8 l = -3 + - + =
a z a
P q

x . f ,= v
1 +
L)
?(-t
=

2 3 =
x+lO 5x*50

t z z =
x'- I x+3

x z =
x+tf x-l

Subtract.Simplifyyouranswerif you can.

l.t 2
- = 2 - 5 = ?(++ x-5 =
-7
1 1 a-l a-l t
1,

5 2= 3 + =
2 n n 2x 6x"

3 x x x 5 x =
2x+l 2?(+l x-3 x 2- q

a , +2 3
x -4 x +|

36 019S by Key Curticulum Ptoioci. lnc.

Do not duplixto wilhout p€rmission.
Solveeachequation.
L
2

3 x-l x
2x 4

Makeup an equationfor eachproblem.Thensolvethe equationto getthe answer.

25 miles, 45ofthe75seniorshavejobs.
lf twoincheson a maprepresents
howmanymileswould7 inchesrepresent?Whatpercent of theseniorsareworking?

Answer:

Patcanshelvea cartfullof booksin the "l'mthinkingof a number.lf youaddhalf

libraryin 24 minutesand Kevincan do it of thisnumberto a sixthof thisnumber,
in 30 minutes.Howlongwillit takethem youwillget 12. Whatis the number?"
if theyworktogether?

Answer:

0199 by KeyCuricrrlumProiect,Inc.
Do rd dr,pli:atewilhoutDomissbn. 37
 Book L: Operationson Integers
Book 2: Vsriables,Termsand Expressfons
Book 3: Equations
Book 4: Polynomials
Book 5; Rqtionsl Numbers
Book 6: Multiplying snd Dividing Rational Expressions
Book 7: Addingand SubtractingRstionql Expressions
Book 8: Graphs
Book 9: Systemsof Equations
Book 10: SqucreRootsand QuadraticEquations
Answersand Notesfor Books l-4
Answersand Notesfor Books5-7
Answersand Notesfor Books8-1O

Key to Fractions@
Key to Decimals@
Key to Percents@
Key to Geometry@
Key to Measurement@
Key to Metric Measurement@

KEY
- \
ilh
CURRICULUMPRESS -
in Mathematics Education
Innovators

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