20-Feb-19

MOTIVATION OF SIMPLEX
SIMPLEX METHOD METHOD

 Simplex method is the most popular method used  Solution of a LPP, if exists, lies at one of the
for the solution of Linear Programming Problems vertices of the feasible region.
(LPP).  All the basic solutions can be investigated one-by-
 Objectives one to pick up the optimal solution.
 To discuss the motivation of simplex method  For 10 equations with 15 variables there exists
 To discuss Simplex algorithm 15C10= 3003 basic feasible solutions!
 To demonstrate the construction of simplex tableau  Too large number to investigate one-by-one.
 This can be overcome by simplex method

SIMPLEX METHOD: SIMPLEX METHOD

CONCEPT IN 3D CASE

 In 3D, a feasible region (i.e., volume) is bounded by  Simplex: a linear-programming algorithm that can
several surfaces solve problems having more than two decision
variables.
 Each vertex (a basic feasible solution) of this
 The simplex technique involves generating a
volume is connected to the three other adjacent series of solutions in tabular form, called tableaus.
vertices by a straight line to each, being intersection By inspecting the bottom row of each tableau, one
of two surfaces. can immediately tell if it represents the optimal
solution. Each tableau corresponds to a corner
 Simplex algorithm helps to move from one vertex to point of the feasible solution space. The first
another adjacent vertex which is closest to the tableau corresponds to the origin. Subsequent
optimal solution among all other adjacent vertices. tableaus are developed by shifting to an adjacent
corner point in the direction that yields the highest
 Thus, it follows the shortest route to reach the (smallest) rate of profit (cost). This process
optimal solution from the starting point. continues as long as a positive (negative) rate of
profit (cost) exists.

1
 20-Feb-19

SIMPLEX ALGORITHM SIMPLEX ALGORITHM

The key solution concepts Initialization: setup to start iterations, including

 Solution Concept 1: the simplex method focuses on finding an initial CPF solution
CPF solutions.
 Solution concept 2: the simplex method is an Optimality test: is the current CPF solution
iterative algorithm (a systematic solution procedure optimal?
that keeps repeating a fixed series of steps, called,
an iteration, until a desired result has been
obtained) with the following structure: if no if yes stop

Iteration: Perform an iteration to find a

better CFP solution

SIMPLEX ALGORITHM SIMPLEX ALGORITHM

 Solution concept 3: whenever possible, the

initialization of the simplex method chooses the  Solution concept 5: After the current CPF solution is
origin point (all decision variables equal zero) to be identified, the simplex method examines each of the
the initial CPF solution. edges of the feasible region that originate from this
CPF solution. Each of these edges leads to an
 Solution concept 4: given a CPF solution, it is much adjacent CPF solution at the other end, but the
quicker computationally to gather information about
its adjacent CPF solutions than about other CPF simplex method doesn’t even take the time to solve
solutions. Therefore, each time the simplex method for the adjacent CPF solution. Instead it simply
performs an iteration to move from the current CPF identifies the rate of improvement in Z that would be
solution to a better one, it always chooses a CPF obtained by moving along the edge. And then
solution that is adjacent to the current one.
chooses to move along the one with largest positive
rate of improvement.

2
 20-Feb-19

SIMPLEX ALGORITHM SIMPLEX METHOD

 Solution concept 6: A positive rate of

improvement in Z implies that the adjacent Step-1

CPF solution is better than the current one, Write the

standard
maximization
Step 2
Are there
Step 4
Are there
any positive
Step-5
Select the
whereas a negative rate of improvement in problem in
standard form,
any
negative
Step-3
Select
elements in
the pivot
pivot
element
the
Z implies that the adjacent CPF solution is introduce slack indicators column and
variables to form in the pivot above the perform
bottom column dashed
the initial the pivot
worse. Therefore, the optimality test system, and
write the initial
row? line?
operation

consists simply of checking whether any of tableau.

the edges give a positive rate of

improvement in Z. if none do, then the STOP
The optimal solution has been
STOP
The linear programming problem
current CPF solution is optimal. found. has no optimal solution

Simplex algorithm for standard maximization problems

TO SOLVE A LINEAR PROGRAMMING THE SIMPLEX METHOD IN

PROBLEM IN STANDARD FORM, USE THE
FOLLOWING STEPS. TABULAR FORM

1- Convert each inequality in the set of constraints to an equation by  Steps:

adding slack variables.
2- Create the initial simplex tableau. 1. Initialization:
3- Select the pivot column. ( The column with the “most negative value” a. transform all the constraints to equality by
element in the last row.) introducing slack, surplus, and artificial variables
4- Select the pivot row. (The row with the smallest non-negative result as follows:
when the last element in the row is divided by the corresponding in
the pivot column.)
5-Use elementary row operations calculate new values for the pivot row so
Constraint type Variable to be added
that the pivot is 1 (Divide every number in the row by the pivot number.)
6- Use elementary row operations to make all numbers in the pivot column ≤ + slack (s)
equal to 0 except for the pivot number. If all entries in the bottom row
are zero or positive, this the final tableau. If not, go back to step 3. ≥ - Surplus (s) + artificial (A)
7- If you obtain a final tableau, then the linear programming problem has a
maximum solution, which is given by the entry in the lower-right corner = + Artificial (A)
of the tableau.

3
 20-Feb-19

SIMPLEX METHOD IN TABULAR FORM SIMPLEX METHOD IN

TABULAR FORM

b. Construct the initial simplex tableau 2. Test for optimality:

Case 1: Maximization problem
Basic X1 … Xn S1 …... Sn A1 …. An RHS
the current BF solution is optimal if every
variable
coefficient in the objective function row is
S b1 nonnegative
Coefficient of the constraints Case 2: Minimization problem
the current BF solution is optimal if every
A bm
coefficient in the objective function row is
Z Objective function coefficient Z nonpositive
In different signs value

SIMPLEX METHOD IN SIMPLEX METHOD IN

TABULAR FORM TABULAR FORM

 Step 2: Determine the leaving basic variable by

3. Iteration applying the minimum ratio test as following:
Step 1: determine the entering basic variable by 1. Pick out each coefficient in the pivot column that is
selecting the variable (automatically a nonbasic strictly positive (>0)
variable) with the most negative value (in case of 2. Divide each of these coefficients into the right hand
side entry for the same row
maximization) or with the most positive (in case of
3. Identify the row that has the smallest of these ratios
minimization) in the last row (Z-row). Put a box
4. The basic variable for that row is the leaving variable,
around the column below this variable, and call it
so replace that variable by the entering variable in the
the “pivot column” basic variable column of the next simplex tableau. Put
a box around this row and call it the “pivot row”

4
 20-Feb-19

SIMPLEX METHOD IN
SIMPLEX METHOD
TABULAR FORM

 Step 3: Solve for the new BF solution by using  Example (All constraints are )
elementary row operations (multiply or divide a row by a
nonzero constant; add or subtract a multiple of one row Solve the following problem using the simplex method
to another row) to construct a new simplex tableau, and  Maximize
then return to the optimality test. The specific
elementary row operations are: Z = 3X1+ 5X2
1. Divide the pivot row by the “pivot number” (the number Subject to
in the intersection of the pivot row and pivot column) X1  4
2. For each other row that has a negative coefficient in the
pivot column, add to this row the product of the absolute 2 X2  12
value of this coefficient and the new pivot row. 3X1 +2X2  18
3. For each other row that has a positive coefficient in the
pivot column, subtract from this row the product of the
X1 , X2  0
absolute value of this coefficient and the new pivot row.

SIMPLEX METHOD DEFINITIONS

 Solution  A basic solution is an augmented corner point solution.

Sometimes it is called A basic solution has the following properties:
 Initialization the augmented form of

1. Each variable is designated as either a nonbasic variable
1. Standard form the problem because or a basic variable.
Maximize Z, the original form has 2. The number of basic variables equals the number of
been augmented by functional constraints. Therefore, the number of nonbasic
Subject to some supplementary variables equals the total number of variables minus the
number of functional constraints.
Z - 3X1- 5X2 =0 variables needed to
3. The nonbasic variables are set equal to zero.
apply the simplex
4. The values of the basic variables are obtained as
method simultaneous solution of the system of equations
X1 + S1 = 4 (functional constraints in augmented form). The set of basic
2 X2 + S2 = 12 variables are called “basis”
3X1 +2X2 + S3 = 18 5. If the basic variables satisfy the nonnegativity constraints,
the basic solution is a Basic Feasible (BF) solution.
X1 , X2, S1, S2, S3  0

5
 20-Feb-19

INITIAL TABLEAU SIMPLEX TABLEAU

Entering
2. Initial tableau variable Notes:
Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 S3 RHS  The basic feasible solution at the initial tableau is
variable (0, 0, 4, 12, 18) where:
S1 1 0 1 0 0 4 X1 = 0, X2 = 0, S1 = 4, S2 = 12, S3 = 18, and Z = 0
Where S1, S2, and S3 are basic variables
S2 0 2 0 1 0 12
X1 and X2 are nonbasic variables
S3 3 2 0 0 1 18
 The solution at the initial tableau is associated to
Z -3 -5 0 0 0 0 the origin point at which all the decision variables
are zero.
Leaving Pivot row
Pivot column
variable Pivot
number

OPTIMALITY TEST ITERATION

 By investigating the last row of the initial tableau,  Step 1: Determine the entering variable by
we find that there are some negative numbers. selecting the variable with the most negative in the
Therefore, the current solution is not optimal last row.
 From the initial tableau, in the last row (Z row), the
coefficient of X1 is -3 and the coefficient of X2 is -5;
therefore, the most negative is -5. consequently, X2
is the entering variable.
 X2 is surrounded by a box and it is called the pivot
column

6
 20-Feb-19

ITERATION ITERATION

 Step 3: solving for the new BF solution by using

 Step 2: Determining the leaving variable by using the eliminatory row operations as following:
the minimum ratio test as following:
1. New pivot row = old pivot row  pivot number
Basic Entering RHS Ratio Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 S3 RHS
variable variable X2 variable
(1) (2) (2)(1) S1
S1 0 4 None X2 0 1 0 1/2 0 6
S2 2 12 6 S3
Leaving Smallest ratio Z
S3 2 18 9 Note that X2 becomes in the basic
variables list instead of S2

ITERATION ITERATION
2. For the other row apply this rule: This solution is not optimal, since there is a negative numbers in the last row
New row = old row – the coefficient of this row in the pivot column (new pivot row).
For S1
Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 S3 RHS
1 0 1 0 0 4
- variable
0 (0 1 0 1/2 0 6)
1 0 1 0 0 4 S1 1 0 1 0 0 4
For S3
3 2 0 0 1 18
X2 0 1 0 1/2 0 6
-
2 (0 1 0 1/2 0 6)
S3 3 0 0 -1 1 6
3 0 0 -1 1 6
for Z Z -3 0 0 5/2 0 30
-3 -5 0 0 0 0 Substitute this
- values in the
-5(0 1 0 1/2 0 6) The most negative
-3 0 0 5/2 0 30 table The smallest ratio
value; therefore, X1 is 6/3 =2; therefore,
is the entering S3 is the leaving
variable variable

7
 20-Feb-19

ITERATION DIFFERENT VARIABLES

 Apply the same rules we will obtain this solution: Slack Variables :
 Slack variable represents an unused quaintly of resources ; it is added
to less than or equal (<) to type constraints in order to get an equality
Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 S3 RHS constraint.
variable Surplus Variables :
 A surplus variable represents the amount by which solution values
S1 0 0 1 1/3 -1/3 2 exceed a resource. These variables are also called ‘Negative Slack
Variables’ . Surplus variables like slack variables carry a zero coefficient
X2 0 1 0 1/2 0 6 in the objective function. it is added to greater than or equal to (>) type
constraints in order to get an equality constraint.
X1 1 0 0 -1/3 1/3 2 Artificial Variables :
 Artificial variables are added to those constraints with equality (=) and
Z 0 0 0 3/2 1 36 greater than or equal to ( > ) sign. An Artificial variable is added to the
constraints to get an initial solution to an LP problem. Artificial variables
have no meaning in a physical sense and are not only used as a tool for
This solution is optimal; since there is no negative solution in generating an initial solution to an LP problem.
the last row: basic variables are X1 = 2, X2 = 6 and S1 = 2; the
nonbasic variables are S2 = S3 = 0
Z = 36

WHICH VARIABLES AND SPECIAL CASES OF

WHEN? LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Particulars Slack Variable Surplus Variable Artificial Variable
 Infeasible solution
Unused resources of the Excess amount of No physical or economic
Mean
idle resources. resources utilized. meaning. It is Fictitious.  Multiple solution (infinitely many solution)
 Unbounded solution
When used ? With < Constraints With > Constraints With > And =
constraints  Degenerated solution
Coefficient +1 -1 +1
Co-efficient in the Z – 0 0 -M for Maximization and
objective function +M for minimization

As Initial Program variable Used as starting point. Can’t be used since unit It is initially used but
matrix condition is not later on eliminated.
satisfied
In Optimal Table Used to help for – It indicates the
interpreting idle & key Infeasible Solution
resources.

8
 20-Feb-19

NOTES ON THE SIMPLEX

TABLEAU
“BIG M METHOD”

1. In any Simplex tableau, the intersection of any basic variable with itself is
always one and the rest of the column is zeroes.
2. In any simplex tableau, the objective function row (Z row) is always in  Simplex method incase of Artificial variables
terms of the nonbasic variables. This means that under any basic variable
(in any tableau) there is a zero in the Z row. For the non basic there is no  Solve the following linear programming problem by
condition ( it can take any value in this row).
3. If there is a zero under one or more nonbasic variables in the last tableau using the simplex method:
(optimal solution tableau), then there is a multiple optimal solution.
4. When determining the leaving variable of any tableau, if there is no  Min Z =2 X1 + 3 X2
positive ratio (all the entries in the pivot column are negative and zeroes),
then the solution is unbounded. S.t.
5. If there is a tie (more than one variables have the same most negative or ½ X1 + ¼ X2 ≤ 4
positive) in determining the entering variable, choose any variable to be
the entering one. X1 + 3X2  20
6. If there is a tie in determining the leaving variable, choose any one to be X1 + X2 = 10
the leaving variable. In this case a zero will appear in RHS column;
therefore, a “cycle” will occur, this means that the value of the objective X1, X2  0
function will be the same for several iterations.
7. A Solution that has a basic variable with zero value is called a “degenerate
solution”.
8. If there is no Artificial variables in the problem, there is no room for
“infeasible solution”

BIG M METHOD BIG M METHOD

Notes
 Solution 
M, a very large number, is used to ensure that the values of A1 and A2, …,
and An will be zero in the final (optimal) tableau as follows:
Step 1: standard form 1. If the objective function is Minimization, then A1, A2, …, and An must be
Min Z, added to the RHS of the objective function multiplied by a very large
number (M).
s.t. Example: if the objective function is Min Z = X1+2X2, then the obj. function
should be Min Z = X1 + X2+ MA1 + MA2+ …+ MAn
Z – 2 X1 – 3 X2 - M A1 -M A2 =0 OR
Z – X1 - X2- MA1 - MA2- …- MAn = 0
½ X1 + ¼ X2 + S1 =4
2. If the objective function is Maximization, then A1, A2, …, and An must be
X1 + 3X2 - S 2 + A1 = 20 subtracted from the RHS of the objective function multiplied by a very
large number (M).
X1 + X2 + A2 = 10 Example: if the objective function is Max Z = X1+2X2, then the obj. function
should be Max Z = X1 + X2- MA1 - MA2- …- MAn
X1, X2 ,S1, S2, A1, A2  0 OR
Z - X1 - X2+ MA1 + MA2+ …+ MAn = 0
Where: M is a very large number
N.B.: When the Z is transformed to a zero equation, the signs are changed

9
 20-Feb-19

BIG M METHOD BIG M METHOD

 Step 2: Initial tableau  To correct this violation before starting the simplex
algorithm, the elementary row operations are used as
Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 A1 A2 RHS follows:
variables 2 3 0 0 M M New (Z row) = old (z row) ± M (A1 row) ± M (A2 row)
S1 ½ ¼ 1 0 0 0 4 In our case, it will be positive since M is negative in the Z
A1 1 3 0 -1 1 0 20 row, as following:
A2 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 Old (Z row): -2 -3 0 0 -M -M 0
M (A1 row): M 3M 0 -M M o 20M
Z -2 -3 0 0 -M -M 0
M (A2 row): M M 0 0 0 M 10M
New (Z row):2M-2 4M-3 0 -M 0 0 30M
Note that one of the simplex rules is violated, which is the basic variables A1,
and A2 have a non zero value in the z row; therefore, this violation must be
corrected before proceeding in the simplex algorithm as follows. It becomes zero

BIG M METHOD BIG M METHOD

 The initial tableau will be:

 First iteration
Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 A1 A2 RHS Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 A1 A2 RHS
variables 2 3 0 0 M M variables 2 3 0 0 M M

S1 1/2 1/4 1 0 0 0 4 S1 5/12 0 1 1/12 -1/12 0 7/3

A1 1 3 0 -1 1 0 20 X2 1/3 1 0 -1/3 1/3 0 20/3

A2 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 A2 2/3 0 0 1/3 -1/3 1 10/3

Z 2M-2 4M-3 0 -M 0 0 30M Z 2/3M-1 0 0 1/3M-1 1-4/3M 0 20+10/3M

• Since there is a positive value in the last row, this solution is not optimal • Since there is a positive value in the last row, this solution is not optimal

• The entering variable is X2 (it has the most positive value in the last row) • The entering variable is X1 (it has the most positive value in the last row)

• The leaving variable is A1 (it has the smallest ratio) • The leaving variable is A2 (it has the smallest ratio)

10
 20-Feb-19

BIG M METHOD NOTE FOR THE BIG M

METHOD
 Second iteration
 In the final tableau, if one or more artificial variables
Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 A1 A2 RHS (A1, A2, …) still basic and has a nonzero value, then
variables the problem has an infeasible solution.
S1 0 0 1 -1/8 1/8 -5/8 1/4
 All other notes are still valid in the Big M method.
X2 0 1 0 -1/2 1/2 -1/2 5

X1 1 0 0 1/2 -1/2 3/2 5

Z 0 0 0 -1/2 ½-M 3/2-M 25

This solution is optimal, since there is no positive value in the last row. The
optimal solution is:
X1 = 5, X2 = 5, S1 = ¼
A1 = A2 = 0 and Z = 25

SPECIAL CASES EXAMPLE: MINIMIZE Z= 600X1+500X2

SUBJECT TO CONSTRAINTS,
2X1+ X2 >OR= 80
 In the final tableau, if one or more artificial variables X1+2X2 >OR= 60 AND X1,X2 >OR= 0
(A1, A2, …) still basic and has a nonzero value, then STEP1: CONVERT THE LP PROBLEM INTO A SYSTEM
the problem has an infeasible solution OF LINEAR EQUATIONS.
WE DO THIS BY REWRITING THE CONSTRAINT
 If there is a zero under one or more nonbasic
INEQUALITIES AS EQUATIONS BY SUBTRACTING NEW
variables in the last tableau (optimal solution “SURPLUS & ARTIFICIAL VARIABLES" AND ASSIGNING
tableau), then there is a multiple optimal solution. THEM ZERO & +M COEFFICIENTSRESPECTIVELY IN THE
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION AS SHOWN BELOW.
 When determining the leaving variable of any SO THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION WOULD BE:
tableau, if there is no positive ratio (all the entries in Z=600X1+500X2+0.S1+0.S2+MA1+MA2
the pivot column are negative and zeroes), then the SUBJECT TO CONSTRAINTS,
solution is unbounded. 2X1+ X2-S1+A1 = 80
X1+2X2-S2+A2 = 60
X1,X2,S1,S2,A1,A2 >OR= 0

11
 20-Feb-19

STEP 2: OBTAIN A BASIC SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM. IT IS CLEAR FROM THE TABLEAU THAT X2 WILL
WE DO THIS BY PUTTING THE DECISION VARIABLES ENTER AND A2 WILL LEAVE THE BASIS. HENCE 2
X1=X2=S1=S2=0, IS THE KEY ELEMENT IN PIVOTAL COLUMN.
SO THAT A1= 80 AND A2=60.
THESE ARE THE INITIAL VALUES OF ARTIFICIAL VARIABLES.
NOW,THE NEW ROW OPERATIONS ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
STEP 3: FORM THE INITIAL TABLEAU AS SHOWN. R2(NEW) = R2(OLD)/2
R1(NEW) = R1(OLD) - 1*R2(NEW)
Cj 600 500 0 0 M
Cj 600 500 0 0 M M
Min.Ratio
Min.Ratio Basic
Basic Basic (XB/Pivota
Basic (XB/Pivotal CB Variab X1 X2 S1 S2 A1 l Col.)
CB Variab X1 X2 S1 S2 A1 A2 Col.)
Soln(XB)
Soln(XB) le (B)
le (B)
M A1 50 3 2 0 -1 1 2 1 100/3
M A1 80 2 1 -1 0 1 0 80 500 X2 30 1 2 1 0 - 1/2 0 60
M A2 60 1 2 0 -1 0 1 60
Zj 3M Zj 3M/2+250 500 M M/2-250 M
3M M M M M
Cj - Zj 600-3M 500-3M M M 0 0 Cj - Zj 350-3M/2 0 M 250-M/2 0

IT IS CLEAR FROM THE TABLEAU THAT X1 WILL

ENTER AND A1 WILL LEAVE THE BASIS. HENCE 2
IS THE KEY ELEMENT IN PIVOTAL COLUMN.
NOW,THE NEW ROW OPERATIONS ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
R1(NEW) = R1(OLD)*2/3
R2(NEW) = R2(OLD) – (1/2)*R1(NEW)
Cj 600 500 0 0 SINCE ALL THE VALUES OF (CJ-ZJ) ARE EITHER
Min.
Basic Ratio
ZERO OR POSITIVE AND ALSO BOTH THE
Varia Basic (XB/P ARTIFICIAL VARIABLES HAVE BEEN REMOVED, AN
CB X1 X2 S1 S2 ivotal OPTIMUM SOLUTION HAS BEEN ARRIVED AT WITH
ble Soln(XB)
(B) Col.) X1=100/3 , X2=40/3 AND Z=80,000/3.
600 X1 100/3 1 0 2 3 1 3
500 X2 40/3 0 1 1 3 2 3
Zj 600 500 700 3 400 3
Cj - Zj 0 0 700 3 400 3

12
 20-Feb-19

SIMPLEX ALGORITHM –
SPECIAL CASES

 There are four special cases arise in

the use of the simplex method.
Four Special cases in
Simplex 1. Degeneracy
2. Alternative optimal
3. Unbounded solution
4. infeasible solution

49 50

DEGENERACY ( NO
IMPROVEMENT IN OBJECTIVE)

 Degeneracy: It is situation when the  This is in itself not a problem, but making
solution of the problem degenerates. simplex iterations form a degenerate
 Degenerate Solution: A Solution of the solution, give rise to cycling, meaning that
problem is said to be degenerate solution if after a certain number of iterations without
value or values of basic variable(s) become improvement in objective value the method
zero may turn back to the point where it started.
 It occurs due to redundant constraints.

51

13
 20-Feb-19

DEGENERACY – SPECIAL CASES

(CONT.)

Example: The solution:

Max f = 3x1 + 9x2 Step 1. write inequalities in equation form
Subject to: Let S1 and S2 be the slack variables
x1 + 4x2 ≤ 8 X1 + 4X2 + s1= 8
X1 + 2x2 ≤ 4 X1 + 2X2 + s2= 4
X1, x2 ≥ 0 X1, X2 ,s1,s2≥ 0

Let X1=0, X2=0

f=0, S1=8, S2=4
53 54

X2 will enter the basis because of having

 Initial Tableau minimum objective function coefficient.  Tableau 1
Entering Variable Leaving Variable

Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio

S1 1 4 1 0 8 8/4=2 X2 1/4 1 1/4 0 2 8
S2 1 2 0 1 4 4/2=2 S2 ½ 0 -1/2 1 0 0 min
f -3 -9 0 0 0 f -3/4 0 9/4 0 18
S1 and S2 tie for leaving variable( with same minimum Here basic variable S2 is 0 resulting in a
ratio 2) so we can take any one of them arbitrary. degenerate basic solution.
56
55

14
 20-Feb-19

This is redundant constraint

Tableau 2
because its presence or absence
Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS does not affect, neither on
X2 0 1 1/2 -1/2 2 Same objective optimal point nor on feasible
region.
X1 1 0 -1 2 0
f 0 0 3/2 3/2 18
Feasible Region

 Same objective function no change and

improvement ( cycle)
57

ALTERNATIVE OPTIMAL

 If the f-row value for one or more non basic Example:

variables is 0 in the optimal tableau, alternate
optimal solution exists. Max 2x1+ 4 x2
ST
 When the objective function is parallel to a
binding constraint, objective function will x1 + 2x2 ≤ 5
assume same optimal value. So this is a
situation when the value of optimal objective x1 + x2 ≤ 4
function remains the same.
 We have infinite number of such points x1, x2 ≥0
59 60

15
 20-Feb-19

The solution  Initial Tableau

Entering Variable Leaving Variable
Max 2x1+ 4x2
Let S1and S2 be the slack variables
x1 + 2x2 + s1= 5
Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio
x1 + x2 + s2 = 4 S1 1 2 1 0 5 5/2=2.5
x1, x2, s1, s2 ≥0 S2 1 1 0 1 4 4/1=4
Initial solution f -2 -4 0 0 0
Let x1 = 0, x2 = 0,
f=0, s1= 5, s2 = 4
61 62

Entering
Variable
 Optimal solution is 10 when x2=5/2, x1=0.  By looking at f-row coefficient of the nonbasic
variable. Leaving Variable

Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio Basi X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio

X2 1/2 1 1/2 0 5/2 5 s
S2 1/2 0 -1/2 1 3/2 3 min X2 1/2 1 1/2 0 5/2 5
f 0 0 2 0 10 S2 1/2 0 -1/2 1 3/2 3
f The coefficient
 0 0 for2 x1 is00, which
10 indicates that
x1 can enter the basic solution without
 How do we know that alternative optimal exist ? changing the value of f. Optimal sol. f=10
63
x1=0, x2=5/2
64

16
 20-Feb-19

ANY POINT ON BC REPRESENTS AN

ALTERNATE OPTIMUM WITH F=10

 The second alternative optima is:

As the objective function line is
Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS parallel to line BC so the optimal
X2 0 1 1 -1 1 solution lies on every point on line
BC
X1 1 0 -1 2 3
f 0 0 2 0 10

 The new optimal solution is 10 when x1=3,

x2=1
Objective Function
65 66

When determining the leaving variable

 In practice alternate optimals are useful as
they allow us to choose from many solutions of any tableau, if there is no positive
experiencing deterioration in the objective ratio (all the entries in the pivot
value.
column are negative and zeros), then
the solution is unbounded.

67 68

17
 20-Feb-19

Unbounded Solution – Unbounded Solution –

Special cases (cont.) Special cases (cont.)

Example Solution
Max 2x1+ x2
Max 2x1+ x2
Let S1and S2 be the slack variables
Subject to x1 – x2 +s1 =10
x1 – x2 ≤10
2x1 ≤ 40 2x1+0x2 + s2 =40
x1, x2≥0
x1, x2,s1,s2 ≥0
Initial Solution: x1 = 0, x2=0,
f=0, s1 =10, s2 =40

Unbounded Solution – Special Unbounded Solution –

cases (cont.) Special cases (cont.)

Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio

S1 1 -1 1 0 10 10 min X1 1 -1 1 0 10 -
S2 2 0 0 1 40 20 S2 0 2 -2 1 20 10
f -2 -1 0 0 0 f 0 -3 2 0 20

71 72

18
 20-Feb-19

Unbounded Solution – Unbounded Solution – Special

Special cases (cont.) cases (cont.) Graphical Solution

Objective
function
Basis X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio
Unbounded
X1 1 0 0 ½ 20 - Solution
Space
X2 0 1 -1 1/2 10 - 2x1 ≤ 40

f 0 0 -3 3/2 50
Optimal Point

 The values of non basic variable are either zero

or negative.
 So, solution space is unbounded
73

INFEASIBLE SOLUTION EXAMPLE:

 A problem is said to have infeasible solution if Max f=3x1+2x2

there is no feasible optimal solution is available
S.T.

2x1+x2 ≤ 2

3x1+4x2 ≥ 12

x1, x2=0

19
 20-Feb-19

SOLUTION (GRAPHICAL):

TWO PHASE SIMPLEX

METHOD

INEQUALITIES CONSTRAINTS
ILLUSTRATION
IN EQUATION FORM

Let S1 and S2 be the surplus and slack variables for

Minimize f=4x1+ x2 (Objective Function)
second and third constraints, respectively.
Subject to: (Constraints)
Minimize f =4x1+ x2 (Objective Function)
3x1+ x2 = 3
Subject to: (Constraints)
4x1+ 3x2 ≥6
3x1+ x2 = 3 …………. (1)
x1+ 2x2 ≤4
4x1+ 3x2 – S1 = 6 …………. (2)
x1, x2 ≥ 0 (Non-Negativity Constraints)
x1+ 2x2 + S2 = 4 …………. (3)
x1, x2, S1 , S2≥ 0

20
 20-Feb-19

INITIAL SOLUTION INITIAL SOLUTION

Let x1= 0, x2 = 0 Let x1= 0, x2 = 0

Putting above values in objective function Putting above values in objective function
This is against the basic rules of
(f =3x1+ x2) and equation 1-3, (f =3x1+ x2) and equation 1-3,
Mathematics as the 0 cannot be equal to 3.
f=0 f=0
0 = 3 (Contradiction) 0 = 3 (Contradiction)
S1 = -6 (Violation) S1 = -6 (Violation)
S2 = 4 S2 = 4

This is against the non negativity constraint

that X must be non zero.

INITIAL SOLUTION ARTIFICIAL VARIABLES

Let A1 and A2 be the artificial variables for first and

second equation respectively.
Let x1= 0, x2 = 0
This is against the basic rules of Minimize: f =4x1+ x2 (Objective Function)
Putting above values in objective function
This situation cannot be called
Mathematics as the 0 as initial
cannot feasible
be equal to 3. Subject to: (Constraints)
(f =3x1+ x2) and equation 1-3,
solution because it is not satisfying the 3x1+ x2 + A1= 3 …………. (4)
f=0
condition. In order to make it feasible we need 4x1+ 3x2 – S1 + A2= 6 …………. (5)
0 = 3 (Contradiction)
to add Artificial variables In equations having x1+ 2x2 + S2 = 4 …………. (6)
S1 = -6
contradictions (Violation)
and violation
S2 = 4 x1, x2, S1 , S2 , A1 , A2 ≥ 0
This is against the non negativity constraint
that X must be non zero.

21
 20-Feb-19

SOLUTION OF ARTIFICIAL SOLUTION BY TWO PHASE

VARIABLE METHOD

Questions which involve artificial variables can not Phase I:

solve straight away. We have to use following two In Phase I we introduce artificial objective function
methods to solve it Capital “F” as the sum of artificial variables
introduced in the constraints. We substitute the
1. Penalty Method or M-Method (Big M Method) values of artificial variables from the constraints
and get artificial objective function.
2. Two Phase Method
We have Two artificial variables so the artificial
In this lecture we will solve this problem by objective function would be as under;
Two Phase Method
F = A1 + A2

ARTIFICIAL OBJECTIVE
FUNCTION
F = A1 + A2
 A1 Putting the values of A1 and A2
Use Equation no 4 to find the value of A1 F = ( 3 – 3X1- X2) + (6 – 4X1- 3X2 + S1)
3x1+ x2 + A1= 3 =9 - 7x1-4 x2 + S1
A1 = 3 - 3x1- x2 Minimize f = 4x1+ x2
 A2 F=9 - 7x1-4 x2 + S1
Use Equation no 5 to find the value of A2 Subject to:
3x1+ x2 + A1 = 3 …………. (4)
4x1+ 3x2 – S1 + A2= 6
4x1+ 3x2 – S1 + A2= 6…………. (5)
A2= 6 - 4x1- 3x2 + S1 x1+ 2x2 + S2 = 4 …………. (6)
x1, x2, S1 , S2 , A1 + A2 ≥0

22
 20-Feb-19

INITIAL FEASIBLE SOLUTION INITIAL TABLEAU

For leaving variable the rule is same as maximization,
the variable with minimum ratio;A1
Arbitrary values =# of Variables -- # of Equation
6 - 3=3
Basics X1 X 2 S1 S2 A1 A2 RHS Ratio
This solution is called
Let x1= 0, x2 = 0, S1 = 0 initial feasible solution A1 3 1 0 0 1 0 3 3/3=1(Min)
because it satisfies the all Non
Putting above values in objective functionsnegativity A2 4 3 -1 0 0 1 6 6/4=1.5
constraint
and equationand4-6, also do not have any S2 1 2 0 1 0 0 4 4/1=4
contradiction
F=9 or violation f -4 -1 0 0 0 0 0
f=0 F 7 4 -1 0 0 0 9
A1 = 3 ↑
A2 = 6 In artificial function of minimization we select the
S2 = 4 maximum positive as the entering variable which is X1

OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOR ARTIFICIAL CALCULATION

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION

1
New Pivot Row = X Old Pivot Row
Pivot No.
The solution of artificial objective function
New Pivot 1
is said to be optimal when artificial X [3 1 0 0 1 0 3]
Row = 3
objective functions coefficients become
non-positive or zero
[1 1/3 0 0 1/3 0 1]

23
 20-Feb-19

CALCULATION TABLEAU I

New Row = Old Row – Pivot Column Coefficient x New Pivot Row
New A2 Row = [4 3 -1 0 0 1 6]
- (4)[1 1/3 0 0 1/3 0 1] Basics X1 X2 S1 S2 A1 A2 RHS Ratio
= [0 5/3 -1 0 -4/3 1 2] X1 1 1/3 0 0 1/3 0 1 1÷1/3=3
New S2 Row =[1 2 0 1 0 0 4] 2 ÷5/3=1.2
A2 0 5/3 -1 0 -4/3 1 2
- (1) [1 1/3 0 0 1/3 0 1] (Min)
= [0 5/3 0 1 -1/3 0 3]
S2 0 5/3 0 1 -1/3 0 3 3/5 ÷ 3=1.8
New f Row = [-4 -1 0 0 0 0 0]
- (-4) [1 1/3 0 0 1/3 0 1]
f 0 1/3 0 0 4/3 0 4
= [0 1/3 0 0 4/3 0 4] F 0 5/3 -1 0 -7/3 0 2
New F Row = [7 4 -1 0 0 0 9] ↑
- (7) [1 1/3 0 0 1/3 0 1]
= [0 5/3 -1 0 -7/3 0 2]
Still there is one positive coefficient so we need to make
further tableau

CALCULATION CALCULATION

New Row = Old Row – Pivot Column Coefficient x New Pivot Row
1 New X1 Row =
New Pivot Row = X Old Pivot Row
Pivot No.
[1 1/3 0 0 1/3 0 1]
New Pivot 1
X [0 5/3 -1 0 -4/3 1 2] -(1/3)[0 1 -3/5 0 -4/5 3/5 6/5]
Row = 5/3
= [1 0 1/5 0 3/5 -1/5 3/5]
[0 1 -3/5 0 -4/5 3/5 6/5] New S2 Row =
[0 5/3 0 1 -1/3 0 3]
-(5/3)[0 1 -3/5 0 -4/5 3/5 6/5]
= [0 0 1 1 1 -1 1]

24
 20-Feb-19

CALCULATION TABLEAU II

New f Row =
[0 1/3 0 0 4/3 0 4] Basics X1 X2 S1 S2 A1 A2 RHS
-(1/3)[0 1 -3/5 0 -4/5 3/5 6/5] X1 1 0 1/5 0 3/5 -1/5 3/5
= [0 0 1/5 0 8/5 -1/5 18/5] X2 0 1 -3/5 0 -4/5 3/5 6/5
New F Row S2 0 0 1 1 1 -1 1
f 0 0 1/5 0 8/5 -1/5 18/5
[0 5/3 -1 0 -7/3 0 2]
-(5/3)[0 1 -3/5 0 -4/5 3/5 6/5] F 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 0
= [0 0 0 0 -1 -1 0] Now there is no positive value in the artificial function so
this is the end of Phase I

PHASE II CALCULATION

In phase two rewrite the previous tableau by 1

dropping the artificial objective function and New Pivot Row = X Old Pivot Row
Pivot No.
artificial variables
New Pivot 1
X [0 0 1 1 1]
Basics X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS Ratio Row = 1
X1 1 0 1/5 0 3/5 3/5÷1/5=3
X2 0 1 -3/5 0 6/5 [0 0 1 1 1]
S2 0 0 1 1 1 1/1=1(Min)
f 0 0 1/5 0 18/5
↑

25
 20-Feb-19

CALCULATION CALCULATION

New Row = Old Row – Pivot Column Coefficient x New Pivot Row
New f Row =
New X1 Row =
[0 0 1/5 0 18/5]
[1 0 1/5 0 3/5]
-(1/5) [0 0 1 1 1]
-(1/5) [0 0 1 1 1]
= [0 0 0 -1/5 17/5]
= [1 0 0 -1/5 2/5]
New X2 Row =
[0 1 -3/5 0 6/5]
-(-3/5)[0 0 1 1 1]
= [0 1 0 3/5 9/5]

TABLEAU OPTIMAL SOLUTION

X1 = 2/5
X2 = 9/5
Basics X1 X2 S1 S2 RHS
X1 1 0 0 -1/5 2/5 f = 17/5
X2 0 0 0 3/5 9/5 Cross checking of maximization point
S1 0 0 1 1 1 put values of X1 and X2 from above solution into
f 0 0 0 -1/5 17/5 original objective function
f=4x1+ x2
Now there is no positive value in the objective function =4 (2/5) + (9/5)
so this is the optimal point =17/5

26
20-Feb-19

27