COURSE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS SUBJECT WISE

SUBJECT TITLE: EM WAVES & TRANSMISSION LINES STAFF NAME: R.PRIYAKANTH

Aim and Objective of the course:

To understand the ideas and techniques associated with the representation of signals in digital form,
and with the processing of these signals and the information that they carry.
Digital Signal Processing is one of the most powerful technologies that have made revolutionary
changes in a broad range of fields like audio and speech signal processing, sonar and radar signal processing,
sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing, signal
processing for communications, biomedical signal processing, seismic data processing, etc. Each of these areas
has developed a deep DSP technology, with its own algorithms, mathematics, and specialized techniques.
By understanding the dramatic evolution of the DSP chips in the field of Digital Signal Processing with
a tremendously rapid increase in the speed of DSP processors, along with a corresponding increase in their
sophistication and computational power, digital signal processing has become an integral part of many
commercial products and applications. Digital signal processors, such as the TMS320 family of processors, are
used in a wide range of applications, such as in communications, controls, speech processing, and so on. They
are used in cellular phones, digital cameras, high - definition television (HDTV), radio, fax transmission,
modems, and other devices.
The course is designed to provide the fundamental concepts and algorithms in Digital Signal Processing.  By
the end of the course, students should be able to
 Represent different types of signals in discrete form
 Describe linear operations on these signals
 Represent the discrete signals in frequency domain
 Represent LSI systems in terms of difference equations
 Understand the origin of Discrete Fourier series
 Find the Discrete Fourier Transform of a sequence
 Understand Fast Fourier transform
 Realize and design IIR & FIR filters
 Implement Multirate sampling
 Understand the importance of DSP Processors
Syllabus:

UNIT I
ELECTROSTATICS: Coulomb’s Law, Electric Field Intensity – Fields due to Different Charge Distributions,
Electric Flux Density, Gauss Law and Applications, Electric Potential, Relations Between E and V, Maxwell’s
Two Equations for Electrostatic Fields, Energy Density, Related Problems. Convection and Conduction
Currents, Dielectric Constant, Isotropic and Homogeneous Dielectrics, Continuity Equation, Relaxation Time,
Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations; Capacitance – Parallel Plate, Coaxial, Spherical Capacitors, Related
Problems.

UNIT II
MAGNETOSTATICS : Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law and Applications, Magnetic Flux Density,
Maxwell’s Two Equations for Magnetostatic Fields, Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials, Forces due to
Magnetic Fields, Ampere’s Force Law, Inductances and Magnetic Energy, Related Problems.

UNIT III
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS (Time Varying Fields): Faraday’s Law and Transformer emf, Inconsistency of
Ampere’s Law and Displacement Current Density, Maxwell’s Equations in Different Final Forms and Word
Statements. Conditions at a Boundary Surface : Dielectric-Dielectric and Dielectric-Conductor Interfaces,
Related Problems .

UNIT IV
EM WAVE CHARACTERISTICS - I: Wave Equations for Conducting and Perfect Dielectric Media,
Uniform Plane Waves – Definition, All Relations Between E & H. Sinusoidal Variations. Wave Propagtion in
Lossless and Conducting Media. Conductors & Dielectrics – Characterization, Wave Propagation in Good
Conductors and Good Dielectrics. Polarization. Related Problems.

UNIT V
EM WAVE CHARACTERISTICS – II: Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves – Normal and Oblique
Incidences, for both Perfect Conductor and Perfect Dielectrics, Brewster Angle, Critical Angle and Total
Internal Reflection, Surface Impedance. Poynting Vector and Poynting Theorem – Applications, Power Loss in
a Plane Conductor. Related Problems.
UNIT V
GUIDED WAVES : Parallel Plane Waveguides: Introduction, TE, TM, TEM Modes - Concepts and Analysis,
Cutoff Frequencies, Velocities, Wavelengths, Wave Impedances. Attenuations Factor – Expression for TEM
Case. Related Problems.

UNIT VII
TRANSMISSION LINES - I : Types, Parameters, Transmission Line Equations, Primary & Secondary
Constants, Expressions for Characteristic Impedance, Propagation Constant, Phase and Group Velocities,
Infinite Line Concepts, Losslessness /Low Loss Characterization, Distortion – Condition for Distortionlessness
and Minimum Attenuation, Loading - Types of Loading. Related Problems.

UNIT VIII
TRANSMISSION LINES – II : Input Impedance Relations, SC and OC Lines, Reflection Coefficient, VSWR.
UHF Lines as Circuit Elements; /4, /2, /8 Lines – Impedance Transformations. Smith Chart – Configuration and
Applications, Single and Double Stub Matching. Related Problems.

Text books :
1. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems – E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, PHI, 2nd Edition,
2000.
2. Elements of Electromagnetic – Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Oxford Univ. Press, 3rd ed., 2001.

References :

1. Engineering Electromagnetics – Nathan Ida, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2nd ed., 2005.
2. Engineering Electromagnetics – William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, TMH, 7th ed., 2006.
3. Networks, Lines and Fields – John D. Ryder, PHI, 2nd ed.,1999.
4. Transmission Lines and Networks – Umesh Sinha, Satya Prakashan (Tech. India Publications), New
Delhi, 2001.
5. Electromagnetic Field Theory and Transmission Lines – G.S.N. Raju, Pearson Edn. Pte. Ltd., 2005.

Journals available in library

1. An international journal on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing , IEEE Transactions, printed by
Institute for Educational Leadership Electronic Library (IEL)

Web based Journal

1. Eurasip journal on advances in signal processing
URL:
 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/asp/contents.html

E-learning materials
NPTEL

(i) 1)Web content- Electromagnetic Fields

Dr. Ratnajit Bhattacharjee

Electronics & Communication Engineering

IIT Guwahati, Assam, India

http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-%20Guwahati/em/index.htm

2) Web Content- Transmission Lines and EM Waves

Prof. R. K Shevgaonkar

Head, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay.

http://www.cdeep.iitb.ac.in/nptel/Electrical%20&%20Comm%20Engg/Transmission%20Lines
%20and%20EM%20Waves/Course%20Objective.htm

3)Video Lectures- Transmission Lines and EM Waves

Prof. R. K Shevgaonkar

Head, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay.

http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?courseId=1027

4)Video Lectures-

Prof. Harishankar Ramachandran

Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Madras

http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?courseId=1009

URL's

5) Web Content

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-641-electromagnetic-
fields-forces-and-motion-spring-2009/lecture-notes/

http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-013Fall-
2005/CourseHome/index.htm

6) other Video Lectures-

http://www.learnerstv.com/lectures.php?course=ltv112&cat=Engineering

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5Y45wEO9F4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmR4GkDZ7Zo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGoi2DAnvSk

http://www.ycars.org/EFRA/Module%20C/Module%20C%20Index.htm

http://gogetpapers.com/Explore/Electromagnetic_Theory_1_Lectures/1

http://www.amanogawa.com/archive/docs/EM2.pdf

http://www.engr.mun.ca/~egill/index_files/

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/em/lectures/node40.html

http://www.scientainment.com/max.pdf

http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/Maxwell_Eq.pdf

http://www.sfu.ca/physics/associate/emeriti/cochran/MAXoutline.html

E-Books
  All the books are available for download in www.gigapedia.com
1. Principles and Applications of Electromagnetic Fields by Robert and Robert E. Collin Plonsey
Publisher: McGraw Hill
2. Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields (IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory) by
Roger F. Harrington, Wiley-IEEE Press
3. Electromagnetic Fields (IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory) by  Jean G. Van
Bladel, Wiley-IEEE Press
4. Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields and Waves(1963) by Charles A Holt, Wiley  - 1963 .
5. Electromagnetics Problem Solver (Problem Solvers) by The Staff of REA, Publisher:
Research & Education Association
6. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Transmission Lines by Robert A. Chipman Publisher:  
Mcgraw-Hills
7. Engineering Electromagnetics, 6th edition by William H. Hayt, John A. Buck, Publisher:  
McGraw-Hill
Co.
8. D. Cheng: “Field and Wave Electromagnetics”, Addison Wesley, (1992).
Lesson Plan

No. of
Unit/Topic No. Unit/Topic Name Classes
required
1 Unit I : Introduction to Digital Signal Processing

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 discrete time signals & sequences 0.5

1.3 Linear shift invariant systems 0.5

1.4 Concepts of Stability and Causality 0.5

1.5 Linear Constant Coefficient difference equations 2

1.6 Frequency Domain representation of discrete time signals and systems 2

2 Unit II: Discrete Fourier Series

2.1 Introduction 1

2.2 Properties of Discrete Fourier Series 2

2.3 DFS representation of periodic sequences 1

Discrete Fourier Transforms

2.4 Introduction 1

2.5 Properties of DFT 2

2.6 Linear Convolution and Circular Convolution of sequences using DFT 2

2.7 Computation of DFT and IDFT 2

2.8 Relation between Z- transform and DFS 0.5

3 Unit III : Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT)

3.1 Introduction 0.5

3.2 Radix-2 Decimation in Time FFT algorithm 2

3.3 Radix – 2 Decimation in Frequency FFT algorithm 2

3.4 Inverse FFT 1

3.5 FFT for composite N 1

4 Unit IV : Realization of Digital Filters

4.1 Review of Z-Transforms 1

4.2 Applications of Z-Transforms 2

4.3 Solution of difference equations of digital filters 1

4.4 Block diagram representation of LCCDE 1

4.5 Basic Structures of IIR systems 3

4.6 Transposed structures 1

4.7 Basic Structures of FIR systems 3

4.8 System function 0.25

5 Unit-V: IIR Digital Filters

5.1 Analog Filter approximations-Butterworth and Chebyshev 4

5.2 Design of IIR Digital filters from analog filters 3

5.3 Bilinear Transformation method 1

5.4 Step and impulse invariance techniques 1

5.5 Spectral Transformations 1

6 Unit VI :FIR Digital Filters

6.1 Introduction 0.5

6.2 Characteristics of FIR Digital Filters 1.25

6.3 Frequency Response 0.5

6.4 Design of FIR Digital filters using window techniques 4

6.5 Frequency Sampling Technique 1

6.6 Comparison of IIR & FIR Filters 0.25

7. Unit VII: Multirate Digital Signal Processing

7.1 Decimation 1

7.2 Interpolation 1

7.3 Sampling rate conversion and Implementation 3

8. Unit VIII: Introduction to DSP Processors

8.1 Introduction to Programmable DSPs 1

8.2 MAC unit 0.75

8.3 Modified Bus Structures and Memory Access schemes in DSPs 1

8.4 Multiple access memory and Multiport memory 1

8.5 VLIW architecture and Pipelining 1

 8.6 Special addressing modes 1

8.7 On-chip Peripherals 0.5

8.8 Architecture of TMS 320C5X – Introduction 1

8.9 Bus Structure and Central ALU 1

8.10 Auxiliary and index registers, Block Move address register 0.5

8.11 Parallel Logic Unit, Memory Mapped registers 1

8.12 Program controller and some flags in the status registers 1

8.13 On-chip registers and On-chip peripherals 1

Total No. of hours: 71

Assignments

Assignment I: Submission date:

1. Let x(n) be the sequence

x(n)=δ(n+1)-δ(n)+2δ(n-1)+3δ(n-2) which has a DTFT X (ejw) = XR (ejw)+jXI(ejw)
where XR (ejw) and XI(ejw) are the real part and the imaginary part of X (ejw) respectively.
Find the sequences y(n) that has a DTFT given by Y (ejw) = XI (ejw)+jXR(ejw). ej2w
2. Let x(n) be a sequence with a DTFT X (e ). Find the DTFT of x (n)* x*(- n) in terms of X (ejw).
jw

3. Define the following terms as referred to LTI discrete time system:

i. Stability
ii. Causality
iii. Time invariance
iv. Linearity.
4. Determine whether the following system is
i.Linear
ii.Causal
iii. Stable
iv. Time invariant
y (n) = log10 |x (n)|. Justify your answer.
5. Show that X (ejw) is real and even if, x(n) is real and even.
6. Verify Parseval’s theorem for the DTFT i.e.
∞ π
2 1 2
∑ |x (n)| = 2 π ∫ |X (ω)| dω
n=−∞ −π
7. Find the convolution of the given two signals graphically
x(n)=u(n)-u(n-5) and h(n)=2[u(n)-u(n-3)]
8. Verify the result of question 7 by evaluating directly the convolution sum.
9. Distinguish between DFT and DTFT
10. Consider a sequence x(n) of length L. Consider its DTFT Xd(w) is sampled and N is the number of
frequency samples. Discuss the relation between L and N for inverse DTFT = inverse DFT. Comment
on the aliasing problem
11. Compute the DFT of x(n) = {1,0,0,0} and compare with Xd(w)
12. Define DFT of a sequence x(n). Obtain the relationship between DFT and DTFT
13. Consider a sequence x(n)={2,-1,1,1} and T = 0.5. Compute its DFT and compare it with its DTFT
14. Compute DFT of the following finite length sequence considered to be of length N
i. x ( n )=δ ( n+nO ) where0< nO < N
ii. x ( n )=a n where 0< a<1
15. If x(n) denotes a finite length sequence of length N, show that x((-n))N = x((N-n))N
16. If x(n) is a periodic sequence with a period N, also periodic with period 2N. X1(k) denotes the discrete
Fourier series coefficient of x(n) with period N and X2(k) denote the discrete Fourier series coefficient
of x(n) with period 2N. Determine X2(k) in terms of X1(k).
 17. Let x(n) be real valued sequence with N-points and let X(k) represent its DFT, with real and imaginary
parts denoted by XR(k) and XI(k) respectively. So that X(k) = XR(k) + j XI(k). Now show that if x(n) is
real, XR(k) is even and XI(k) is odd
18. Compute the FFT of the sequence x(n)={1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}
19. Implement the DITFFT algorithm for N=16
20. How many non – trivial multiplications are required in DITFFT for N=16
21. Determine the frequency response, magnitude response and phase response for the system given by
3 1
y ( n )− y ( n−1 )+ y ( n−2 )=x ( n )−x ( n−1)
4 8
22. A causal LTI system is described by the difference equation y ( n )= y ( n−1 )+ y ( n−2 ) + x (n−1),
where x(n) is the input and y(n) is the output. Find
Y (z)
i. The system function H ( z) = for the system, plot the poles and zeroes of H(z) and
X (z)
indicate the ROC
ii. The unit impulse response of the system
Is this system stable or not?
23. An LTI system is described by the equation
y ( n )=x ( n ) +0.81 x ( n−1 )−0.81 x ( n−2 )−0.45 y (n−2). Determine the transfer function of the
system. Sketch the poles and zeroes on the Z-plane.
24. Define stable and unstable systems. Test the condition for stability of the first order IIR filter governed
by the equation y ( n )=x ( n ) +bx (n−1)
25. Explain how the analysis of Discrete time invariant system can be obtained using convolution
properties of Z- transform
26. Determine the impulse response of the system described by the difference equation
y ( n )−3 y ( n−1 )−4 y ( n−2 )=x ( n ) +2 x ( n−1 ) using Z transform

Assignment II: Submission date:

1. Design low pass Butterworth filter that has a 3-dB cutoff frequency of 1.5 kHz and an attenuation of
40dB at 3 kHz. Also realize the designed filter
2. Describe digital IIR filter characterization in time domain.
(s+0.1)
3. Convert analog filter with transfer function into a digital IIR filter using Bilinear
(s+0.1)2 +9
π
transformation. The digital filter should have a resonant frequency of ω r=
4
4. If the specifications of analog low pass filter are to have a 1dB attenuation at cutoff frequency of 1kHz
and maximum stop band ripple δ S =0.01 for |f |>5 kHz , determine required filter order
a) Butterworth
 b) Chebyshev- I
c) Chebyshev - II
5. Determine the system function H(z) of the lowest order chebyshev digital filter that meets following
specifications
a) ½ dB ripple in the pass band 0 ≤|ω|≤ 0.24 π
b) At least 50dB attenuation in the stop band 0.35 π ≤|ω|≤ π
Use Impulse Invariant Method
6. What is an FIR filter? Compare an FIR with an IIR filter.
7. Discuss frequency sampling method for an FIR filter design
8. Describe the FIR filter characteristics in time domain
9. Determine the frequency response of a linear phase FIR filter given by
y ( n )=a1 x ( n ) +a2 x ( n−1 ) +a3 x ( n−2 ) +a2 x ( n−3 ) +a 1 x (n−4)
10. Compare the frequency domain characteristics of different windows used in FIR filter design
11. Use a rectangular and hanning windows to find fourth order linear phase FIR filter to approximate ideal
low pass filter e− j2.5 ωfor |ω|≤1 and zero for 1 ≤|ω|≤ π
12. Consider the signal x(n)=an u(n), |a|<1
a) Determine the spectrum of a signal
b) The signal is applied to an Interpolator that increases sampling rate by a factor by ‘2’. Determine its
output spectrum
c) Show that the spectrum in the part (b) is simply fourier transform of x(n/2)
13. Consider a signal x(n)=u(n)
i) Obtain a signal with a decimation factor ‘3’
ii) Obtain a signal with an interpolation factor ‘3’
14. Consider a signal x(n)=sin( πn).u(n)
i) Obtain a signal with a decimation factor ‘2’
iii) Obtain a signal with an interpolation factor ‘2’
15. What are the advantages of DSP processors over conventional microprocessors?
16. Explain the implementation of convolver with single Multiplier/adder.
17. Discuss various interrupt types supported by TMS320C5x processor
18. What are the different buses of TMS320C5x processor and their functions?
19. Explain the different special addressing modes of DSP Processors.
20. Explain the architecture of TMS320C5x DSP processors
21. What is pipeling? Explain with an example.
22. Explain VLIW architecture.
23. Explain Multiple access memory and Multiport memory.

Tutorials
University question papers to be solved in tutorial periods.

Seminar topics
 Multirate sampling  Real-time DSP Processors &
 Matlab & Simulink applications
 Digital Filter Design  Applications of DSP

Question Bank
 Students can browse the following URLs for question papers.

1. http://www.ziddu.com/download/5131289/ExampapersAugust2008_IIIB.TechIISem.rar.html
2. http://www.ziddu.com/download/5633222/ECE_2.rar.html
3. http://www.esnips.com/doc/119a51e6-6106-4bba-a887-7c1474768048/DSP-Question-Papers
4. http://downloads.ziddu.com/downloadfile/6105767/ECE.rar.html

Sources in GATE/other competitive exams

GATE Syllabus
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier seris, continuous-
time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, z-transform. Sampling theorems. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI)
Systems: definitions and properties -- casuality, stability, impulse response, convoilution, poles and
zeros frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems. Random signals
and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density.
 Previous GATE papers available at
http://www.gateforum.com/gate_papers.php

IES Syllabus
Classification of signals and systems: System modelling in terms of differential and difference equations; State
variable representation; Fourier series; Fourier transforms and their application to system analysis; Laplace
transforms and their application to system analysis; Convolution and superposition integrals and their
applications; Z-transforms and their applications to the analysis and characterisation of discrete time systems;
Random signals and probability, Correlation functions; Spectral density; Response of linear system to random
inputs.

Recommended books

1. Schaum’s Outlines Signals & Systems-

Hsu, Hwei.P, Tata McGraw Hill edition 6. Digital Signal Processing – Monson H
Hayes – Schaum’s OUTline series –
2. Digital Signal Processing. Principles, McGraw Hill
Algorithms, and Aplications. Third
Edition. John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. 7. Digital Signal Processing , A computer
Manolakis,4th edition, Prentice hall India based approach – Sanjit K Mitra, second
3. Signals, Systems & Communications - edition – McGraw Hill
B.P. Lathi, BS Publications, 2003.
4. Signals and Systems - A.V. Oppenheim, 8. Solution Manual to accompany Digital
A.S. Willsky and S.H. Nawab, PHI, 2nd Signal Processing , A computer based
Edn. approach – Sanjit K Mitra, second edition
5. Signals & Systems - Simon Haykin and – McGraw Hill prepared by Rajeev
Van Veen,Wiley, 2nd Edition. Gandhi – WCB McGraw Hill

Consulting hours with teacher for clearing the doubts of students