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Syntax 1

The document provides definitions and examples of syntax, parts of speech, and their functions. It discusses: 1. Syntax is the study of sentence structure and the rules for combining words into phrases and sentences. It includes parts like subject, verb, and object. 2. Parts of speech include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions. Examples are given of their forms and functions. 3. Nouns can be countable or uncountable, proper or common, and change form between singular and plural. Verbs express actions and states and can be transitive or intransitive. That's a high-

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Rani Dwi Handayani
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51 views

Syntax 1

The document provides definitions and examples of syntax, parts of speech, and their functions. It discusses: 1. Syntax is the study of sentence structure and the rules for combining words into phrases and sentences. It includes parts like subject, verb, and object. 2. Parts of speech include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions. Examples are given of their forms and functions. 3. Nouns can be countable or uncountable, proper or common, and change form between singular and plural. Verbs express actions and states and can be transitive or intransitive. That's a high-

Uploaded by

Rani Dwi Handayani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUP 1

Putri Indah Pratiwi


Rani Dwi Handayani
Silmi Sabila Maulidina
TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS
• DEFINITION OF SYNTAX
• MAJOR WORD CLASSES

English Syntax
Definition of Syntax
SYNTAX
Languages is a tool for us communication with others.
Languages are by nature exteremely complex and describing
a language. To help analysis it is considered easier to devide a
language into separate components or different areas of
analysis. For example phonology, morphology, and syntax.
The word syntax comes from the Greek which is a
combination of the word syn which means bersama,
and the word taxis which means rangkaian or urutan

SYNTAX is one of the branches of linguistics that studies


the rules that determine how words form phrases and
phrases form sentences.
Etimologically the term syntax is putting together words
into groups of words or sentences and groups of words
into sentences. Syntax also called sentence structure, this
means looking at the way words combine together in a
language to form sentences.
Syntax is the arrangement of words that make a
sentence.
SYNTAX
In general, syntax means a set of grammar rules in words or
clauses in forming sentences. Usually, in written or
conversational sentence, we see syntax elements in word
clauses that we usually refer to as subject, verb, and object.
Subject, verb and object in syntax rule are always in order.
Syntax is the study of the principles and prosses by which
sentences are constructed in particular languages.
Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal
the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a
device of some sort foSr producing the sentences of the
language under analysis. (Noam Chomsky, 2002:11)
Closed Classes (minor)
(have a fairl fixed membership)

01 Determiner
The, a, this, that, some, any, all, many

02 Pronoun
I, you, she, he, it, them, one, some, someone

03 Preposition
Of, in, on, at, before, under, past, from, to, for

04 Conjunction
And, or, but, if, when, because, that, so
Open Classes (major)
(A member of one class may be identical in spelling and/ pronunciatio
n with a memberof another class)
We water (V) the plants with rain water (N)
01 Noun
Girl, water, thing, beauty, etc

02 Verb (=full-verb)
Sing, walk, go, become, seem, etc.

03 Adjective
Good, calm, limited, friendly, etc.

04 Adverb
Now, there, calmly, today, etc.
Noun & Verb
NOUN (N) “ “
“
“FUNCTION “MEANING “ FORM
The head of • Refer to physical phenomena • Many nouns = suffixes
a noun phrase • Refer to events, states, activiti • Most nouns = can change
(NP) es, processes, times, occasions, their form
etc. SINGULAR PLURAL
NOUN

ABSTRACT:
difficulty, remark
Count CONCRETE:
girl, chair
Common
ABSTRACT:
NOUN
Non- music, anger
Proper count CONCRETE:
milk, gold, oxygen
• Billy is really happy
• They were supposed to meet at noon
• Nadine is a singer • Billy is really happy (subject)
• The beavers built a dam • They were supposed to meet at noon
• He gave Noah a love letter (object of the preposition)
• Nadine is a singer (subject complement)
• The beavers built a dam (direct object)
Function of NOUNS

• He gave Noah a love letter (direct object:


subject love letter indirect object: Noah)
Subject
complement

Object
FORMULA
S word + word + word
VERB (V) “
“
“
“
“FUNCTION “MEANING FORM
Refer to FULL-VERB Express action, events, • Some verbs = suffixes
as the main elelemen process, activities, states, • Each verb has different
t in a verb phrase. etc. forms
VERB

TRANSITIVE

VERB

INTRANSITIVE
• Tom sneezed (only one participant/argument)
All the students sneezed

• She broke the chair (each requires two argument)


‘the breaker’ and ‘thing broken’

• Juan threw the ball


• They jumped
• She loves rainbows
• The dog ran
• A light was shining
• They build a home
Adverb & Adjective
1. Adjectives are words that describe nouns
2. Adjectives anwer such question as : what
kind? Which one? How many?
Adjectives can be used to describe

Colour Age

Opinion Shape

Temperature Time

Size Origin

Distance Material
Types of adjectives
1. Qualitative / descriptive adjectives
To describe the quality of a person or thing, fo
r example, it's size, general description (physica
l), age, shape,colour, material, origin and purp
ose.
Example: tall, excellent, slim, young, square, pl
astic

1 the tall man is my classmate


2 the students achieved excellent results
2. Quantitative adjectives
To indicate the number or amount of things

Examples: some, much, little, enough, all, no, a


ny, whole, several
1. Sifa found many pens under the table
2. There was no milk in the jug
3. There are thirty seven students in the class
3. Demonstrative adjectives
To point out nouns

Examples: this, these, that, those

1. This ia my friend, uli.


2. Those books belong to her
4. Interrogative adjectives

Used with noun to ask questions


Examples:what , whose, where, why, how, and
which

1. Whose bag is it?


2. Which side of me won ?
5. Possesive adjectives
Used to show possession

Examples: my, your, his, her, our, their, its

1. This is her hat


2. Their parents came to my home yesterday
6. Distributive adjectives
To show that the person or things are counted collec
tively

Refer to member of a group as individuals

Normally used with singular nouns

Examples: each , every , either, and neither


1. Each participant was asked to complete a survey
2. Either of these movie would be interesting to me
7. Compound adjectives
Made up of two or more words
Often Linked together with hyphens to link the
words together to show that it is one adjective
Examples: light-weight , duty-free, four-foot, p
art-time,cold-blooded, well-behaved
1. We have to be open minded
2. The lady is wearing a pair of high- heeled sho
es
Comparison of adjectives

There are three forms of comparison


1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. superlative
A. Comparison with er/est
we use er/est with the following adjectives
B. Comparison with more – most
C. Irregular adjectives
D. Special adjectives
some adjectives have two possible form of comparison ( er/est/ and more/ most)
Adverb

Basically, most adverbs tell you ho


w, where or when something is do
ne. In other words, they describe th
e manner , place or time of an acti
on
Commonly adverbs are formed from a
djectives, some are below
Adverb
Many adverbs end with Ly , you make these a
dverbs ly to adjective

Note : some words that end in ly are not adve


rbs
some adjectives end in ly too,
Example
1. Putri was feeling very lonely
2. She was wearing a lovely dress
3. It was a very lively party
Kind of adverbs
Thank you

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