Computer Orgnization

Dr. Chaitali Shah

Computer fundamentals
 Input Units
 Memory
 CentralProcessing Unit
 Control Unit
 ALU
 Output Units
INPUT DEVICE
Input Unit
 Data and instructions must enter the
system before any computation can be
performed on the supplied data.
 This task is performed by the input unit
that links the external environment with
the computer system.
 Data and instructions enter input units in
forms that depend upon the particular
device used.
Input Unit
 For example, data are entered from a
keyboard in a manner similar to typing,
and this differs from the way in which
data are entered through a scanner, which
is another type of input device.
 All input devices must provide a
computer with data that are transformed
into the binary codes that the primary
memory of a computer is designed to
accept.
Input Unit
 The following functions are performed by
an input unit:
 It accepts (or reads) the list of
instructions and data from the outside
world.
 It converts these instructions and data in
computer acceptable form.
 It supplies the converted instructions and
data to the computer system for further
processing.
 Input Devices
Obsolete Devices Input devices

 Card reader  Keyboard

 Paper tape reader  Mouse
 Floppy
 Hard Disk
 Scanner
 Joystick
 Compact Disk
 Digital Versatile Disk
Input Devices
 Keyboard
 Keyboard is made up of character, numerical and
functional keys, it is the most common input device

Multimedia Keyboard
Wireless Keyboard

Virtual Keyboard Ergonomic Keyboard

Input Devices -Keyboard

A keyboard is an input device that allows

a person to enter symbols like letters and
numbers into a computer.
 It is the main input device for most
computers.There are different types of
keyboards.
 The most popular type is the QWERTY
design such as typewriter keyboards.
Input Devices
 Pointing Devices
 Mouse, Trackball, Touchpad and Digitising Table
are common pointing devices that will help users
operate a computer more easily
Input Devices- Mouse
A computer mouse is an input device that
is most often used with a personal
computer.
 Moving a mouse along a flat surface can
move the on-screen cursor to different
items on the screen.
Input Devices- Mouse
 Optical and laser mice
 The earliest optical mice detected
movement on pre-printed mouse pad
surfaces, whereas the modern LED optical
mouse works on most opaque diffuse
surfaces; it is usually unable to detect
movement on specular surfaces like polished
stone.
 USB ,
 Cordless or wireless
Input Devices- Touchpad
A touch pad is a device for pointing
(controlling input positioning) on a
computer display screen.
 It is an alternative to the mouse.
 Originally incorporated in laptop
computers, touch pads are also being
made for use with desktop computers.
 A touch pad works by sensing the user's
finger movement and downward
pressure.
Input Devices- Joystick
A joystick is an input device that allows
the user to control a character or
machine in a computer program, such as a
plane in a flight simulator.
 control video games.
 Other common input devices are bar
code readers, cameras, fingerprint readers
etc.
 Input Devices
 Scanner
 Scanner is a device used to convert a still image into a
digital one. It can read text or illustrations printed on
paper and translate the information into a form the
computer can use

Film scanner
Bar code reader

Flatbed scanner
 Input Devices
 Sound Input Tool
Digital recorder
A Speech
Recognition Microphone
System

 Digital Camera

 Digital Video Camera

Web Camera
Digital Video
Camera
OUTPUT DEVICES
Output Devices
 An output device is an electromechanical device
that accepts data from a computer and translates
them in suitable form for the users.
 Output devices generate computer output that
can be broadly classified into two types:-
(1). Soft-copy output:-They are temporary in nature
(2). Hard-copy output:- They are permanent in
nature and can be kept in paper files or can be
looked later when the person is not using a
computer
Output Devices
 Monitors
 Printers
 Plotter
 Projector
 Voice response system
Output Devices - Monitor
 Monitor are the most popular output device used
today for producing soft-copy output
 A monitor is associated usually with a keyboard
and together they form a video display terminal
 Two basic types of monitor:-
(1). Cathode Ray Tube(CRT):- The CRT monitor
displays images with color that are consistent and
can be viewed with different angles.
(2). Liquid Crystal Display(LCD):- The LCD monitor
are thin and they use little space. They are light in
weight, consume less energy.
Output Devices - Printer
 The printer is a device that print text document and
images on paper
 It is a peripheral output device.
 There are different types of printers:-
(1).Dot-Matrix:- Dot-Matrix printers are character
printer that print one character at a time. They form
character and all kind of images as patterns of dots.
(2).Inkjet:- Inkjet printers are character printers that
form characters and all kinds of images by spraying
small drops of ink on a paper.
(3)Laser Printer:- The Laser Printer uses a beam of
laser for the purpose of printing and it is consists of a
revolving cylinder that is made up of photoconductive
material
Output Device
 Printer
‧Three type of printer：Dot-matrix Printer,
InkJet Printer and Laser Printer

Laser Printer

Ink-jet Printer
Dot-matrix Printer
Output Device - Plotter
 Plotter are an ideal output device for architects,
engineers, and others who need to routinely
generate high-precision, hard-copy, graphic output
of widely varying sizes.
 There are two types of plotter:-
(1)Drum Plotter:- In a drum plotter, the paper on
which the design is to be made is placed over a
drum that can rotate in both clockwise and anti-
clockwise direction to produce vertical motion.
(2)Flatbed Plotter:-A flatbed plotter plots design or
graph on a sheet of paper spread and fixed over a
rectangular flatbed table.
 Output Device
 Projector

 Speaker
Output Device - Projector
 Screen image projector is an output
device used to project information from a
computer on a large screen
 Additionally, a full-fledged multimedia
presentation with audio, video, image and
animation can be prepared and made by
using this facility
 Like monitors, screen image projectors
provide a temporary, soft-copy output
MEMORY UNITS
Memory Units
 The data and instructions that are
entered into the computer system
through input units have to be stored
inside the computer before the actual
processing starts.
 Similarly, the results produced by the
computer after processing must also be
kept somewhere inside the computer
system before being passed on to the
output units.
Memory Units
 Moreover, the intermediate results
produced by the computer must also be
preserved for ongoing processing.
 The storage unit of a computer system is
designed to cater to all these needs.
 It provides space for storing data and
instructions, space for intermediate
results, and also space for the final results
Memory Units
 The specific functions of the storage unit
are to hold (store):
 All the data to be processed and the
instructions required for processing
(received from input devices).
 Intermediate results for processing.
 Final results of processing before these
results are released to an output device.
Storage Concept
 The primary storage , also known as main
memory , is used to hold pieces of program
instructions and data, intermediate results of
processing, and recently produced results of
processing of the job(s) that the computer
system is currently working on.
 The primary storage can hold information
only while the computer system is on. As
soon as the computer is switched off or
reset, the information held in the primary
storage disappears.
Storage Concept
 The secondary storage is used to take care of the
limitations of the primary storage.
 That is, it is used to supplement the limited
storage capacity and the volatile characteristics of
primary storage.
 Secondary storage is much cheaper than primary
storage and it can retain information even when
the computer system is switched off or reset.
 It is normally used to hold the program
instructions, data, and information of those jobs
on which the computer system is not working on
currently.
Functional units
 Functional units is a part of a CPU that
performs the operations and calculations
called for by the computer program.
 Computer consists of five main parts namely,
1. Input unit,
2. Central Processing Unit
◦ Memory unit
◦ Arithmetic & logical unit
◦ Control unit
3. Output unit
Functional Units
ALU ( Arithmetic Logical Unit)
 The arithmetic logical unit (ALU) of a computer
system is the place where the actual execution of
the instructions takes place during the processing
operation.
 The type and number of arithmetic and logic
operations that a computer can perform is
determined by the engineering design of the ALU.
 Almost all ALUs are designed to perform the four
basic arithmetic operations (add, subtract,
multiply, and divide), and logic operations or
comparisons such as less than, equal to, and
greater than.
Control unit
 Control unit is used to coordinate the
operations of the input, output, memory,
ALU in some way.
 It coordinates the operation of all the units
using control signals like timing signals.
 Timing signals are the signals determining
the time when a given action must take
place.
 A large set of control lines carriers the
signals used for timing and synchronization
of events in all units.
Output Unit
 The job of an output unit is just the reverse
of that of an input unit.
 It supplies the information obtained as a
result of data processing to the outside
world.
 Computers work with binary code, the
results produced are also in the binary form.
 Hence, before supplying the results to the
outside world, it must be converted to
human acceptable (readable) form. This task
is achieved by units called output interfaces.
Output unit
 The following functions are performed by
an output unit:
 It accepts the results produced by the
computer, which are in coded form and
hence cannot be easily understood by us.
 It converts these coded results to human
acceptable (readable) form.
 It supplies the converted results to the
outside world.