History

The Internetfound its birth on Russian soil, after the launch of Sputnik, the first man made rocket
launched in outer space (1957). Soon after, the US came with ARPA, The Advanced Research
Projects Agency. This was an agency for missile research.
In 1958, NASA was founded, and the whole activity of ARPA changed its headquarters. One of
ARPA’s main goals was to gather information from universities all over the US Thus, the first
computer network was created, in 1969.

In 1972, the first e-mail program was developed. Few months later, the NCP(Network Control
Protocol) was introduced, in order for computers to communicate with each other.

4 years later, the Ethernet is developed by Robert Metcalfe. In March, 1976, the Queen of England
sends the first e-mail in history
In 1981 a revolution is produced. The National Science Foundation releases a program called
CSNET 56, which allowed computers to network without government interfering. After two years,
the TCP/IP becomes the standard for Internet Protocol.

In 1991, one year after the first search engine was created the Government gives the green light
for commercial activities to take place over the internet. In the same year, the World Wide Web
is released. One year after that, the US had more than 1.000.000 users.
In 1996, Nokia releases the first cell phone with access to internet.
In 1999, the Wi-Fi is standardized.
By 2002, 200 universities around the world have internet access, as well as 60 corporations.
2005- YouTube launches.
In 2006, over 90 million websites are estimated to exist.
In 2008, Google’s index has more than 1.000.000.000.000 links.
Few moths later, NASA successfully tests the first deep space communications network modeled
on the Internet; dozens of space images are transmitted to and from a NASA science spacecraft
located about more than 32 million kilometers from Earth.
In 2010 Facebook announces in Februrary that it has 400 million active users.
Of course, the Internet expands every second, and it’s very hard to make a short history about it,
but I hope you have a clear image of what it means after this article.

Working of Internet.

Internet is the inter connected collection of independent computers

it is a tele communication and data transfer system that allows a
number of independent computers to communicate over a variety of media.
a computer network can be defined as a grouping or interconnection of
different computers on a single platform for information exchange among
the various nods. a network makes it possible to share peripheral files,
programs and computer capabilities. in a communication network two or
more processors or computers are linked together for communicating
data and sharing resources.
Internet were planted in 1969, when the advanced research project
agencies(ARPA) of u.s department of defense connecting computers at
different universities and different contracts, the resulting networking
was called ARPANET the primary goal of this network was protecting the
data aginest earth quake or a nuclear attack by connecting the computers
using telephone lines. another goal is to share the data at different
locations. the network jumped across the Atlantic to Europe in 1973
in the mid-1980's,another agency NSF(National Science Foundation)
rearrange the network. NSF establish 5 super computing centers that
were available to anyone who want to use them for academic research
purpose.
The ARPANET was shutdown in 1990 by the early 1990's the INTERNET
began to expand dramatically.

TC/IP
-----
Internet uses some set of rules and procedures known as protocols, to
control timing and data transfer format between the computers. the
protocol used by the internet called Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol. the TCP/IP protocol include the specifications that
identify individual computers and that exchange data between computers.
They also include rules for several categories of application programs,
so programs that run on different kinds of computers can take to one
another.
Rooting and Addressing schemes are included in TCP/IP. for
addressing we can use the IP Address and DNS address. every computer
on the internet has a 4-path numeric address called IP address(Internet
Protocol Address) which identify the location of the computer.

Some Use of internet

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1) www(World Wide Web)

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The www was created in 1989 at the europen practical physics laboratory
in geniva as a method for incorporating various foot notes,figures and
reference into online hyper text document created bt HTML(Hyper Text
Markup Language) so we can use the hyper text links, which are the
foundation of world wide web.

2) E-mail
------
Electronic mail is a program to create, send and recive e-mail message
by using the internet facility. most e-mail program allow user to attach
data files and program files to message.

3) News
----
The internet supports a form of public bulletin board called news,
there were more than 45000 news groups each divided to discussion of a
particular topic.

4) FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

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FTP is the internet tool used to copy files from one computer to
another computer. ftp sites are housed on a ftp server containing
thousands of individual programs and files.

5) IRC (Inernet Relay Chat)

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IRC is the popular way of internet users to communicate in real time
with other users. real time communication means communicating with other
users in the immediate present.IRC is a multi user system,were user can
join channels to talk publicly or privatly.

6) IM (Instant Message)
--------------------
IM is the way of internet users to communicate in real time with other
users. main difference between IRC and IM is, IM is limited to use for the
restricted users.

7) Online services
---------------
Online services is a feature of inernet that offers Access generally
on a subscription basis to e-mail,discussion groups,database on various
subjects such as weather,stock,news paper,articles..etc.
eg: e-commerce.e-banking

8) Peer to Peer services

---------------------
Peer to Peer services are distributed networks(individual computers
which may be miles apart that are connected by a network).in this
service web server manage the file.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet

Advantages of the Internet

The Internet provides opportunities galore, and can be used for a variety of things. Some of the things
that you can do via the Internet are:

 E-mail: E-mail is an online correspondence system. With e-mail you can send and receive
instant electronic messages, which works like writing letters. Your messages are delivered
instantly to people anywhere in the world, unlike traditional mail that takes a lot of time.

 Ability to do research from your home versus research librarie

  Access Information: The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of
information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The ‘search engines’ on the
Internet can help you to find data on any subject that you need.

 Shopping: Along with getting information on the Internet, you can also shop online. There are
many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them using
your credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the
convenience of your home.

 Online Chat: There are many ‘chat rooms’ on the web that can be accessed to meet new
people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends.

 Downloading Software: This is one of the most happening and fun things to do via the
Internet. You can download innumerable, games, music, videos, movies, and a host of other
entertainment software from the Internet, most of which are free.

 Easy and cheap communication - Platform for products like SKYPE, which
allow for holding a video conference with anyone in the world who also has
access.

Disadvantages of the Internet

There are certain cons and dangers relating to the use of Internet that can be summarized as:

 Personal Information: If you use the Internet, your personal information such as your name,
address, etc. can be accessed by other people. If you use a credit card to shop online, then your
credit card information can also be ‘stolen’ which could be akin to giving someone a blank
check.

 Age-inappropriate Content

 Social Isolation, Obesity, and Depression

 Spamming: This refers to sending unsolicited e-mails in bulk, which serve no purpose and
unnecessarily clog up the entire system.

 . Virus Threat