31295002382256

FLOW OF FINE-PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS IN BENDS,
FITTINGS AND VALVES
by
FENG-LUNG HSU, B.E.
A THESIS
IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty

of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for
the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Approved
December, 1981
ml
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express his deep appreciation and

thanks to Dr. Sami Selim for his encouragement and advice
throughout this work.
The author wishes also to thank Dr. H. R. Heichelheim,

Dr. Uzi Mann, and Dr. R. W. Tock for serving on the thesis
committee and for giving valuable suggestions.
Financial support provided by NSF grant #ENG78-27000 is

gratefully acknowledged.
11
ABSTRACT
The results of extensive experimental studies to

determine the head losses for flow of fine-particle
suspensions in bends, fittings, valves and pipes are
presented in this thesis. Methods of determining losses in
fine-particle suspensions flowing through pipes and fittings
are discussed, as well as methods of expressing these losses
in a form useful for design purposes. Glass beads with
<^z^Q=12.5U and with <LQ = 44. 5 y were used in this work. This
work was restricted to the transport of fine particles and
the particle volume concentration of suspensions up to 32.5^
were studied. Furthermore, in this work, only the practical
important case of transport at fluid velocities above the
saltation velocity has been considered. For homogeneous flow
conditions, effects of particle size and concentration are
negligible and the loss coefficients for carrier fluid can
be used for fine-particle suspensions. Hence, practical
prediction of pressure drop in pipelines can be carried out.
Ill
TABLES OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES x
Chapter page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. PRESSURE LOSSES IN BENDS, FITTINGS AND VALVES . . . 5
III. EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTS 18
Description of Equipment 18
Feed Tank and Weigh Tank 18
Pump, Motor, and Control 19
Test Flow Loops 22
Pressure Taps 3^
Solid Traps 35
Manometers and Pressure Transducers 37
Magnetic Flowmeter 38
Solid Particles and Carrier Liquid 38
Solid Particles 38
Carrier Liquid ^3
Flow Experiments ^5
Calibration of the Magnetic Flowmeter . . . . 45
Operation of the Flow System 46
Flow Rate 50
Pressure Drop 50
Discharge Concentration 51
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 52
Experimental Results for Fittings and Valves . . 52
Influence of the Radius of Curvature of Bends on
the Resistance Offered to Flow 107
Enlargement and Contraction Ill
Behavior of Fine Suspension through Complex
Geometry 112
iv
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 114
Conclusions llZ|
Recommendations 115
NOMENCLATURE Il6
BIBLIOGRAPHY II9
APPENDIX -[27
LIST OF TABLES
Table page
1.1 Slurry Pipeline Installations 2
3.1 Properties of Pipes Used in the Construction of
the Plow Loop 29
3.2 Bends, Fittings and Valves Used In 2-ln Pipeline 31
3.3 Bends, Fittings and Valves Used In 1-ln Pipeline 32
3.4 Average Diameters 43
3.5 Partlcle-Slze Data—Glass Beads 44
4.1 Deviation of Loss Coefficient Kg for Water and
Suspensions In 2-in Pipeline 90
4.2 Deviation of Loss Coefficient K^ for Water and
Suspensions In 2-ln Pipeline 91
4.3 Deviation of Equivalent Length (L/D)© for Water
and Suspensions in 2-ln Pipeline 92
4.4 Deviation of Equivalent length (L/D)^ for Water
and Suspensions In 2-in Pipeline 93
4.5 Deviation of Loss Coefficient Kg for Water and
Suspensions in 1-ln Pipeline 94
4.6 Deviation of Loss Coefficient K^ for Water and
Suspensions in 1-ln Pipeline 95
4.7 Deviation of Equivalent Length (L/D)e for Water
and Suspensions In 1-ln Pipeline 96
4.8 Deviation of Equivalent Length ( L / D ) ^ for Water
and Suspensions In 1-ln Pipeline 97
4.9 Comparison of the Experimental Loss Coefficient
Kg for Suspensions and Experimental Data for
Water in 2-ln Pipeline 99
KA for Suspensions and Experimental Data for
Water in 2-in Pipeline 100
vi
4.11 Comparison of the Equivalent Length ( L / D ) ^ for
Suspensions and Experimental Data for Water in
2-in Pipeline 101
2-in Pipeline 102
Kg for Suspensions and Experimental Data for
Water in 1-in Pipeline 103
Ki for Suspensions and Experimental Data for
Water in 1-in pipeline 104
4.15 Comparison of the Equivalent Length (L/D)e for
Suspensions and Experimental Data for Water
in 1-in Pipeline 105
Suspensions and Experimental Data for Water
in 1-in Pipeline 106
A.l The Description of the Column Heading Symbols
for Tables A.2 through A;4l 128
A.2 Experimental Data for 2-in 45°Elbow with
-325 Mesh Glass Beads 129
A.3 Experimental Data for 2-ln 45°Elbow with
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads • • 130
A.4 Experimental Data for 2-in 90°Miter with
A.5 Experimental Data for 2-ln 90°Miter with
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads ^32
A.6 Experimental Data for 2-in 90°Elbow with
A.7 Experimental Data for 2-in 90° Elbow with
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads ^34
A.8 Experimental Data for 2-in R=9" Ell with
A.9 Experimental Data for 2-in R=9" Ell with
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads 13o
V l• l«
A.10 Experimental Data for 2-ln R=17" Ell with
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads 138
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads l40
A.14 Experimental Data for 2-ln 180®Close Pattern
Return Bend with -325 Mesh Glass Beads . . . . l4l
A.15 Experimental Data for 2-ln 180°Close Pattern
Return Bend with -200+325 Mesh Glass Beads • • 142
A.16 Experimental Data for 2-ln Gate Valve with
-325 Mesh Glass Beads l43
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads 1^^
A.l8 Experimental Data for 2-ln Globe Valve with
-325 Mesh Glass Beads 1^5
A.19 Experimental Data for 2-in Globe Valve with
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads . .147
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads l49
A.22 Experimental Data for 1-ln 9cPMiter with
A.23 Experimental Data for 1-ln 90°Miter with
A.25 Experimental Data for 1-ln 9CP Elbow with
A.26 Experimental Data for 1-ln R=4.5" Ell with
A.27 Experimental Data for 1-ln R*4.5" Ell with
• » •
Vlll
A.29 Experimental Data for 1-in R=8.5" Ell with
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads •. . 157
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads I59
A.32 Experimental Data for 1-in 180°Close Pattern
Return Bend with -325 Mesh Glass Beads 1^0
A.33 Experimental Data for 1-in l80°Close Pattern
Return Bend with -200+325 Mesh Glass Beads . . . I6I
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads I63
A.36 Experimental Data for 1-ln Globe Valve with
A.37 Experimental Data for 1-ln Globe Valve with
-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads 1^5
A.38 Experimental Data for 1-in x 2-in Sudden
Enlargement with -325 Mesh Glass Beads I66
Enlargement with -200+325 Mesh Glass Beads • ' • I67
Contraction with -325 Mesh Glass Beads I68
Contraction with -200+325 Mesh Glass Beads ' ' • 1^9
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
Flgur'e page
2.1 Pressure Drop through Straight Pipe 8
2.2 Diagram of a Typical Hydraulic Gradient for an
Obstruction 8
2.3 Pressure Drop through Obstruction and Straight
Pipe 11
3.1 Slurry Pilot Pipeline—Detail of Pipe Layout . . 20
3.2 Schematic Diagram Showing Weigh Tank, Feed
Tank, Pump and Magnetic Flowmeter .21
3.3 2-ln Galvanized-Steel Flow Loop 23
3.4 1-ln Galvanized-Steel Flow Loop 24
3.5 2.5-in PVC Flow Loop 25
3.6 2-in PVC Flow Loop 26
3.7 1.5-ln PVC Flow Loop 27
3.8 Solid Trap Assembly 36
3.9 Partlcle-Slze Distribution 40
3.10 Partlcle-Slze Cumulative Distribution Curve . . 4l
3.11 Solid Partlcle-Slze Distribution (Plotted on
Log Probability Paper) 42
3.12 Purging of Air Bubbles from a Solid Trap . . . . 48
4.1 Loss Coefficient Kg for 2-in 45°Elbow 54
4.2 Loss Coefficient K^ for 2-in 4Êlbow 55
4.3 Loss Coefficient Kg for 2-in 90°Miter 56
4.4 Loss Coefficient Kj_ for 2-in 90°Miter 5?
4.5 Loss Coefficient Kg for 2-in 90°Elbow 58
X
4.6 Loss Coefficient Ki for 2-in 90 Elbow . . . . . 59
4.7 Loss Coefficient Ke for 2-ln 90°R=9" Ell . . . 60
4.8 Loss Coefficient Ki for 2-ln 90°P=9" Ell • . . 61
4.9 Loss Coefficient Ke for 2-in 90°R=17" Ell • . . 62
4.10 Loss Coefficient Ki for 2-in 90°R=17" Ell • . . 63
4.11 Loss Coefficient
ê for 2-in 90°R=25" Ell • . . 64
4.12 Loss Coefficient Ki for 2-ln 90°R=25" Ell • . . 65
4.13 Loss Coefficient for 2-in l80°Return Bend . 66
ê
4.14 Loss Coefficient Ki for 2-ln 180° Return Bend . 67
4.15 Loss Coefficient for 2-ln Gate Valve . • . . 68
Ke
4.16 Loss Coefficient Ki for 2-ln Gate Valve • . . . 69
4.17 Loss Coefficient for 2-ln Globe Valve . - . 70
ê
4.18 Loss Coefficient Ki for 2-ln Globe Valve • . . 71
4.19 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-ln 45°Elbow . . . . . 72
4.20 Loss Coefficient Ki for 1-ln 45°Elbow . . . . . 73
4.21 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-ln 90°Miter . . . . . 74
4.22 Loss Coefficient Ki for 1-ln 90°Mlter . . . . . 75
4.23 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-ln 90° Elbow . . . . . 76
4.24 Loss Coefficient Ki for 1-ln 90° Elbow . . . . . 77
4.25 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-in 90°R=4.5" Ell . . 78
4.26 Loss Coefficient Ki for 1-ln 90°R=4.5" Ell . . 79
4.27 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-in 90°R=8.5" Ell • . 80
4.28 Loss Coefficient Ki for 1-ln 90°R=8.5" Ell • . 81
4.29 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-ln 90°R=12.5" Ell • . 82

4.30 Loss Coefficient Ki for 1-ln 90°R = 12.5" Ell • . 83
4.31 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-ln 180° Return Bend . 84
4.32 Loss Coefficient Ki for 1-ln 180° Return Bend • 85

XI
4.33 Loss Coefficient Kg for 1-ln Gate Valve » * * 86
4.34 Loss Coefficient KJ_ for 1-ln Gate Valve ... 87
4.35 Loss Coefficient Kg for 1-ln Globe Valve • ' • 88
4.36 Loss Coefficient Kj_ for 1-in Globe Valve . . . 89
4.37 Loss Coefficient vs. Relative Radius for 2-ln
Bend ' • • 108
4.38 Loss Coefficient vs. Relative Radius for 1-in
Bend IO9
4.39 Typical Plot of Loss Coefficient vs. Relative
Radius for Water Data (Reproduced from Crane
Co. Technical Report No.410) 110
Xll
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
The transport of solid-liquid mixtures by pipeline has

been known and practiced for many years. Relatively short
pipelines have long been used for the hydraulic transport of
solid raw materials, products, and solids wastes in and from
process plants, of sand and gravel in dredging and similar
operations, and ores in mining operations. In addition,
solid-liquid flow systems are finding new applications in
the technology of large-scale desalination plants. The
solids are added to the flowing fluid streams to control
scale deposition and to enhance convective transport by
increasing the intensity of turbulence. In recent years the
long-distance hydraulic transport of solids has received
Increasing attention, and this is no doubt due to the fact
that there are very good reasons to expect that slurry
pipelines will play a significant role in our future
energy-transportation strategy. Table 1.1, which Is
reproduced from Zandl (1971), presents a listing of the
major commercial slurry pipelines.
Much has been published on the flow of settling

slurries through straight pipelines. Some of this
Table 1.1 Slurry Pipeline Installations (1971)
Pipeline Solid Distance Dianeter ^Capacity

Material (Miles) (Inches) (10® Tons/Year)
Black Mesa, Arizona Coal 270 18. 12 5.8

Cadiz, Ohio Coal 108 10 1.3
(deactivated in I963)
Nerovolynskaya, U.S.S.R . Coal 38 12 1.9
Lorraine, France Coal 6 1.5
Eniile Huchet, France Coal 5.6
Carling, France Coal 5.5 15 2.2
Utal/Nevada* Coal 180 2U 10.0
Wyoming/Arakansas* Coal 1.036 38 25.0
Colorado/Texas* Coal 750 22 9.0
Northwest, U.S.»« Coal 800 30 16.0
Poland Coal 130 10
Russia Coal uo 10 1.8
France Coal 6 16 1.5
Bonanza. Utah Cilsonite 72 6 0.38
Rugby, England Limestone 57 10 1.7
Australia Limestone 55 0.U5
ColaTibia Limestone 5.9 8 0.57
Calaveras, California Limestone 17.4 7 2.0
Savage River, Trasmania Iron Ore 53 9 2.2
Sierra Grande*
Argentina Iron Ore 20 8 2.1
Sar.arco, Brazil* Iron Ore 250 20 12.0
Las Trinchas, Mexico* Iron Ore 17 10 1.5
Africa** Iron Ore 350 18 6.6
India** Iron Ore 36 20, 22 10.c
Australia** Iron Ore U4 8 0.9
North Korea Iron Ore 61 4.5
Pena Colorado, Mexica Iron Ore 30 8 5/8 1.8
Waipipi, New Zealand Iron Sands 6 8, 12 1.0
El Salvador, Chile Copper Ore lU 6 800 tons/day
West Irian, Indonesia Copper
Concentrate 69 4 1/2 0.3
Bouganville, Indonesia Copper
Concentrate 17 6 1.0
Turkey Copper
Concentrate 135 tons
Pinto Valley, Arizona Copper Ore
Concentrate 11 o.u O.U
Japan Copper Tailings uo 8 1.0
South Africa Cold tailings 21.5 6. 9 1.05
Sanderville, Georgia Kaolin. Clay 70 18 200 tons/day
Akita. Japan Mining, Waste uu.i 12 0.5
Gardanne, France Mining Waste 29.8 9, 12 135 ton*
Western U.S. Mining Waste '*.3 U 0.1
Kagoshima. Japan Earth U 2U 28,000 C.Y./day
Rostock, East Germany* Fish 200
Australia** Phosphate 200 16, 22 U. 0-6.0
Canada Sulphur/Hydro-
carbon 800 12, 16
• Planned or in progress
••Proposed
3
information has been consolidated in the works of Durand
(1951, 1953a, 1953b), Durand and Condolols (1952), Newitt
et. al. (1955), Zandl and Govatos (1967), Zand! (1971),
Shook (1976), Wasp et. al. (1977) and Turian and Yuan
(1977). In spite of the extensive literature on
pressure-drop and deposit-velocity correlations for the flow
of slurries through straight pipelines, there is practically
no information on the resistance of bends, fittings, and
valves to slurry flow. Since pipeline Installations usually
contain a considerable number of bends, fittings, and
valves, a knowledge of their resistances to the flow is
needed for proper design.
A principal objective of the present work is to

determine the friction loss for the flow of fine-particle
suspensions (d < 75u) through bends, fittings and valves.
The upper limit of 75P imposed on particle size for
fine-particle suspensions seems to be regarded as an
acceptable limiting value by most researchers in slurry
transport (Parzonka et. al., I98I). Extension of the
present work to large-particle suspensions is devoted to a
later study. Accordingly, the objectives of the present
study are:
1. To collect experimental pressure drop-flow rate data

for the flow of fine-particle suspenslons(d < 75u)
through bends, fittings and valves of different
sizes.
2. To determine the loss coefficients and the equivalent
lengths for bends, fittings and valves associated
with the flow of fine-particle suspensions.
3. To examine the effect of slurry concentration,

particle size, and fitting size on the loss
coefficients and equivalent lengths.
Chapter II
PRESSURE LOSSES IN BENDS, FITTINGS AND VALVES
Pressure losses in a piping system result from the

following possible factors:
1. Pipe friction, which depends on the roughness of the

interior surface of the pipe wall, the Inside
diameter of the pipe, the flow velocity, and the
fluid or suspension properties. For homogeneous
Newtonian fluids the pertinent fluid properties are
the density and viscosity. For non-Newtonian fluids
or suspensions additional data relating to the
rheological behavior and/or suspension
characteristics are required in order to determine
pipe friction; or
2. Changes in direction of flow path; or
3. Obstructions in flow path; or
4. Sudden or gradual changes in cross-section ani shape

of flow path.
A convenient method of accounting for the various
pressure losses in a piping system is through use of the
"macroscopic mechanical-energy balance", which for
steady-state. Isothermal, incompressible flow is given by
(Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot, I96O):
+ AZ+^+h^=0. (2.1)
( 2g I pg
Equation (2.1) is applicable to a system with one inlet and

one outlet, designated here as Sections "1" and "2",
respectively. The definitions of the various quantities in
this equation are as follows:
<v> = average velocity, ft/sec
<v^>
a = ,. , Kinetic-energy correction factor
<v>^
g = gravitational acceleration, ft/sec*^
P = fluid density, Ib/ft^
P , Pp = pressure at sections "1" and "2",
p
respectively, Ib^/ft
Z = local elevation referred to a prescribed datum
plane, ft
W = rate at which mechanical work is performed by
system on its surroundings per unit mass of
fluid, Ibf ft/lt^ sec
hf - frlctlonal head loss between sections "1" and
"2", ft
The macroscopic mechanical-energy balance represented

by Equation (2.1) is applicable to single-phase as well as
multiphase flow. For an incompressible fluid flowing in a
straight section of a horizontal pipe of length L, as shown
in Figure 2.1, Equation (2.1) reduces to
Pg Pg
The presence of a valve or an obstruction in a straight pipe

will alter the charateristic flow pattern and create
turbulence, causing a pressure loss greater than that
normally accompanying flow in straight pipe. A schematic
representation of the pressure distribution along an
obstruction is shown in Figure 2.2, where the curve A-B-C-D
represents the pressure distribution along the obstruction,
while A-B'-C'-D' represents the pressure distribution in a
corresponding straight pipe. If the obstruction were
removed, the pressure distribution would be represented by
A-B'-C"-D". According to Figure 2.2, the pressure drop
caused by an obstruction consists of the following three
parts:
Figure 2.1 Pressure Drop through Straight Pipe
Upstream Obstruction Downstream
Figure 2.2 Diagram of a Typical Hydraulic Gradient

for an Obstruction
9
1. The pressure drop in the piping upstream of the
disturbance in excess of that which would normally
occur in the absence of the obstruction. This
pressure loss is represented by the vertical distance
B-B' in Figure 2.2 and is denoted by (-AP)^. In
general, this pressure drop is usually small and
results from propagation of the disturbance upstream
of the obstruction to the flow path.
2. The pressure drop within the obstruction itself which

is represented by the vertical distance between
points B and C in Figure 2.2, and is denoted by
(-AP)^.
3. The pressure drop in the piping downstream of the

disturbance in excess of that which would normally
occur in the absence of the obstruction. This
pressure loss is represented by the vertical distance
C-E in Figure 2.2 and is denoted by (-AP)^ . This
a
pressure loss is comparatively large since the dis-
turbance affects a much larger section of the down-
stream flow until the flow is fully developed again.
Accordingly, the total pressure drop (-AP)^ chargeable

to an obstruction is given by
(-AP)^ = (-AP)^ ^ ^-APô"" ^-^^^d ^ ^'^ ^
The quantity (-AP^-^ is shown in Figure 2.2.

10
It is not easy to measure each of these pressure drops

separately nor is it necessary, since the combined effect of
these pressure drops can be measured accurately. Thus, the
acceptable method is to use the combined effect of the
pressure drops.
In general, there are two methods to express the

pressure loss attributable to an obstruction. These are
defined with reference to Figure 2.3. In Figure 2.3, the
pressure drop (-AP),, is for a section of pipeline of length
c=(a+d+b) which Includes an obstruction of length d. In
Figure 2.3b, the pressure drop (-AP)^ is for a section of
pipeline of the same diameter and length but without the
obstruction. The first method of expressing the pressure
loss chargeable to the obstruction is to report the pressure
drop (-AP)e defined as
(-AP)e = (-AP)i - (-AP)2 ( 2.4 )
The subscript "e" in the quantity (-AP)e indicates that this

definition excludes the pressure loss in the straight-pipe
section between the pressure taps Including the length d of
the obstruction. Comparing Figures 2.2 and 2.3a, it is easy
to see that
(-AP)t = (-AP)e ^ ^'^^^m ^ ^'^ ^

11
Ar,
— d
•A/':-
!•--d---•!
Figure 2.3 Pressure Drop through Obstruction and

;traight Pipe
12
where (-AP)m is the Moody loss due to the axial length of

the obstruction. The Moody loss (-AP)jji is computed
separately by adding the axial length of the fitting to the
pipe length.
In the second method^ the pressure loss attributable to

the obstruction in Figure 2.3 is expressed as
^-AP)i = (-AP)i - (-AP)2 ( 2.6 )
where (-AP)^ is the pressure loss for a section of pipe of

length (a+b). The subscript "1" in the quantity (-AP)j_
indicates that this pressure drop Includes the Moody loss
due to the axial length d of the obstruction. Thus
(-AP^t = (-^)i ( 2.7 )
Losses in bends, fittings and valves are usually

reported in terms of the number K of velocity heads lost by
flow through the obstructions. Thus, the loss coefficient K
is defined as
<v>V2g <v>'^/2g iP<v>^

13
where hTii= (-AP)/pg is the head loss through the obstruction.

According to the definitions in Equations (2.3) and (2.5),
two analogous definitions for the loss coefficient may be
written as
Ke = ' = 1 =- L. (2.9)
<v>V2g <v>V2g iP<v>^
and
î (-AP) /og (-AP)i

Ki = T = Y = T ^ ^-^^ '
<v> /2g <v> /2g iP<v>
An alternate procedure for reporting pressure losses in

obstructions is to introduce an "equivalent length" L^q of
straight pipe which produces a head loss equivalent to the
/ iP\
head loss in a particular obstruction. Thus, if l" 32 L
denotes the pressure gradient for the straight pipe, the
equivalent length L is given by
eq
(-iP) = U a ( - | f l ( 2.11 )
14
where (-AP) is the pressure drop through the obstruction.

Equation (2.11) may be rearranged by
^^^ (-^^) (-AP)/pg pgh.

m
-s)." • (-s),""' " ( - s ) / • "•'''
According to the definitions in Equations (2.4) and
(2.6), two analogous definitions for L /D may be written as
eq
(-AP)^ pghg
^^/°ê = / 8PX = / aPx ( 2.13 )
3z/s^ r 3z Js°
and
(-AP). pgh.
^^/°î = / 3PN = / aPN ^ ^-^^ )
" 3ljs° r 3^js°
where the abbreviation (L/D) was used to represent (L^ /D)

15
From Equations (2.4), (2.6), (2.9), (2.10), (2.13) and
(2.14), it is clear that the loss coefficients and the
equivalent lengths can be found from measurements of the
pressure drops (-AP),and (-AP)^ in Figure 2.3. Here, the
distances a and b should be taken long enough to contain the
entire flow disturbance caused by the presence of the
fitting upstream and downstream from the obstruction. For
flow through smooth pipe bends, Ito (I96O) found that a dis-
tance of about 3 "to 5 diameters is required upstream, while
a distance of about 35 to 50 diameters may be necessary be-
fore the pressure gradient downstream becomes constant.
In the present work, however, comparatively shorter dis-
tances were found to be required for the flow of fine-parti-
cle suspensions, presumably due to the roughness of the pipe
surface and the increase in turbulent mixing caused by the
suspended solids. In general, a distance of 2 to 3 diameters
upstream and 12 diameters downstream were found to be suffi-
cient.
It can be shown through dimensional analysis that, for

Incompressible Newtonian flow without suspended solids, K is
a dlmensionless function of an appropriate Reynolds number
and of dlmensionless geometrical ratios characteristic of
the fitting or valve. Accordingly the loss coefficient
should be the same for all sizes of a given fitting or valve
provided "dynamic similarity" is maintained. Dynamic
similarity here requires that the Reynolds number be
16
maintained equal for all sizes, and all the fittings or

valves of different sizes must be "geometrically similar".
It turns out that K is usually not strongly dependent on Re,
since in turbulent flow through straight pipe, the friction
loss hf is very nearly proportional to <v> , However,
manufacturing economies and considerations of standards,
structural strength and other factors usually preclude
fabrication of strictly geometrically similar fittings and
valves in different sizes of any given design. Obviously,
geometric similarity would also require that the relative
roughness of the inside surface of these devices be the same
for all sizes. It is therefore found that K varies with
size of the device. Typical values of K are available in
Perry's Engineers' Handbook (5th Edition, 1973) and the
Crane Co. Publication (1980) cited in the literature.
For the flow of solid-liquid suspensions, the

dependence of the friction loss on the variables
characterizing the flowing medium and the flow conditions is
not known. In fact, the complete set of pertinent
dlmensionless groups on which K must depend have not yet
been established. Research cited in chapter 1, on flow of
non-Newtonian fluids and of suspensions in straight
pipelines, has Indicated that flows of such complex fluids
through fittings and valves are likely to be complicated.
There is virtually no information on flows of complex fluids
1?
and suspensions through fittings and valves. A small number

of published works exists, but these are limited to
gas-solid transport through pipe bends (Schuchart, 1968;
Sproson et. al., 1973; Mason and Smith, 1973; Ikemori and
Munakata, 1973; and Morikawa et. al., 1978).
Chapter III
EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTS
3.1 DESCRIPTION OP EQUIPMENT

The main experimental facility used in this study
consisted of a slurry pilot pipeline containing five
different test flow loops. A detailed diagram of the entire
facility is shown in Figure 3.1. It consists mainly of a
feed tank, a centrifugal pump, five test flow loops,
flowmeter, and a weigh tank. The various features and
specifications of this equipment are described separately in
the following paragraphs.
3.1.1 Feed Tank and Weigh Tank

The feed tank, as well as the weigh tank, were
cylindrical stainless-steel tanks having conical bottoms
with 3-ln flanged outlets at the center (see Figure 3.2).
The diameter and the height of the feed tank were 3 ft and 4
ft, respectively. In the feed tank, a 1/3-hp Llghtnln mixer
was mounted. The mixer shaft was 3 ft in length and carried
two 8.9-in diameter propellers. A cooling coil made of
1/2-ln copper tubing was also Installed to control the
18
19
slurry temperature with cool tap water. The flanged bottom
outlet of the feed tank was connected to a 3-in gate valve,
followed by a 3-in flanged tee leading to the pump inlet.
The tee was oriented so that the fluid made a 90°turn going
into the pump inlet. The opening of the tee opposite the
pump inlet was sealed with a blind flange, which was drilled
and tapped to accept a 3/4-ln pipe used for draining the
system. The weigh tank, having a diameter and height of
2-1/2 ft, had a 3-ln butterfly valve connected to its bottom
outlet. It was equipped with a 1/8-hp Llghtnln mixer and
was placed on a Fischer Scientific Platform Balance Model
No.802 with 1000-lb capacity, and the entire assembly was
mounted on a 7-ft high platform which was high enough so
that the outlet pipe from the weigh tank was approximately
4 in above the feed tank.
3.1.2 Pump, Motor, and Control

A centrifugal slurry pump made by Morris Machine Works
was used. The pump was a model 2JC11 with 3-in I.D.
suction, 2-in I.D. discharge, and 9-1/2 in impeller
diameter. Operated at 1750 rpm, it is rated to develop 140
ft of head. One of the special features of this pump was
that the pump casing could be opened easily for cleaning in
case of blockage with solids. No problems of this sort were
encountered, however. The pump was coupled to a 10-hp
20
•p
3
O
>»
•J
0)
a
•H
O
cd
o
I
I
4;
C
0)
a
O
L.
LI
CO
21
TD
<D
(U
fe
A
Jsrf
C
n;
E- t.
.C +J
<u
bO 0)
•^ E
(U f
^ O
iH
li)PC4
c
•H O
» -H
O 4J
j:: 0)
CO c
bO
E «j
rt s
c
MT3
rt C
^ (d
Q
a
o E
"H 3
•P CLi
cd
E *
<i) ^
s: c
o (d
CO E-'
CM
•H
<
-J
Q.
22
variable-speed dc motor with stepless speed control and
tachometer-feedback speed control, made by Reliance Electric
Co. The motor came with a solid-state control panel which
was used to provide the rectified power to the motor and
also the electronic controls for varying the motor speed.
The pump and motor were mounted on a steel base (see Figure
3.2). In order to lubricate the packing of the pump thrust
bearing, we used a 2-oz spring-loaded grease cup filled with
waterproof lubricant. A little water was allowed to flow
through the bearing to prevent the grease from flowing into
the circuit. This system was preferred to lubrication with
water, because it avoided the flow of an unknown amount of
water into the test loop.
3,1.3 Test Flow Loops

Five different flow loops were used In the flow
experiments. These consisted of:
(1) 2-ln galvanlzed-steel flow loop (see Fig. 3.3)
(2) 1-in galvanlzed-steel flow loop (see Fig. 3.4)
(3) 2-1/2 in PVC flow loop (see Fig. 3.5)
(4) 2-ln PVC flow loop (see Fig. 3-6)
(5) 1-1/2 in PVC flow loop (see Fig. 3-7).
23
p.
o
o
0>
Q)
+^
CO
I
xs
<D
CO
•H
c
cd
>
I-"
Cd
O
C
•H
I
Csl
•H
2&
24
S
T ?-^ -6*1
n
I *I
z
<
o
Ui
Ul UJ Ul ^
UJ
Z z z UJ
^ ^ ^
• Q A LV S
Ul
PIPE LINE
Ii! u*
a.
S. c a. o -t
PVC
PVC
PVC
a it
«B UJ
O 2 -ii
O
O
z - 5
< o
E
i - *
Wo
r7^ -4-3--
0)
4->
CO
o;
N
•H
c
cd
>
Cd
e
"U C-
c
/ I
7o
2 4^ 2 - C
oc o -^
• <
s
S It
" < ' - >
o
a
II •H
-4-3-
Q ul
ZE
- 3
Z CO
lU E
& a-
VU7
|5
OS
50
o «9
z
< a-
8
t- UJ
25
UiK
ZUJ
C9S
Ui 0.
Z
INE
Ui
D
Z
-j .a -1
fi I Q.
2
O
did
NH
£ Ui
OC
u.
IPE
o m
I
Ui
III
> a. H
OL CO
; (•)
co
:S> >
Q.
: <
2 CM
O
c o
u. N o
Tt
o
CM
CM ? i o
o
Ui
CC
I ! I!
Ui UJ UJ
r-{
z IJ
-J
z z-J >
Ui UJ UJ OH
Q. Q. Q.
E QL
CL Q. a. C
U U u •H
> > UJ
Q. 0. UJ I
is CM (0 •
^ > C\i
O 2" GAL
n O
Ul
CC
^:
•H
[Si OH
(C
UJ
Z
UJ
CO
CM
a.
QL
o
>
CM
'^—l. JJ
*«w «w
26
UJ
a.
2
z
3
UJ f UJ
(L
2
ZUJ
£
u< 5s ^
UJ
(J
Ik
UJ .
So
2- > J
O
O
UJ
c
>
E OI
I
CM
UJ
c m
e
a.
•H
, UJ =
2 M£
9>ui
27
a
o
o
UJ
QC
>
is
GC
CL
I
in
UJ 0)
CE
is •H
cc
0.
28
The orientation of these flow loops is shown in Figure 3.1.
The entire flow-loop system was supported independently from
the pump-motor assembly on a frame constructed from slotted
angle iron. A 4-ft length of 2-ln flexible rubber hose
connected the pump discharge to the inlet of a short section
of a 2-in PVC straight pipe. A metal-case thermometer
(Fischer Scientific Model No. 15-080A, range: 30-240 ^ ) and
a bourdon-tube pressure gage (Weksler Model No. EA14, range:
0-lOp psl) were mounted on this pipe. The outlet of this
pipe was connected to the five flow loops using one cross
and two tees. Five control valves were installed to direct
the flow into each flow loop (see Figures 3.3 through 3.7).
The return ends of all flow loops (except the 1-in
galvanlzed-steel flow loop) led to a short section of a 2-ln
PVC straight pipe, which was connected by means of a rubber
hose to a pipe leading to the magnetic flowmeter. This type
of arrangement was planned in order to minimize the
transmission of vibrations from the pump to the pipe test
section. The flowmeter was mounted so that the flow In It
was in a vertical direction, with a 3-ft length of vertical
pipe preceeding it to prevent excessive impingement of
solids on the inner wall of the flowmeter. The discharge
from the flowmeter led to a 2-in three-way valve, which
could be used to direct the flow back into the feed tank, or
into the weigh tank.
29
The nominal and actual diameters of the pipes used in
the construction of the five flow loops are given in Table
3.1. The longest continuous pieces of pipe used in the
cnstructlon were 20 ft for PVC flow loops and 21 ft for the
galvanlzed-steel flow loops. All pipe connections in the
loops were made using compression couplings, which were set
to give minimum pipe end-to-end separation. To operate each
flow loop Independently, gate valves were Installed at the
inlet and outlet of each flow loop.
Table 3.1 Properties of Pipes Used in the Construction of

the Flow Loop
Nominal Outside Schedule Inside

Flow loop Material pipe size dlam., number dlam.,
in. in. in.
2-ln galvanized 2 2.375 40 2.067

steel steel
1-ln galvanized 1 1.315 40 1.049
steel steel
2-1/2 in PVC PVC 2-1/2 2.875 80 2.323
2-in PVC PVC 2 2.375 80 1.939
1-1/2 in PVC PVC 1-1/2 1.900 80 1.500
The two galvanlzed-steel flow loops contained an array

of bends, fittings, and valves, as shown in Figures 3.3 and
3.4. The types of bends, fittings, and valves contained in
30
these pipe loops are listed in Tables 3.2 and 3.3. These
were bought in the open market and tested Just as received.
As indicated in Figures 3.3 and 3.4, the various bends,
fittings, and valves were adequately separated by long
sections of straight pipe to provide enough entrance length
in order to secure fully developed flow before a test
section. The quantities R (radius of centerline of bend or
radius of curranture), R/D (the relative radius), and t
(axial length of center line of fitting) for these fittings
are shown in Tables 3.2 and 3.3.
The 2-ln galvanlzed-steel flow loop consisted of a

straight section of pipe, approximately 70 ft long. This
outgoing leg branched at the downstream end into two
pipelines (pipeline I and pipeline II in Figure 3.3) lying
in the same horizontal plane. The outgoing straight pipe
lay in a lower horizontal plane and was connected to the two
pipelines by a short section of straight vertical pipe. The
locations of bends, fittings and valves used are clearly
indicated in Figure 3*3.
The 1-in galvanlzed-steel flow loop consisted of a

straight section of pipe, approximately 70 ft long. This
outgoing leg contained an 8-ft 1/2-in straight section of
2-in pipe. This was used to Install a 1-in x 2-in
enlargement and 2-in x 1-in contraction (see Figure 3-4). A
31
Table 3.2 Bends, Valves and Fittings Used in 2-in Pipeline
Length of Distance between

Description Material fitting, t pressure taps
in ^ ft
Bends
45 elbow, galvanized 2.24 2.156

standard steel
90° miter, galvanized 4.00 2.188
(R/D = 0)» steel
90° elbow, galvanized 3.86 2.292
standard steel
90° R=9-in Ell black steel 14.14 5.802
(R/D = 4.5)**
(R/D = 8.5)**
(R/D = 12.5)**
180 close pat- galvanized 5.62 2.573
tern return bend steel
Valves
gate valve brass 3.19 2.146
globe valve brass 2.56 2.292
• One pipe diameter is used as tangent at each end.

»* The relative radius R/D is defined as the ratio of the
axial radius to the nominal pipe diameter of the bend.
32
Table 3.3 Bends, Valves and Fittings Used in 1-ln Pipeline
Length of Distance between

Description Material fitting, t pressure taps
in ^ ft
Bends
standard steel
90° miter, galvanized 2.00 2.115
(R/D = 0 ) * steel
standard steel
90° R=4.5-ln Ell black steel 7.07 4.927
(R/D = 4.5)**
90° R=8.5-in Ell black steel 13.35 5.^58
(R/D = 8.5)**
90° R=12.5-ln Ell black steel 19.64 5-958
(R/D = 12.5)**
180° close pat- galvanized 3.73 2.333
tern return bend steel
Valves
gate valve brass 2.50 2.146

globe valve brass 1.59 2.115
Fittings
1" X 2" sudden galvanized 0.0 2.094

enlargement steel
2" X 1" sudden galvanized 0.0 2.063
contraction steel
» One pipe diameter is used as tangent at each end.

»» The relative radius R/D is defined as the ^ f ^° °!;^^J}^
axial radius to the nominal pipe diameter of the bend.
33
180 bend was used to connect the outgoing leg to the return
leg of the flow loop. The two legs of the flow loop lay in
the same horizontal plane. The locations of bends, fittings
and valves used in this flow loop are clearly indicated in
Figure 3.4. The outlet of the return leg was connected to a
flexible rubber hose, which could be used to divert the flow
into a measuring column or the feed tank. The measuring
column was used to measure the flow rate and solids'
concentrations in the 1-in galvanlzed-steel flow loop. It
consisted of a long, square, calibrated Plexlglas column,
with a 7-in x 7-ln cross-section and a height of 6 ft.
Connections from the 1-ln galvanlzed-steel flow loop to the
2-ln magnetic flowmeter were not made, to avoid potential
settling of solids when flowing from a 1-ln to a 2-in pipe.
The vertical arrows on the pipelines, shown in Figures

3.3 and 3.4, indicate the positions of the pressure taps.
Distances between pairs of pressure taps for a given fitting
are shown in these figures and are also tabulated in Tables
3.2 and 3.3. Moreover, as Indicated in Figures 3.3 and 3.4,
pairs of pressure taps were installed on a straight section
of the outgoing legs of the galvanlzed-steel flow loops.
The lengths of these straight test sections were 18 ft
11-1/4 in for the 2-in and 18 ft 11-1/2 in for the 1-in
galvanlzed-steel flow loops. Measured pressure drops for
these straight sections were subtracted from the pressure
34
drop through the fitting plus pipe to ascertain the pressure
drop chargeable to the fitting alone.
Each of the three PVC flow loops consisted of two

horizontal parallel legs of pipe, approximately 70 ft in
length each, and connected together using a short section of
pipe. Pairs of pressure taps were mounted on the return leg
of each of the PVC flow loops, as indicated in Figures 3.5
to 3.7. The locations of the first pressure tap on a return
leg was at least 22 ft 8 in from the entrance point. This
allowed enough entrance length to secure fully developed
flow in each of the test sections. Pairs of pressure taps
connected to the same manometer and transducer were always
on the same continuous section of pipe, which helped in
decreasing the possible distortion of the pressure-drop
readings by disturbances from an intervening pipe Joint.
The lengths of the straight test sections were 18 ft 3-5/8
in, 18 ft 11 in, and 18 ft 8-7/8 in for the 2-1/2 in, 2-in,
and 1-1/2 in PVC flow loops, respectively.
3.1.4 Pressure Taps

The pressure taps were constructed by drilling a
l/l6-in hole through the pipe wall. For the
galvanlzed-steel a 1/4-in x 1-in and a 1/4-in x 2-in forged
steel ThredOlets were welded to the 1-in and 2-in pipelines,
respectively. To make connections for the PVC, a mount was
35
made by machining a block of PVC, and tapping a 1/4-in
thread through it. With the 1/4-in hole in the block,
concentric with the l/l6-in hole in the pipe, the block was
cemented to the PVC pipe wall. Each pressure tap was
connected to a solid trap, from which the lines to the
manometer and pressure transducer were connected (see Figure
3.8).
3.1.5 Solid Traps

The solid traps were made of 2-in O.D. Plexlglas
cylinders of 1-ft height and 1/4-ln wall thickness. The
ends of the cylinders were sealed with circular Plexlglas
plugs. One end of the cylinder was tapped for a 1/2-in
fitting and the other for a 1/4-in fitting. In addition, a
1/4-in tap was made through the center of the cylindrical
wall. This last center hole was connected to the pressure
taps on the pipe. The 1/4-in hole through the end of the
trap was used for connecting to the manometer and pressure
transducer lines. The 1/2-in holes were plugged, and
generally used for cleaning the traps. The solid traps
could be mounted vertically with either the 1/2-in or the
1/4-inch at the top, so that the setup could be used with
slurries of solids heavier and also lighter than the liquid.
The 1/4-ln opening on the solids trap was connectel to two
1/4-in tees in series (see Figure 3.8). A vent plug was
36
'/•:• VENT PLUG
MANOMETER
— TO
T PRESSURE
©r TRANSDUCER
2" O.D. y*" WALL PLEXIGLASS TUBE
74" BALL VALVE
%" SWAGELOCK MALE CONNECTOR /

^'h" DRAIN PLUG
1?^" X I V X Ss" PLASTIC BLOCK OR ij" THREDOLET
1/16" PRESSURE TAP
PIPE
Figure 3.8 Solid Trap Assembly

37
installed on the outer tee. The axis of the plug was the
same as that of the trap cylinder, and it was used for
purging the manometer and transducer lines of air bubbles.
The side openings of the two tees were connected to the
manometer and transducer lines. The manometer and
transducer lines were 1/4-in rigid polyethylene tubing,
which was semi-transparent and permitted the detection of
trapped air bubbles.
3.1.6 Manometers and Pressure Transducers

The manometers used to measure pressure differences
were Merlam Model No. 20DA40 U-type manometers with a
reading range of 36 inches. Three types of manometers
indicating fluid were used in the experiments: mercury,
Merlam 295 No. 3 red fluid with specific gravity 2.95, and
Merlam 175 blue fluid with specific gravity 1.75.
Eight Validyne DP15 variable-reluctance

differential-pressure transducers were also used to measure
pressure differences. These were calibrated, using
manometers, for the following ranges: 0.08-0.13 psi,
0.13-0.20 psi, 0.20-0.30 psi, 0.30-0.50 psl, 0.50-0.80 psi,
0.80-1.30 psi, 1.30-2.00 psl, and 2.00-3-20 psi. Each
pressure transducer was connected to a Validyne CDI8 plug-in
carrier demodulator. All eight carriers were installed in a
Validyne MCI-20 multi-channel modular with a PM212
digital-readout module plug-in panel display.
38
A piping manifold, equipped with twelve WHITEY 5-way

ball valves, was used to connect the pressure taps to the
desired manometer or transducer, and also to Isolate
manometers or transducers from the system.
3.1.7 Magnetic Flowmeter

A 2-in Foxboro magnetic flowmeter was Installed in our
system. This flowmetering system consisted of a magnetic
flow transmitter (Foxboro Model E96S-HA), a magnetic
flow-current converter (Foxboro Model 28-02-SABA-TSA-G), and
a recorder (Foxboro Model E20S-HIFB6).
3.2 SOLID PARTICLES AND CARRIER LIQUID
3.2.1 Solid Particles

The suspensions used in the flow experiments consisted
of glass beads suspended in water. The glass beads were
obtained from the Cataphote Division of Ferro Corporation.
These are usually used in liquid or air blasting and also as
cleaning, peening, and finishing agents.
The glass beads were spherical in shape, containing not

more than 10/S irregularly shaped particles. They were
reasonably free of sharp angular particles, the quantity of
which did not exceed 3%, and foreign matter, the quantity of
which did not exceed 1%, including iron particles which did
not exceed 0.5%.
39
Two narrow size fractions of fine particles were used.

These were MS-XLX (-325 mesh) and MS-L (-200+325 mesh). The
density of each size was measured using a pycnonieter. A
density of 2.352 gm/cm-* was taken as an average for both
sizes since only small variations were observed in their
densities. Particle-size measurements were carried out on
both sizes of beads using a photomicrograph system, which
entailed measuring the particle diameter of a large number
of particles in each size range (212 particles for the small
size and 214 particles for the large size) . These data were
used to construct the histograms shown in Figure 3.9 and the
cumulative-distribution curves shown in Figure 3.10. The
cumulative-distribution curves of Figure 3.10 are also
replotted on log probability paper in Figure 3.11. These
data were used to determine an equivalent mean particle
diameter to represent the particle size for each size range.
Various forms of averaging are possible. Table 3.4 lists
various definitions for the average diameter (Klinzing,
1981). These average diameters were calculated for the
present data and are given in Table 3.5. Also included in
Table 3.5 is the particle diameter d^^ which corresponds to
D
the diameter of a relative cumulative frequency of 50% (see
Figure 3.11).
o.
-325 mesh g l a s s beads
4o
O,
CO
0)
H
o o.
•H
n
•P
U
Cd
PH
•in
O o
U
2:
o-
10 20 30 46 50 60 70 80
-200+325 mesh g l a s s beads

o
en
CO
0)
o
•H
-P o
Cd C\i
o
%A o
6
2:
—r
10 20 30 ko 50 6b 70 80
Particle Diameter, microns
Figure 3.9 Partlcle-Slze Distribution

A "325 mesh glass beads
O -200+325 mesh glass beads
1
50 75" 70 8^
Particle Diameter, microns
Figure 3.10 P a r t i c l e Size-Cumulative Distribution Curv.

42
a
cd
>>
« 4J
03
Cd
CD
rO (d
<
Cd
to 0) O
L.
0) CL
t£
•
o> . O
(D ^J
JO N
"0> -H c
W o
•p
Cd 4->
o
Ul rH
c
Cd
c
o
O ^ •H
3
JD
T-l
03
- O -P
o tsj
LSI •H
CO
I
l-« > OJ
l-l
•H a
-P •H
«^ rH 4J
cd
o
CO
I I I I T—\—I 1 r M i l T—r "T "T

001. OS Ot^ oc 03 01
suoJiOTui *jiaq.euiBTa axoi^JBd cn
tie
•H
^3
Table 3.'t Average Diameters
Type General formula
Length mean diameter d^ = ^Nd/X^N

(Number average diameter)
? 1 /2
Surface mean diameter d = (J^Nd / S ^ )
Volume mean diameter d^ = ( ^ N d V ^ N )
volume surface mean diameter ^s" S^d /J^Nd
(Sauter mean diameter)
Weight mean diameter d^ = J^lid /^Nd?
3.2.2 Carrier Liquid

Tap water was used as a carrier liquid for all flow
experiments. The use of liquids other than water in
pilot-size pipelines, a scale which ultimately must be used
in this type of research, is somewhat impractical. The
density and viscosity of the tap water were measured using a
pycnometer and Brookfleld Synchro-Lee trie viscometer,
respectively, in the temperature range of 5 C to 30 C.
The results obtained were in close agreement with those
reported in the literature for pure water (Weast and Astle,
60th edition, 1979). Using multiple linear regression
these data were correlated to obtain the following density-
and viscosity-temperature relationships:
44
.%•
• •
-c a zs CM
en
CQ
> • •
CM
en
en
> • •
en
03
KI
T3
Cd
CO •
pa
03 CM
03 CM
Cd
r-t
c o vr.
I • •
I CM 03 ^
Cd
to
B •a
09 cd
(D
M • •
•H cd U CM
CO > ên vO
I
v^ CM u
0)
rH
•a > o en I
O • • £
•H CM >o Cd -
«ii4 «-4
•P
u
cd
en o
• •
p* Cv
•p
en
cd c
0)
p. a
CM ^ •«4
.-4 ^->
cd ^ CM CM Cd
6^
o > CM
>»
4J tn CVi CM •a
—< s vrv v^
C3 O en en -a
^ \ • • Si* I
3J no CM CM 5 Cd
Q -3
C
3 etf
ca
•3
03

X s en
O ^ >
o X vr> *J o
(S 1 CM
1 o •a
wen es
s I I
in CM
in
^5
Ql = 0.99987 + 5.74804x10"^ T - 7 . 9 0 0 l 6 x l 0 " ^ T^
+ 4.30370x10"® T^ ( 3.1 )
y * 1.77887 - 0.05784 T + 0.00114 T^ - 1.06l48xl0"^ T^
( 3.2 )
where P^ is g/cm^, T in °C, and u In centipoise.
3.3 FLOW EXPERIMENTS

In the experiments with glass beads, flow rate,
temperature, pressure drop through straight sections of the
test pipes, pressure drop through bends, valves, and
fittings, and the discharge concentration of solids were
determined. In the present study, experimental data from
the galvanlzed-steel flow loops were used to investigate the
flow of fine-particle suspensions through bends, valves, and
fittings. In a separate study (Ma, 198I), the PVC flow
loops were used to develop pressure drop correlations for
the flow of fine particle suspensions through horizontal
pipelines. The procedure and measurements are described in
the following paragraphs.
3.3.1 Calibration of the Magnetic Flowmeter

The magnetic flowmeter was calibrated using the weigh
tank and circulating water. The calibration was repeated
46
using a suspension consisting of the -325 mesh glass beads.

It was found, that on a volumetric basis, the calibration of
the flowmeter was not affected by the presence of solids.
The magnetic flowmeter was used for measuring flow rates for
all the flow loops except the 1-in galvanlzed-steel flow
loop. The flow loop in the latter was measured using the
measuring column.
3.3.2 Operation of the Flow System

For each bead size the flow experiments were carried
out with the lowest solids' concentration first. To
increase the solids' concentration, additional amounts of
solids were added into the feed tank. This was done while
the suspension already present in the system was
circulating. The charging of the initial suspension, i.e.
the lowest concentration for each bead size, was done as
follows. A measured quantity of water was poured into the
feed tank. The liquid was circulated in one of the flow
loops by starting the pump, and the necessary quantity of
solids was gradually poured into the feed tank while the
mixer was running. The gradual addition of solids helps
prevent any solid plugs from forming in the pump or other
parts of the system, where they could obstruct the
circulation. The system was operated in closed circuit in
order to attain the highest possible flow rates without neei
U7
of an excessively large quantity of suspension. Under these

operating conditions, attrition and grinding of the solids
might become important if the circulation is maintained for
long periods. In our case, however, these problems were not
significant. No appreciable quantity of broken glass
spheres was detected, even though we often operated with the
same suspension system intermittently over a period of
several days using the same charge of beads.
After charging the water and glass beads into the

system, the slurry was circulated for a sufficiently long
period of time to Insure proper mixing. Air bubbles in the
pipe loop were eliminated by increasing the flow rate. The
air bubbles in the manometer lines were also purged through
the vent valves on the solid traps and the manometers. In
addition, to remove the air bubbles from a solid trap, the
trap was Isolated from the manometer and the pipeline and
then purged with clear water from a utility water line as
shown in Figure 3.12
It took several days to gather flow data for several

concentrations for each size of beads in each flow loop.
Clearly, it was quite convenient to be able to keep the same
suspension in the system for several days, since to increase
the concentration merely entailed adding the require!
quantity of solids.
48
CO
LI
Cd
o
CM
03
Cd
c
;^
3
OJ
en
(D
49
To shut off the system between experiments, the solid

traps and manometer lines were first isolated, the pump was
then stopped, and the gate valve at the bottom of the feed
tank was immediately closed. The mixing and the cooling
water circulation in the feed tank remained operating to
maintain the solids in suspension and to prevent any
temperature rise due to frlctlonal dissipation. To restart
the system, the gate valve at the bottom of the feed tank
was opened, the pump was started, and the solid traps and
manometer lines were connected to the system. To divert the
flow from one flow loop to another, the solid traps and the
inlet and outlet valves of the desired flow loop were
opened, which was followed immediately by closing the outlet
and inlet valve of the previously operating flow loop.
The procedure used for recovery of the glass beads

after completion of the experiments entailed diverting the
return flow from the feed tank to several storage tanks. At
the same time, clear water was fed to the feed tank from a
utility water line, in order to flush any remaining solid
particles out of the system. The suspension in the storage
tanks was allowed to settle and the clear water above the
settled slurry was siphoned.
The experimental measurements were recorded when stealy

conditions were attained, and this was indicated when the
manometer readings becsime steady.
50
3.3.3 Flow Rate

The flow in the test pipes could be set at any velocity
between approximately 1.2 and 14 ft/sec by varying the speed
of the motor. The flow rate in all flow loops, except the
1-ln galvanlzed-steel flow loop, was measured using the
magnetic flowmeter. For measuring the flow rate in the 1-in
galvanlzed-steel flow loop, the measuring column was used.
The temperature of the circulating suspension was recorded.
Any temperature rise, due to frlctlonal dissipation, was
eliminated by manual adjustment of the cooling-water rate in
the coll inside the feed tank.
3.3.4 Pressure Drop

Preceding each series of experiments with a given solid
size, the pressure drop-flow rate data for water were taken.
These data provided a periodic check on the procedure, and
on whether the pipeline characteristics had been affected by
the circulating suspensions. The flow experiments with the
suspensions were carried out in the same way, and, in
addition, the discharge concentration of solids was
determined for each flow rate. To check on reproducibility,
the measurements at each flow rate were repeated, sometimes
several times. These data are given in Appendix A.
51
3.3.5 Discharge Concentration

For the present study only the volumetric discharge
concentration was necessary. The discharge concentration
was measured for each flow rate. Samples of circulating
suspension were taken from the discharge end of the flow
system. The solids' concentration was measured using
2000-ml graduated cylinders. The volumetric concentration
was calculated using the following equations:
Mt= VgPg + VÔ^ ( 3.3 )

Vt= Vg + V^ ( 3.4 )
where Mt = total mass of the sample

Vt = total volume of the sample
Vg = volume of solids In the sample
Vy = volume of liquid in the sample
Equations (3.3) and (3.4) may be solved simultaneously for Vg
and V». The volumetric concentration of the solids may then
be computed from
C = -?- . ( 3.5 )
Vt
The discharge concentration at each flow rate was measured
several times and the average value was used in the final
calculations. These measurements are tabulated in Apper.dlx
A.
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR FITTINGS AND VALVES

Tables A. 2 through A. 41 in Appendix A list all the
experimental and calculated data for test fittings and
valves. The first, second and third columns of each of
these tables give the temperature T, volume concentration C
and the velocity v of the suspensions, respectively. Column
four gives the measured pressure drop i-L?)^ across a pair
of pressure taps for a particular fitting. Column five
gives the quantity of (-APg/L) which is the pressure drop
per foot of straight pipe with the same diameter and flow
condition as the test fitting. Columns six and seven show (-
A?) and (-AP)., which are the pressure drops of the test
fitting excluding and including the Moody friction loss for
the central length of the test fitting, respectively.
Columns eight and nine list (L/D)^ and (L/D);j^, which are the
equivalent length with the Moody friction loss excluded and
included, respectively. Similarly, columns ten and eleven
list the quantities of Kg and K^, which are the loss
coefficients with the Moody friction loss excluded and
52
53
included, respectively. The last column gives the Reynolds
number Re based on the density and viscosity of the carrier
fluid and the velocity of the suspension at the prevailing
temperature.
For each fitting or valve, the results are expressed by

plotting the loss coefficients Ki and Ke versus the Reynolds
number Re as shown in Figures 4.1 through 4.36. These
figures show that both Kg and Kj_ reach asymptotic values at
high Reynolds number. In general, for Re larger than 25,000
for the 1-ln pipeline and 50,000 for the 2-in pipeline, the
K value become essentially independent of Reynolds number.
Thus, beyond these values of Reynolds number we may estimate
mean values for the loss coefficients as well as the
equivalent lengths. Tables 4.1 through 4.8 give the mean
values for the loss coefficients Ke and Ki and the mean
values for the equivalent length (L/D)e and (L/D)^ for the
various fittings, bends, and valves. These tables also show
the standard deviation, the average absolute deviation, and
the coefficient of deviation of the mean K and (L/D) values
from the actual data points. The definitions of three
deviations are as follows:
Standard Devlatlon=
ft <Y, - Dî'''^
( 4.1 )
n
n
Average Absolute Deviation* Y. - Y ( 4.2 )
1
54
. '-^
OD (3) V UT
o Q^
o a rH
o •
• o ir> rj c
CVJ M
oH r4
II It 3
11 u O
u CJ CJ CJ CJ
• • A • •
_^ r ^
Ti ;l iT n CT
i) ;) ;; 3) u
z 2 z z z
•SI in 01 1/1 UT Lf>
ru C\J CM C\J CVi
n n n n en 04
> •^ •¥• + •¥
-^ o o O a
^ o o o o
OJ I
t
1
4-
1 1
X N >
1 1
I. o
rH
CM
C
o
IT
+ ^' J
c
0)
•H
33 ^
O
X 1)
o
CJ
ffj «T n r^ OQ
c ^ o «> ® N . <o 03
O n C «5 <o X O
^ rH ca •J
It •! II il II
w 'J - 'J <^'
tn
•3 ~ "35 « «
(u a a a ^
z z z z z
.p ul '^ -T 1^
.•\j rj C<J 'J -"VJ
cn n <r) en en 3
I I I I I
B Q < -h X +< X f<
I 1 1
09*0
OZ'1 OO'l 09*0
9)1 *aU3C3tJ-303 330^
55
f r»
.o
s Q o T
O ^ -^
o oc ^" o =
s^ o IT OJ X 5
aH CM OJ O
It
n II II II
.c
•^ o u c; u rH
[X3
- £ £ r r
3: (0 gs (0 CO
0 u e; 9) u in
z z z z z
iP -T iT iT ul
OJ Oj Oi 01 OJ
PI C5 n n n
+ H- H- + H- .f^
c o o c c ,^ 1
c c o o o « •
CVJ
OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ 1
1 I I I I •
-^ G
e 4- K N >- ^^ 0
c
K ^
. •^^
c V ^
2^ t^
"
^ a^ Q
1^
4->
. "E c
-3: (U
3
Z
0
• n ^
•CO •a QH
^ <;-•
0 0)
< ^
>. 0
• 1* 0
a.
00
•Jl V n <r 00
c V c O) oc • 0
0 m 0 IT «c "« l-J
rj
11 II
*> •-^ t
n II ^
c 0 U 0 u (\J
.(T •
£ J: r £: r
v: 0] n n n
U ^ ^ CH
o w-^
a> OS
o •£i u" ^ c 4J
rH rj Oi
II II il II II
. T
u o u U u
£ - x: J: x: O
m u :a CO CO
z
V
z
V
z
V
z
V (U
z
<X n o
ul »P iD u*^ •SI
OJ OJ oj o;
n OJ
+ + +
O o c O O CVJ
o o o
c o
OJ OJ f y cv I
I I I I OJ
4- K N >- X I o
.O cr
c
-3^
E
3
Z O
^
C-i
« 2 CH
0)
o
c O
>>
o o
CO
<3 O CO
o
V
in
OJ
^-r
yi
00
UT
^ >
rj
o
•«o •J]
o n o ip -,^ ^
* H r^ ?»j 0;
II II II II H It H m
<*
^ a v^ o O
• vT
• X
,
^ £ £ J= £ :i
Vi (• 01 jg m (0 X^
V i> ii i> V V
Z Z Z X z z
ul uo u"^ in ul cf>
OJ OJ rj M rj OJ
a n n n n n 4-
I I I I I I
.t^'
E O < + X O 4-
OJ
I J J
0S*2 00*2 OS'I 00*1
9)f '5.a8T3TJJS03 s s o q
57
rH
o
B •o
CO\S) .r T
.;n
w> >- •^ o cs
O l£ in .^ a
r^ OJ OJ
II II II II II +3
o o u •J
u rH
-i
CO
•=
CB
•=
3?
-c
(0
-
CO
?^ o
V U V 0) 4; o
z z s z z t^ 0^
in in uT in in
PJ OJ OJ OJ OJ • ^ •
n r; n o n .CM
+ + * * + rH
c o o c c C
I
<\J
c c o o c
*w ."^ OJ f\J OJ C
I I t I I 9X =• '£
4- X N >• K X o
o o
^
e 4J
CD E
c
OJ
(0
•CD "O
Q-i
o;
o
o
-0 o CO
CO
t OJ C in OJ
o I T r) c •* r» O o
o o c ûHl Or)J (CM
D
~ i H
II II II
II
': II
v,^ u w> 'J U u
• X e
£. ^ r. z. z. z.
M w il •.': w n
x>- 0)
M a a X) a a • T
z z z z z z 3
u"i »n in uT ul ul
CM ro OI OJ CM OJ
c^ n o o c^ (^
I I I I I t •n
4-
B O < 4- X o
/T
OS'c oc c
T
OS'I
—poj
DO'T
58
e
i^
B
cc o TT r> rfT 2
c CD rH 0> O
c <^ S)
rH
„
cv.
X
CM
n
11 11 II II II rH
o u u u U
O
;: o (0 M M
jn
o
3) u OJ 8) u
z z z z z
uH ul in in in
OJ rj OJ CM "J
-^ I
T; n fy n f^
H- + •»•+• * OJ
c c c c o
c o o c o o
OJ rj CM OJ OJ
rH
o
I I I I I
<> 4- K N >
0)
0)
c
Ji o
B
H3) 3
Z
X
•=3 -
o
>»
o
m
3- CQ
o
vn «*4 Ol rj
c V - 1 Oi > i<C
o •n c in IC
Oj in
rH ¥^
H u II II
u
u o o CJ u
^ z - ^ 0)
£
X V) (A (Q CQ
v U y V 3
i Z Z Z Z .*
in in -T Ji in
CM rj OJ OJ OJ <*.© ^
en n
1 1 1 1 1
.o
B O < + X
X
I 1 \—
os'*o
C^'T CI'T 09*0
®iJ '5.uaT3TJJS30 sscri
59
0
.<£
3
rj
r> T > %-'^ 2
•^ - — 31 :j
^ O
o ^ ^ rH a
II II
-4
II
OJ
1
OJ
II
n
CJ y .—I
o u u
:i a a ca •a
3 u » 0 u o
Z z z z z OS
ul ul in in in
.M CM CM CM CM
."N
m cn n n n I
3+ •^ +
•¥ •*•
3 o ^ eg
C o o o
-AJ CM Oi OJ CM I
o o
^ 4- X N >- rH
X
^^ 3
S
«J c
0)
HH
X o
•H
>» 0)
V o
o
CO
in »-^ CM fj CO
o • rH CP ?»
^x o
o •n c in (O •J
rH vM
^ 11
u N II u
c U U «^ ^
•in
£
- - z -
b'i 1.: 'A
m •^ 4-tX
« V V V u
z z z z z 3
in ^ C I ^ in
04 OJ .•M o; CM
en n
1 1 1 1 1
.en
a 9 < -1- X
OJ
I 1 1 r
)^*I Cr*I 09*0 05*0
60
.in
n OJ f<» T
o X ^ s UT
o > in ,^ CO X 9 td
rH ."J OJ
II n 1 II
II
u u CJ CJ u
II
i= ^ ^ £ J=
3) d (0 CO a
4) 3) O 1) O
z z z z z
;n ul ul UT o
OJ OJ OJ OJ CM CJ\
N
o c
o OJ
o OJ C o 4- a I
OI
I I I I I
O 4- X N > d 2 CM
c
X
o
<3 6 V
4- O •p
< a z c
a;
HH
OJ
•CO -o o
•H
^ a
S X o
o
00 V O 3»
OQ
C r^ (0 00 m
'VO CO
c o va
^ I
04
o
II
.^
II II
«-H
cn
II
ur
1
^ a u CJ
Q •vO
i^ ^ i : x: x:
7} 'J: le (0 01
V V V V u
z z z z z
.n in in in in
CM CM CM OJ OJ
n o c) cn d 3
I I I I I
S Q < 4- X
I 1 1
03*3 09*0 Z9'0
®3I ' a U 3 X 3 T J J 3 O 0 5SCT
61
r-
o
o
cn
s
>
OJ
T
uT
•^
>
•Mrf
rH
CM
-T
3
CM
s
X o
,.0
Ctl
II It II II It
:J u 'J o y • ^
ff II
• ^
Cl aj 'a
0 U 0)
« Z» OS
Z Z •cn
z z
S) J1 un un -n
OJ
cn
CM OJ OJ CM o
cn cn cn n
* •^ •• C•^ + f^l
^ o vwo c
o OJ
OJ
1
O
o .•M CM
1 1 1
o
CM
1
*• a I
rH O
O •• X N >- CM
^ % X £H
O
V
^ a c
3
Z c
•» ;i
^ a
^- i o
o
3} ^ o 3) ^ ^
C^ vC Jl
• ^
e CO
o o <o •d OJ -h a 03
., CM <n o
i
1 II 1
:i
^' • ^ — tJ O
0 "_i
« :/! M B a
oo
3
z z z z z
3 ^ 4J O
^ a
n in ul _T in •^
Oj CM CM CM CM
cn i.n cn cn cn
I I I I I 3
•^0
a 0 - X Q
Z. II
n <0 U] CO a
3 V a o + ••• • ^ -OJ
a o N i
c «^ o o
OI
1
OJ CM
1
OJ CM
1 1 1 a I
I
CNJ
<> 4- X N > IX<3^
CH
s o
C
a
-3> 3
Z c
a;
CO
•4^ a • ca rH
o
-Hi a
o<0 J
4-0 o 't^ o
o
OJ <o OJ .T 73
o •3\
n
X in o < a -<c OQ
o
c o <£ <o
u ii
r^
.1
f ^
.1
CM
II 1.>-^ l-J
a u u u
:N>^^ C3>
£ ^ - ^ r
-.1 il :i « 3J
u 3 3 o u . t
z z z z z
if) 'il un ul in N X 0
CVJ CM O J OJ OJ
3
cn
I
:n
I
d
I
cn
I
cn
I
N O
^^fn
a O «3 4- X
I 1 1 >C • O
OI'I C6*3 0Z.'0
9}i • a U 3 T 3 T J J 9 0 3 rSC"
63
, <o
•
N ^ UT
Cl
cn in ^ ^ * -H (H
o in ul JS
o e^ m ^ 00
< Cs]
r^ CM CM
It II it U II «
CJ u u U u
rH
>-X0 rH
to :i u] 0] CO II
V 1}
•
a Z
» o
z z z z
in -1 in
X s< rH
0
CM OJ CM
ul
CM
UT
CM -e • o
cn n+ cn cn cn ON
+
o o
•V
^ o
* + N 0
2 o
o. 'J
a o o
CM OJ OJ 4^ 0 1
c
1 1
< • o 1
€> 4 - X N >
^ t
a
-•H
>^m*
rH
X
CM
&<
4- O — 11 o
> •2 = ^
&f^ :. •H
4)
^ x2
ic:
4-4- a -p
z
c
HH
o
•H
g
>.
<;-i
T» a:
CJ
CM O CM in
^ ^ o
O 3> a u'^ y3
o .1 o VS .a
OJ
< a ••-a 09
QO
1 >i
.«
II
rH
;i 4 O
< x j ^ I-]
:J a O 'J
•
in
z c c z c O
:.l
'J
(R
<J
ifl
U
U)
U
U]
J x^ ^ 1—•
.
z z z z z
•il -T in un in
CM OJ CM O J CM r^x 0 -3-
cn en cn cn n
I I I I I N €^
a 0 < 4- X X -»• - cn 3
ti}
o
I — I — 4.
;5*o
OS'T Ot'T
; . U 3 I 3 I , I J 3 0 3 3 SOT
64
o
a .J
^ CM c^ cn .^
o <s 3 > a CtJ
o sfl n rH 3
rH CM OJ
c
II It
(J o
ll II
CJ U
M
X in
CM
II
£,
CO
Z.
a
Z.
:o
£,
a
£.
CO
a:
4) 1) 9 4) <t) ,cn
z z z z s o
in -1 in s> in
o
OJ OJ CM OJ CM
+ + cn cn cn OJ
c c o o
.-^ CM CM
o o
OJ OJ I
O CM
I I I I I
\ rH
X O 4- X N £H
9<
o

rH o 33
c? -«o CO
• • • • <l o
o n C ifi •J
II ;i
M 4
ll
OJ
II
N
CJ CJ y u • ^ s.
C
m
C
a
r
.
£
X a
•Ji a VI •Ji
•J 9) V V ^4-
z Z z z N 4- X
01 in in il
OJ rj OJ OJ
n n cn 1
3
< 4. cn
a 0 <3 4-
•
4-
f~" 1-
09'T OCT 00*1 OA'O
65
^ e^
o
U J
a
OJ > m
.-n Csj
^
3 f^^ 0
o vO in CO i> .
w^ OJ OJ
•
II a II il II X in
CJ CJ CJ u rH
CM
II
;i a C! il a
r*^ a •
0) 4) V u <u rH o
Z
UT
OJ
Z
ul
OJ
s
•il
CM
z
in
OJ
z
il
CM
'V ^ o
<3 •
cn cn cn cn n OJ
• ^
3 + + ••• +
*^ o v«« o
^ • rH
c
o o o O o
CM OJ OJ CM OJ 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 "•-< • o CM
^J . rH rH
X O 4- X N 0 rH
o
-0 • <;-•
N
a . 3
s
=
rH HH
0 tirt
V
% • e
• n _3
4- Z
OJ
HH
N < M effli
•3
a • 3
rH
0
^ >.
•
- > X o
o
Loss 1
c^ 31 cc •
o Si O c^
• • • • <3
o r) orr
e
CM
ll :i II il N
p ••
CJ CJ CJ •
• • m « X a
• in CM
£ ^ ^ r01 •
•Ji 01 g"?
4) -J u o ^^-^ • -=r
Z Z Z z 4- X » ^
in in in in N a;
CM CM CM OJ
cn cn ^ 3
1 1 1 1
a 0 < 4-
OJ
r I PC 0
>^
02*1 06*0 G9'3
66
. 3
T3
C
3> cn r H T
J» ?» in "N (U
- a>
3 > in -H 3
II II
f-i
It
CM
II
CM
!l
c
O CJ CJ CJ CJ €^X . ^ &.
3
N 4J
^ ^ r £ £
Ui U]
a CO n
i) u o « o • cn CC
2 z z z z
il in in 'il in o
CM CM CM CM 04 ^ o
cn n
•te
cn cn n . OJ
oc
* •^ * +
o o o o O
cOJ o o o \ j
ryj
1 1
OJ CM
1-
OJ
1
B -0 +« I
• c
X • 4- X N CM
a = o
rH
0 4. X :.
^ X • =
- O 3
z
c
rJ; •
to
-3
HH
3 -H
^ O o
c •H
. «
i^ o
tn xx o
o i^
o >
• •
<T
•
>
• a 4- OQ
c o 3 3 OQ
rH
.^ OJ O
II <l .1 a X _]
CJ CJ CJ U - 'il
• « • • 4.^ X^
^ z r £
'SI
9
z
•.i
4)
z
A
O
Z
Cl
»
Z
a m
il ul il il
CJ CM OJ CM
1 cn cn1 n ^ XX Q
4-<
a 0 < 4-
X
cn 3
4-
CM
I l i
02*1 OO'I 09*0 09*0
»X
(>!
3> r\ f* «r -a
o 5> ^ 3i il ^
o > UT tM 3
c
rH CM OJ
II II II II It cc
CJ O CJ
u O
^x c
^ -= £ i= £ N CH
3
-1 CO CO a al
'O a v V o cn JJ
s z z z z "J
o
o c CM
o CM
o CM
o oc
C^J OJ Q <J 4-^
I I I I I
O
X ^ 4- X N •• X I
X
CM
CH
N
0 h X i,
o
UJ
^ X i3
S
s < Ci
3
Z
JJ
^ .
- 3
a c
•3
•H
o
HH
^
(U
O il n
O > <T o» xX O
CJ
• •
O O 3
«
3
•
a 4- 3
CO
rH rH OJ
ll II >l .1 X CO
o
CJ o o o
- il
^ Z £ JZ
'Ji Ji Ji Ji
3 a u u
s s s: s N'
in in in 'il
X 4-
CM OJ OJ OJ N XX©
.n cn cn n
i I I I
a 0 < 4- X 3
4-
i I
0£*r ^ Or-T C5-0 0^-0
68
9 ^ 7^ o OJ N
o - rH
o o
o P*. •il CJ 3
>
rH CM OJ
M II II .1 II
CJ CJ u CJ CJ
>
r
•Ji 'JI
n ••a
ca .cn
'J a ii « 4) •tJ
z z Z z s cd
ul
CM
in
OJ
in
CM
in
CM
in
CM
a
n•r cn cn cn cn CM
^
O
•¥
O 3* +
•^ C O
o
a
CM OJ c
04 04
o
OJ I I
1 1 1 1 1 O CM
O 4- X N >- CH
O
<-•
.3 V
2 <^
a
4- JJ
c
HH
o
"» rS HH
5 <;-i
c_
a;
"J
o
o
^ 3 n OJ ê?^ 00
CO
o ^ O T f^
c cn o n £ o
<M CM
II It ^^
II .1 II
CJ u •J u CJ
^ ^ x n in
Cl a CO a •/! ^ <34-
D a a t> 4) X
z z z z z
X - ^
il il il il il
Oj OJ CM OJ CM
cn PI n cn cn 3
I I I I I
a 0 <3 4- X < 4- X 01
• OJ
f I I
;S*0 GJI'O 09*0 oe '0
69
p
•M
c«» 0 CM N
0 0 rH 0 01
>-
0 c^ in OJ 3
•H CM OJ >
It 1 II :i II
CJ CJ CJ CJ 0 rH
>
s. c c z c
a 3} CO a ca
a a 4} a a
z z z z z JJ
il u-i i l i l uT cd
CM OJ CM CM CM
<3 •
a
cn cn cn 01 cn 04
•k -fa ^ .b >
0 o c c o
c o o c o ?i
OJ OJ CM CM OJ 4- I I
1 I I I I
< X 3
rH
^ 4- X N >- CM
0 • X
.3 a O
0 ^
a
jJ
'Cl n.
3 c
z
•O ri
^ o
c
>•
a
•c«> o
o
Tn OJ QO
0 3
0 T ^^ "t 0» 03
O
0 cn 0
r^
.n 3
0; CM
II II II II II
CJ CJ 0 CJ CJ
vO
c z z. z z, ^ <!4-
a a a a a X
a a a a u X
z z z z z "•C
•il ^3 i l ul 'il
OJ CM CM C^J C M
n n n .-n cn 3
I I I I I
a 0 
>":< rH
rH
3 31 ^3 3 il
Cd
o p* il rH 3 4- < >
»H OJ CM
II II li n II •
t%<
obe
CJ u CJ CJ CJ - ^
rH
£ £ £ r £
a a a a a cn r-^
a a a a a C3
z z z z z % ^
3 in in in in wX <3 « c
OJ rj CM CM OJ X <H
n n cn n n « * ® rH
1
• * + * * CM
3 O O O O
c o o o o
CM OJ 04 OJ CM
'•* t ^ t, ^
T •^ > rH
•
1
3
C.
0
I I I I I
rH 4-1
X N >- X )< ^ ^ X
^ • 0
f^m
X^ ^ 3
rH
JJ
>X4. ^ c.
i0
N X • iU
- 0
^ a z 0
•H
-c 0 a
^5*.% •
• 3 •c:
rH
4-1
0
0
îâ •
>
a
0
.*® • C>» X 00
3<^ OQ
N 0
o r3 rH n 3 o ^ ^ _ •
8 S il rH 3 ^
a n 3 3 >n 3 OJ
rH f^ OJ CM cn
II n II II II II II
CJ 3 u O c 3 3
"a a a "a a "a "a

» a a a a a a
z s z s z z z
31^4-
il il un 3 ul 3 in 0J>C 3
CM 04 CM CM CM CM CM
cn n r) cn r) cn cn
I I I I I I I
01
a 0 <3 4- X « 4-
^ X
OJ
/— "T— T
39*9
T
09*3
3j{ ' - ' j s x a t j j s c O 3Soq
7t
^4- •
^
il
Cl
n
\r. a
CM T
ul >n^ >
3 > 3 rH 3 4- < rH
rH OJ CM • Cd
It II II n n
U 3 u u u >
^•^^
r ^ r r i: • n
a a a a a . cn
o
a a a a a rH
rH
zi l z z z z3
i l 3 3
« ^ <^ •
o
CM
cn
CM CM
cn cn cn cn
O J CM
X - ^
•^ *• * • •^ X ^ 0 1^
3 C 3 3 3 5<^ — —
*% 1
1
C
CM
C 3
CM OI
C
CM CM
3 n^^.a •
1
3
CM
I I I I I . rH rH
^ 1>
rH
X N > X * X o
€^ • a
HH
k O a:
>X4- ^
3 JJ
N X • e
" Cl 3 c
^ a z
<H
^0 o
•H
^ 5 4-^^
9 <;-i
• ^ a • a o
o
^
3
N CO
01 rH o o 3 • OQ
'^ 3 C 3 o «T O
"^^ a
rH
'^ .n 3 3 (n 3 r-j -J
^ll r^ rj OJ <iln
11 :i u II 1
CJ 3 3 CJ u CJ 3 CX>
Z £ £ Z £ Z Z
a a a a a a a
V a a a a a a > 45,^^
z z z z z z z ^4- - T
St
CM
\r> <si Si
CM O J CM CM
Si St
CM CM
s> © ^ Ir
cn cn cn cn cn cn cn 3
I I I I I I I <K X
a 0 ^ 4- X • 4- - cn
^ X
/— 1 1 I. OJ
09*3 0=*,: 09*9 :9*9
Tx ' a u s T O t j j a o o SS01
72
f— 3
>• Cl 0» O
3 — ^ cn rH — c^
3 > T rj Cl
rH OJ r<4 2
It It II It II
3 3 CJ U 3 o
i3
r-»
- - ^ - -
a a a a a Cz3
<a y <o -J V
z z z z z I- 3 O
3 '3 3 3 un
in
:\ OJ :M •a*
OJ CM
cn cn cn cn cn ^^
•••••• + +••• 1 c
3 3 3 3 3 3 ^
3 3 3 3 3 rH
1
OJ -•'J CM OJ OJ
I I I I I X •-I
4- X N > X -^
£H
3 a o
oe «-i
(,«
a <^
zc t^
-J
Z JJ
X
c
(U
a
"3 HH
>^ O
yno
HH
a
_î^^
(M
f
(1)
O
X O
'cn CQ
r^j o — en 3 CJî 0 CO
3 t 3> 31 m 3
3 'T o> 3 cn 3 c
•J
rH OJ CM
•I 11 II II II II %
U O 3 CJ 3 3
^x a>
£ z z z z z
Ji Ut A •JI Vi -Ji
CM
a a a a a a
z z z z z z
3
CM
3
04
3
OJ
il
CM CM CM
in 3 «*x^*
cn
I
n
I
cn cn
I I
rn cn
I I N Xt^ 3
a 0 <3 4- X ^
1
Ot^T OO'I 09*0
09* I
Tx ' i ' J S T O T j j a o o 3S0T
l-Ji
4-
> J) p» 3
3 ^ ^ n rH
X
3 f*- ^ OJ 3J
N I
rr
II
CM
11
OJ
II
2
3 3 c 3 3 o
J3
PH
^ (" ^ Z Z
a a
c- a
a
a
a
a
a
a
X ^
z z z z z O
3 3 3 3 3 in
r; OJ
'.s
Oj
••^
Oj rj -^
— r) cn
+
3
• ^
c O
^ •
'-^ 3
^ a< c
C 3
c
CM Ol o:
'M
CM CM 4- 3 •H
1 1 1 1 1 rH I
X
4- X N >- X
— 3
a O
s
X ^ a
3 JJ
X Z C
0)
a •H
•a 3
- rH
0 •H
c (Ul
Cl
a
CM 3 cn cn 3
X
PC^
i«
o cn
o
o
CO
CO
3 T 3 3 (JI uT
o
3 ^ O O cn 3
^m CM CM
II II
n a It II
c 3 3 3 CJ u «x <
4- o
za za za za za z
a CM
X>IH+.4.
z0 za za za za a
z CM
Si S. S> St Si St (U
OJ CM OJ CM 04 OJ SH
cn cn cn cn cn cn 3
1 I I I I I N X
a 0 < 4- X ^ %
od^ •^77 7 ^ ;ro"^

T
>^ •iU3-:0TJJ5O3 3S0T
74
r- 3
OJ 3 T 3
^ 3 «r SI rH
3 ^ ^
•-4
Oj
OJ
Cl
CM
a
3
II
3
It
3
II
3
II
3
II ©
JJ
£ z z z z
a a a a a
a a a a a 3 o
z z z z z o
3 -3 '3 3 3
CM CM OJ OJ CM
Ol
•»•
03 cn
* -f
cn 01
J. ^. I c
3 O 3 3 O 3
3 3 O 3 3 rH I
CM CM CM Oj OJ
 c
o
Cl
a
JJ
4- c
^ X »
a C^
c:
^ ^ c
© o
OJ 01 cn cn
N
3 T 3 ul Cl © CO
(0
3 -f o 3 n
rH r^ C^J o
> II :\ II II 1-4
-^ -^ ^^ ^^ ^ <1^4-
"a "a "a "a a CM
a a a a a
z z z z z
S) SI St Si Si
CM CM CM CM CM
cn h 01 cn cn
I I I I I
X X 3
a © < 4- X 4- to
X
X
I
lO I 09'T CS'O
"A ' ^ U S t O T J j a O O 3301
75
CM 3 ^ 3
3 3 ^ il rH
3 N <r CM o
"H OJ 04
3
It
3
II
3
II
3
II
3
II O 0)
JJ
f^ Z Z ^
a a a a a
a a a a a
z z z z z
—3
il 3 3 3 3 o
OJ
01
CM
01
OJ CM 04 a\
cn
••
cn
M
01
3
•¥
3
* 3 3 3
+ I c
3 3 3 3 3 3 •H
CM OJ •••"J CM CM
rH
1 1 1 1 1 I
X
O 4- X N >
B SH
•St V
o
O Cl
a
3
JJ
4- Z
'^X c
•^ a 0)
•3
N Cl
4- a C4
x> o
0 o
OJ
N
7> ,-^ cn O CO
3 ~ «^ 3 <r ^
CO
3 T •«^
r.
<4
rH
<r
Oj ^
o
:i 1 K :i II
3 ^ u CJ u <>-4-
CM
a a a a a CM
a
z
a a
z z
a
z
a
z «o
3 •3 •3 3 3
C4 OJ OJ OJ CM 0)
01 05 cn n n
1 1 1 1
3
• Q <3 4- X
x^ ^
90*2 OZ.*T 9e*I OO'I

76
f—3
^ C5 > Cl
3 ^ .n ^^ 3
3 C>« ^ CM 3> 2
rm CM CM O
li II It II II ^
3 3 3 3 3 jQ
rH
Z -^ £ Z Cd
J=
a a a a a
a a a a a
Z z Z z z o
3 3 3 3 3
OJ CM CM CM OJ
03
+
01 cn
+ > > *•
03 01
I
c
3 3 3 3 3
O 3 3 3 I
OJ CM CM CM OJ
1 1 1 1
O 4- X N V
•3 « o
Cl
a
3
W S 4J
c
© >-i^ • a
13
'T -3
X Cl
N C|
a 1)
O
o
03
03
_ 3 -< 3 O
3 OJ T O 3 O
i-J
C o >a <r 3
^ _ (M OJ ' ^
:i 11 11 u II
3 CJ C CJ O
CM
^ 'a 51 'a "a

a a a a a N ••-Hi «
s z z z z 3
ifl 3 ul 3 3 L.
•M .-J OJ v-'J CM 3
<^ cn .-; n cn Si)
•H
-x^
Hd 4-
1 1 1
09'i oe'i OI'I •35'0
77
T a» P» Cl r^
3 ^ 01 01 3
3 C^ ^ OJ 3
Orxr<
^^ CM CM
II II It ll II 3
3 3 3 3 3 O
Q
Z Z Z Z 1^
rH
a a a a a Cd
a
.r
a a a a
z z z z
3 3
3
CM
3
04
3
OJ OJ OJ o
cn 01 Ol cn cn I
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
c
CM CM CM OJ OJ «H
.1
^ 4- c< KJ )^
3 a
s o
Cl
a
f^
JJ
O îf^ c
T a 0}
•a
N
a Cl
Cl
o + o o
o
3 r^ 3 3
OJ CO
u> T 3 A1
03
3 3 3 T 3
^H -H .M ?u o
II II :l II 1
3 3 CJ 3 3
a a a a a CM
a a a a a N •«-< o CM
z z z z z
3 3 3 3 3
04 OJ CM CM CM 0)
01 cn cn cn cn
I I I I I X 3
a o <3 4- X
4-
I
09*1 Cr'I 02*1 OO'I
78
f— 3
^ 3 a Cl
3 3 ul [»• CM
Cd
3 > T CM 3 0
r^ CM 04
3
It
3
II
3
II
3
It
3
It
0 in
<
^ ^ Z ^
a a a a a II
a a a a a
Z
z z z z
3 3 •3 3 3
OJ OJ O4 OJ CM
7i 01 cn 01cn o
•*•
+ • + 3*
3 3 3 3
3
CM
3
OJ
3
CM
3
CM
3
CM
I c
I I I I I •H
4- X N >- X i
o
< Cl
a
3
X z
4J
x ^ c
N
4^ "T
•3
a o
X a
^
o
04 9-> 01 01 T — 01
o
3 cn r H 3 rH 0
OQ
3 >• 3 3 ^ 3 00
rH rH OJ 04
II il II ll <l II O
- 3 3 3 3 CJ i-J
a
- —
/
a a
f^ - -
a a
"
a
>-N 4-
a a a a a a in
z z z z z z >"iX4. .CM CM
3 ul 3 3 3 3
OJ CM OJ CM CM "4
cn cn 01 cn cn cn
I I I I I t a
N
a 0 <3 4- X o 4- 3
X
o HH
X OH
0)?
9'I oPi od'o 3^*0
3X 'iUSTOTJJSOa 3 3 0 7
79
r-co
01 3 3 o»
3 3 3 > CM -. Cd
3 C^ V CM 3 0
3
It
3
II
*^
3
II
OJ
3
II
CM
U
II o in
<
a a a a a II
r.-
a a a a a cc
z z z z z
3 •Si Si 'Si Si
CM CM CM CM CM o
01 cn cn cn 01 ON
* ••• * - ^ • ^
3 3 3 3 3 '3
3 3 3
CM CM 3 3
I I I OJ
I OJ
I
4- X N > X
<3 •3 ^
4- b
o
a Cl
JJ
a c
•3
0)
•H
>» •3
X a HH
Cl
c,
3
o
OJ
o
f*
en at T
3 ^ — 3 rH 3 00
00
3 <T 3 3 V 3
r^ r^ CM CM O
II il II !i ll 1 iJ
^ 3 3 3 3 3
^N 4-
z z z z z z CM
a a a a a a >^X^
a a a a a a •OJ
z z z z z z JO
il i l 3 il ul 3
CM CM CM CM CM CM
n 01 01 01 cn 01 3
I I I I I I
a 0 <<: -I- X o 4-
N 3
X
o
I
X1 \
99'l ^ 9£'I Ô'l 9^'0
tJI ' a ' - ' a t a T J J s o o s s o i
80
o a
3 Ol 3
3 uO 3 "H
• t• • • N Cd
3 CM c»
rr 04 CM
II II II II
3 3 3 3 in
. r-• • * •
—
. r* 0m
oo
a "a a a II
a a a a
z z z z
a:
3
—3 o
3
CM OJ
ul
04
Si
OJ o
Ol
cn cn cn o\
3+ 3
•¥
3
••
3
+ < a c
3 3 3 3 I
OJ CM OJ CM 3 HH
1 1 1 I I
e 4- X N X
a 'ul
a o
Cl
tu
a ID
X a 3
5
b<
z JJ
c
^ t4-^. ^ 0 1-4
a
a Cl
a Cl
X #<3 3
NX o
< o
3 cn cn -\
3 CM 3 '51 SI 4- CO
3 T O cn 3 CO
rH CM OJ O
:i II ll N II
.') •
3 3 3 CJ
N
z z z z z ^
a a a a a N CM
a a u a a X^ O
z z z z z •CM
3
OJ
il
CM
3
CM
3
CM
3
CM
N ^4-
cn
I
cn cn cn cn
I I I I
o
3
a o < 4- X
>^
I \ 1
02*1 08'0 O^'O 00'0
Sji ' l u a T O T j j s o o 33oq
81
o a
3 01 3
3 3 3 f^
Cd
3• • • 3«
It
n"
rH
II
CM
OJ
II
OJ
It
o m
3 3 3 3 ^ 0 •
* * f^
• • II
Z Z Z
a a a a OS
a a a a
z z z z o
•3 3 3 3 —3 o
OJ CM CM OJ CJN
01 cn cn Ol
3
+ 3
* 3
+ 3
+ < a I c
3 /^ 3 3 3
CM cij CM CM
^^ I
1 1 1 1
K
o 4- X N
. • a O
3 =:
N
JJ
C
y^^^ 0 •3
a
4.^
8
>» Cl
a Cl
0)
o
N ^:s 0 o
oo
« cn 01 »-< X < 00
O CM C 3
•^^ 3
3
*• 0 o
3 T 3 1-3
F-^ CM 04
II It II It It
N ^<
3 3 3 3 3
oo
z z z z z CM
a a a :: a N
a a a a a X ^ O —CM
z z z z z
•3 '3 3 3 3 N CH
CM CM CM Ol CM
n n Tn Ti oi 3
I I I I I
a 0 <3 -I- X
f 1 I
oe*o
09"I OI'I 0Z.'0
Tjl • ^ u ^ t ^ T J J ^ o o s s o q
82
r- 3
3 3 3
Cd
3 3 > cn
• • • 3•
C^ CM
CM OJ 0 In
II It II It •
3 3 3 CM
• . • • 0 iH
Z M
a a a a
a a a a
z z Z z < o
3
OJ
3 3 3
3
o
CM CM CM
01
+ 3
Ol
•••
03
^ 3• ^
01
<a c
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
CM 04 CM OJ
I
X O 4- X
• a
3 C o
Cl
a
X 3
B 4)
4-
JJ
• a
c
X 4^^
r^
X o
c
>» Cl
a
c
3
X ^"^ ^ o o
CJ
^4- < ^ — 01 oo
ul 3
3 JT^ OQ
«^ 3
3• T • 3• 3 •
O
il !|
rH
ll
CM
II x^ < •J
3 3 3 CJ
4- CTN
tt • m m
—
( ^ ^ ^ X CM
a a '.: a 4. )^
a a a a CM
z z z z X.
3 3 3 3 0)
OJ CM OJ OJ
01
1
n1 Ol
1
01
1 3
1 1 1 1
a 0 < 4-
I 1 \
OI'I 09'0 09*0 02'0
3ji ' i u a T a T J J S o O S307
83
3 3 3
3 a > 01 - r :
• • • • Cd
3 c^ CM o
II H
CM
II
OJ
It
© a
3 3 3 3 In
« • ^
J^
A
•
( Z
— Z
CM
a a a a rH
a a a a
z z z z il
4- CC
3 3 3 3
CM CM CM CM
cn cn cn 01 D
+ 3+ 3+ 3•f
3 <s I
O
<7^
3 3 3 3 3
CM CM CM CVJ
t 1 1 C
X O 4- X I
3 S
t.
0 a
O
X
4- a 3 c
a
3
X 4-<3 • a JJ
•^ -3 c
o
>»
a
c
c
4- <J
0)
o
3
il
01
3 3
>-^ 3
•01 u
• • • • 00
3 •V 3 3
r^ CM 00
It It It It X <
3 3 CJ 3 O <3 o
^m
•
0m
• • a
4- •J
^
, M
01 a a a X
a a a a — OJ o
z z z z
3 il St 3 X cn
CM OJ CM CM
01 cn 01
1 1 1
1 0)
a 0 < 4-
3
5i)
1 r I
99'I 0e*I 95'0 ;9'o
84
a o
c^ 3 01 e<.
3 T 3 3 O
>•
o P«. T
^•^
OJ
CM
0)
CM a
3
II
3
1 »
3 3
II
3
U c
0)
© CQ
z z z z z
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a c
z z z z z
3
St Si Si Si Si
CM CM CM OJ CM
JJ
cn cn cn cn cn 0)
•^ + > + -^
a © OS
3 3 3 3 3 O
3 3 3 3 3 O
OJ CM OJ CM CM I
I I I I I OO
3
^ 4- X N >- 3
c
I
N
a o
3
3 Cl
Z
St 0)
a i^
•3 JJ
c
>» 3
a
5 N "H
O
CM 03 01 ^
3 3 3 3 3 X 01
•H
Cl
3 3 •3 -•^
•3 c
rH rH
oi CM >&
:i li II It II <u
3 3 3 3 3 o
o
^XO OQ
z z z z z 03
•A
a
'A
a
a
a
Vi
a
(Ji
a < r^ — CM O
z Siz SIz Siz Siz
^1
1-3
Si
Oi OJ CM OJ OJ
cn cn cn cn cn m
I I I t I *
a © < 4- X X ^ + ''
X 0)
L,
1 1 i
09'I 02*1 06*0 C9'0 3
»X
*au3T3Tjj3oo ssoq
85
r- 3
> 3 cn C»-
3 T '3 3 3 T3
—> C
3 e«» ^ CM at (D
•^ CM CM
CQ
II u 11 II II
3 CJ 3 3 3
C
©
z z z z z 3
JJ
a a a a a 0)
g 4} 4} 4) 4)
(T
z z z z z
Si Si St Si Si
a © O
CM CM OJ CM CM
O
cn cn cn cn cn OO
+ -f •• + -^
3 3 3 3 3 I
3 3 3 3 3 3
OJ CM CM OJ CM c
I I I I I
3 s^ I
O 4- X N >
C
o
N a Cl
3
e
JJ
« 9
•o c
rH
o V
c
>>
a Ct
z
S N Cl
_< 3 3 •3 X o
3 ^ 3 n 3
o
^ rÎI CM CM ^
It II II It 03
3 3 3 3 3 09
o
a a a a a uJ
a a a J a
z z z z z 1^ CM
CM
Si Si St St Si
CM CM CM CM OJ
m
cn cn cn cn cn
I I t I I
a © < 4- X $ 3
3
I 1 \ ^ ^
09*1 oe*i OO'I
T)i • a u a x o T - j s o o S30^
86
Ol cn
3 3 01
3
^ >
3
• T
• 3
•
•
II
Po
It
rH
II
CM
II
° X ©. rH
Cd
3 3 3 3 ^ Q ^ >
* • * lU
Z Z Z Z
a
•A a
a
a
a
a
a
4« cd
Z z g z ' 3
a
3 3 3 3
OJ Ol CM OJ
cn cn cn cn
3 3
+ 3+ 3+
• ^
3 3 3 3 T
CM OJ CM CM I
1 1 1 1 3
X N O
•3 w Cl
a 0)
s
JJ
X a
3 c
B
6> —^
Cl
a OH
•o <U
a O
c o
N a 03
03
C^ »H Ol 3 X4. O
3 <-t 3 3 3 I-]
3 V 3 •o 3
r-l •H OJ
It II II II II m
U 3 3 3 CJ ^ 4 -
z z z z z N ^ ^
A
a a a a
-A •A •A
a
A 4.^ ^ 3
z z z z z ^ X
Si St SI Si Si 3
CM CM CM CM OJ
cnI cnI 01I cn
I cnI
a © <3 4- X
I J I I
9^*0 Oe*0 91*0 OO'O
9jf • ;.U3T3TJJ303 3S0T
87
P" 3
cn3 01
3 cn3 V
— c-
3 • P*• V • 01• ll>
rt OJ >
It II » n fH
3 CJ 3 3
Cd
• « ^ * >
^» z r Z
3a aa a
a
a
a
V
z 5 z Z JJ
3 3 3 3
cd
CM CM OJ CVJ
3
o
cn
+•
cn cn cn
• > •
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 8
OJ CVJ CM OJ O
1 1 1 1
^ 4- X N Ll
O
3 Cl
«
N a
X 3 JJ
5
z 0)
»
Cl
o Cl
c
>l 3
a o
o
OQ
7^ ^H 03 3
3 -• ^^ 3 •3 14- OQ
O
3 ^ 3 •3 3
r^ rH CM
It It II II II
3 3 3 3 3
£ z z z z
A A A A A 4.4- ^
a a a a a OJ
z z z z z
•SI
OJ
Si
OJ
SI
CM
SI
CM
St
CM
^ X
cn cn cn cn cn 4- • ^ ^^ 3
I I I I I
a © -< 4- X ^
I 1 1
09 0 Otr'O 02*0 OO'O
88
(U
>
r-i
OJ 3 3 cn • Cd
Globe V
3 3 •3 > cn —>.
3 pH V
rH
CM
CM
3
CM
So
3
tl
3
II
3
II
3
II
3
II ©
z z z z z
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a +< • c
z z z z z —3
SI Si Si SI 'Si 1
CM CM CM CM 04 .»^ 1—1
03
+
cn
+
cn
+
cn cn
> *
B<3 V
1
3 3 3 3 3 3 Cl
i-i
3 3 3 3 3 o
Cl
CM CM CM OJ OJ X
I I I I I ^•iT
0)
4- X N > X • a iKi
~ 3
m
JJ
£.
X 3
u c
3
H HH
Z
flc
X
X < • a C
r•3
H 3
N 0 0
>» CJ
a
s
OSS
4- X
0 X ->-< • ^
3 -H 03 3 3 " Ol
;i^
3 3 3 rH il
3 3 t 3
in
T
r^
3
rH CM CM
cn
II II II II II ;i •
3 3 3 3 3 3
a;
a a a a a a
a u a a a a • 3
Z £ Z Z Z Z — CM
'St St Si St SI Si
CM C4 CM CM 04 CM
01 m 01 cn 01 cn
I I I I I I
a 0 
iH
<d
>
CM 3 3 cn
3 3 ul r^ 03
— r^ o
3 >. T
• H
CM
OJ
Q
04 a© rH
II
3 3
II
3
n
3
II
3
It
© o
j^ f—
Z - —
( c
a
a
a a
a a
a
a
a
a
4- >
o
V •J
K
O X m
> <
3
01
^^ cn <yi 3 — cn
~ w 3 — ul
3 T
r^
iT T 3
r^ r H CM CM 3
il
n II 11 II II
3 — — 3 ''~ CJ 3
X '^ <
^
a :: :: a a o
:; a a a a a
z z z z z z
•s. u- u": i l ul 3
CM OJ (M OJ CM CM
n cn 03 cn cn cn
I I I I I I
a o < 4- X o
X
I—
09*il 00*21 09*01 00*6
T^ ' a u 3 - 3 T J J 3 0 3 SS07
90
CQ
<D +J 73
C Q)
c
•H •in - H C
O O .H Â vOi 00 o
pel
CM ^ VO CM
VO vc VO VO VO VO ^
Cd vj^ OO
•H o cd X
PL. S -PCd
cd
C
•H
G
^
1 o O O
CM
O o O O o O o
A
C
•H
rH " ^
O 0^ O T-^
O •H 1
T-l c^ O 00 ^ O o
•H -P 73 O
03 Cd C CM
• H Cd
c
(D > m ^
ft <D O
Sus
P CM O CM CM CM
1
CM O a CM .
T-l CM
O T-<
T-l
n
c ^
cd o M^ CM CM cn o
VO VO U>i cn cn
VI VO cn 00
0)
+j -p 1
1
cd c c 1
IS Q) O
•H .r-l
O -P cn cn
for
y-t 00
• H <»H Cd cn o VO CM CM C>
T-l VO
<H O . H • • • o
Cl > ^ ^ c^- CM • • • •
<D VO
3 Q)
y—' T-l
^ 3 Q
+^
c
(D 0) C
•H 0) +J o
ffic
Cd r H +J CM u^
o o T-l c^
cn VO VO m cn
J^ o Cd o o o o o O o
<D CQ •<-<
* « • •
o CM
0) • • •
O O O o o O
o < < 0) o o o
o Q
CO
CQ
O TJ C
(^ J^ O
Cd ' H V> CM VO ^ ev-
cn O VO C^ 00 en C3V
o C cd O O o o o o o o CM
cd ' H • • • • •
o
•P > o o o o o• o o
•
o O
•H Q
+J
Cd
•H C ^ o c^ c^ c^ 00 CM VO o
VO
> cd Q) 00 00 VO 00 VO 00 VO
0) tiC • • • • • •
•
Q ^ ^ O y-l o o o o o o VO
1—1
C
O iiD
•H C
g 0) >
5 u ^ 3 > n-\
Q) P" - H O 0) o VO p* 1—1 Cd
ftP> ,o +^ rO n-{ V O r H VO rH • <D cd >
r" H +J fH 'H rH r-^ • r-i • >-{ CM >
OC
Cd JM ' H
W pq ,--
E-i O CJH w s w ÎI C^LlOO
II 11 n TJ 0) ^
0)
CQ O ^ O O r . Q n Q ^ C = l ô c p> o
/ CU C l u^ O O "o\ o \ "'OSQC
o\ 0 0 Q) cd rH
1 c3 o 1 -;}• O^ c^ occ O^ PC ^ PQ o o
91
CQ
P" TJ
CD C 0)
C <P|.H C
eli
O O 'H ^ VO 00 o ^ CM
£ ft VO VO VO ^ VO CM
cd vc VC VO ^ VO 00
ft o cd X
•H S +^ Ixl
cd
o, Q ,
•c
H ' ^
1 o O o O o o O
CM cn o O o
A
•H c
C O
CQ
o cn O T-l O m o o CM O o
• H T3 1
o P* C O
•H Cd cd CM
CQ •H m
c
0)
>
<D
' ^
O
usp
Q CM O CM cn T-l
1 O CM T-l O CM
T-l
TH T-l y-'
m o
T-l
TJ "^
o VO
§ T-* vc
CM
VO
VO
VO
VO
cn
^ O T-"
c^
VO O
VI 00
(D p*
PJ
Cd c
CD c
O
3 •H .H
o p> CM
• H CPI Cd cn O cn
o Cl O -H • •
VO
cn O xo vc
•
<H • • •
^
<D
>
(D
^ ^ C^ o ON
T-l
•H O Q
^ CJ
P>
c 0) C
0) (D P> O
o
fici
VO VO CM cn
Cd r H PJ en VO VO -^ VO CN- cn cn
^ o Cd o O o O o
Cl
0) CQ - H • • • • o o O
• •
CM
•
o o o o o o
0) < < (D o o o
o Q
o
CQ
CQ TJ C
o ^ -o
\A Cd H VO T-' ^ CM VO ^ r»- 00 CO
TJ P3 ON VO
C< C Cd
cn O
VO
O
VO £N 00 cn o
o cd -H o o • •
O O
o o CM
•
c +^ > o• o• o o o o o• o• o
GO CD
o Q
•H
p>
cd c--- cn T-l T-l o r^ oo CM o CM
•H 1 cd - H 00 C^ vc
> CD Jic:
o T-l O VO VC
Q S ^ o T-l o o T-" o O o VC
CM
•
<D
o W u <D >
•H C ^
u 5 3 > r-\
0) P> - H (D O
rH
o VO p> rH Cd
rO
ft+^
H P>
,o
iH
P>
•H
^ f-\ V O
iH •
.—1 VO r-{ • CD Cd >
.H r-\ * rH CM QC >
Cd U -H pq S W^
EH
O fe
w II
(i)co
II
(jq ^
II r> TJ CD
<D
,3
CQ O O O r i Q n Q o Q 'O C P O
(D C l VO
=1 O
O o 'o\ ^ OcK\ ô\ 0 0 <D Cd r-{
1 ( -^ ON
a^ O K O K r-^ PQ
o O
92
CQ
P> T )
C 0)
^•H C
O O -H VO VO 00 O
•H vc CM VO c^
1 ft e VC vc VC vc VO VO 00
CM o cd cd
X
C cd
•H P
CQ ^
o O TH o m o
o cn O O o o
•H A
CQ
C ' ^
<D
ft C o
CQ
o cn O vc o cn o VO o T-l VO
3 •H
P> TJ O1 T—'
C/3 Cd C CM
•H Cd
T)
C
> m ' Ô
CD
cd P CM
1
VC 00 VO Cv 00 r^ ^ 00 ^
1 T-^ T-l T-
Cd ' ^
IS o o O CM tr^ VO ^ r^ vc cn
T—' i^t VO VC
%4 VI m ^ CM cn r^ VO
o
<H p>
0 <D O
y—^ •H .H
Q O P> vc 00 T-J vc o CO cn o o
• H o
CD CD T-" TH T-l
£ o P T-l
P" o
tjD
C
<D CD C
l-p CD P> O j
tljO 3 - H CM vc 00 T-< VO CV cn Cv ^—1
p* Cd i H P> CV
o o 00 VO Ch ^ ^ VO
C J^ o cd ^ T-l
cn o 00 VO VO VO cv
CD
t-i >rQ > CM vc TH r-* CM m CM T—1 VO
Cd < < 0) CM
> p
•H
3
& C
M TJ O
f
JH«H O 00 VC (r\ oo VO VC CM ^
SH Cd p> ^ Cv Cv
TJ Cd o o CM O 00 CM
o O 00 vc VO VO CM T—1 00 O
C-H
C <D cd > CM 00 T-' CM cn i:i- cn T-' O
O C P^ <D CO
•H -H C/D P
•P rH
Cd CD
1
•H ft <D VC
> -H C ^ VC CO VO CM 00 cv T-l vc -:t
CD ft Cd P CM •
Q
cn cn 00 T-l VO 00 CM
a)\
S»-^ VO CM Cv
VC
o O 00 00 o 00
cn
•^^
cn 00 CM CM cn CM m CM CM
.
C w. C (D
-:t o W) u CD >
•H C 5 ? 3
<D P> - H u > T-{
cd
r-\ ft+J ^
o Q)
p> ^
O
r-\ V O , H VO rH
VO
•
P*
(D
f-^
Cd >
,o • H P> rH •H r-\ rH • rH • H CM VC >
cd t^ ' H CiJ s Cr^ \A^ CxJCO ClJ T-^ CD
EH O Pt-i II II II o '^ CD ^
CQ P O
CD C l
0
VO
0 n
O
ID P O P <0 P o c 1—1 1
o o\ o\ o\ 0 0 <D Cd
P o ^ o O O K O K T-H p q
o
O K
o 1
93
CQ
P> T3
C CD
•H C
O O VO VO 00
ft s VC VC vc o vc
CM vo CM
I VO VO 00
cd vc
Csi O
cd X
c +^ W
cd
•H
P
CQ
C
O
•H o
CQ cn o o o
c A
0 o '^
ft • H T3 O
CQ +^ C c n
3 O VO o VO o o
cd cd I O O VO
GQ • H PQ o
TJ > CM
C CD
Cd p
O
;^ CM VO oc VO CM 00 O xo ^
0) I
p* O T-J CM
cd
o
o O O CM VO CM VO o cn
TH VO VO vc VO
VI m i:t VO
<tH p>
•H (D O
S •H
O
.H
P> CM ^ C^
P • H C l Cd ^ VO cn Cv cn VO o cn vJ-^
Cl 0 « H T-l VO vc VO Cv
• • •
<PI > 00 O VO Cv
CD CD
p» O p
C
(D
P
P>
0)
rH
Cd
>
•H
3
cr
w
o
C <D
o c
• H ^H
P> rH
Cd 3
•H ft
>-H
<D ft
P
CD •H C
rH P" - H
ftP^
Cd •H +J CM
E- S-l 'H CL| W ^ Woo w ^ Q)
O CIH II II O TJ CD fi
CQ O o P o P P O
(D Cl VO o o o Q oc
o \ " o \ 00 <D Cd H
P O o o O K O K O K T-H P3 o O
94
CQ
CD P> TJ
C C 0
•H ^H-H C
H O O -H VO VC VO VO
CD VO ^ VO CO o
ft ccJ cn
•H o cd X
ft S -P Ciq
cd
•H p
I
o o o o
m f^ ^ O T-4 o
c A ^ T-H CM
•H
CQ c o
C o cn cn o T-l 00
O • H TJ I Cv CM O 00 O
•H p> c o
CQ cd cd CM
C • H PQ
(D > ^
ft 0 o
CQ CM
3 p I
on m o m O^ O CM vc O
C/3 o
TJ
C
Cd o VO cn VO
cn ^ CM CM
^ ^ cn cn o
VI
(D
P> p>
Cd
0 O
•H 'H
.36
^ VO 00 -:h T-" O CO
O P> O cv o cv
O • H CH Cd CM 00 0^ 00
<H
• . . •
C< O ^H O VO O cn CM •
Cl > VO VO VO
rH VO
0 0 0 on CM
i< O P
O
P>
c 0 C
0 0 P> O
•H W 3 'H Cv VO CM
O Cd H P- VC Cv o o o ^ cv O
•H ^ o Cd CM ^ 00
Cl 0 CQ 'H
O o o o o O VO
Cl >,0 >
0 < < 0
O P
o
CQ
CQ C
O TJ O
^ 'H O
P Cd p> 00
O
O
o CM o VO 0^ cv
Cl TJ Cd O o
VO vc VO
O C-H T-H o o VO
cd > .
c P> 0 o
O CQ P
•H
P>
Cd
Cd 0
00 c^- o o o o
00 VO 00 VO o CM
0 i^ Cv
VO
c
O tiC c 0
u 0 >
•H C ^ ^ 5
0 P> ' H
3 > r-\
o 0 o VO P> H Cd
ftp* fi P>
fi H VO i H VO r-{ • 0 Cd >
fi •H 4J iH •H r-i •
r-i H • r H CM K >
cd ^ •H W^
EH O ft
m s W II
Woo W T-l 0
II il T3 0 fi
CQ O o oO C
0 Cl VO
O P o Q o P P> o
P o
o O
o\ o \ 00 0 Cd t-{
-Ch o o O K O K O K T-t PQ o o
CQ
P> TJ 95
0 C 0
CH.H C
•H O O .H VO
iH VO
VO VO xo o VO 00 O
0 ft F cn cn
Cd
ft o cd X
•H z +^ W
ft cd
P
•H
I o o o o 00
cn
A
•H ' ^
C O
CQ o cn CM O CM
C •H I r^ vc
O P> TJ O
•H cd C CM
CQ •H cd
C > p q ^
0
ft 0 O
P Cî 0^ r^ O CO CM CM
CQ 0^
3 I CM
C/2 o
o VO cn VO VO vc CO
T-l CO -:f CM VO o
VI
$H
0 p>
P*
Cd c c
0 O
•H .H CV o VO CM
O P> cn 00 VO
m CM O CM
o • H C l cd cn o 00 O OO
CH O . H
• • . • • • • •
•M > O xo O o VO c>- VO
T-H CM
0 0 T-'
O p
CJ
P>
0 C
0 0 P> O
•H tiO 3 -H c^ Cv- 00 m
O Cd rH P> VO Cv o o CM
vc cv o
•H
<H
^ o Cd o o o o cn
-cJ-
O 00
0 CQ . H O VO
0
«H >fi >
< <; 0
O
O
P
CQ c
CQ
TJ O
O
i^ 'H oo VO cn VO
P Cd P> 00 O CM cn VO
VO
VO
CM
VO
CV
^
cv
VO
<H
TJ Cd o O T-H 0^
O o VC
C -H
O O O o
Cd > O o o o o o
p> 0
C GO P
o
•H
P
Cd
•H Cd - H O
Cv T-H o T-J o c^ o
vc CM o
> 0 isc: o 00 T-l T—1 CM
0
P
VO
O liD C 0
•H C
Ut 0 >
3 > H
0 P> - H o 0 O VO P" rH Cd
ft+^ fi P" fi rH VO rH VO iH • 0 Cd >
fi • H P> r-i H CM K >
Cd
EH
U -H
O CJH
iH
W w W-^ Woo W T-l 0
II II II O T( 0 ,3
CQ
0 <Pl
P O
VO o
o
o
o
o
O K
%° O K
o P
o\
O K
o
00 0
T-H
c
PQ
JJ
Cd
O
H
o
O
96
CQ
P> TJ
•Hc ^ C
O.H
0
C
1 O 'H vc
T-l
vc xr> VO o xr>\ 00 o
T-l •ft £ VO -ch -ct cn
o cd cn
c S cd X
•H -p W
cd
CQ P
C j1
•H
o ^
O o o o
CQ o VO ^ o CM o
0A^ tH ^ CM
C
0
ft C '^
CQ o o
3 •H cn m o o vc
C/3 4JT3 1
CM r-, o 00 T-H
cd c o T-H T-H
TJ • H cd CM
C >m
Cd 0 ^
P o
CM CO T-H VO 00
0 00 c^ oo ^ T-H
1 CM T-H
p> o T-l
cd TH
:§
' ^
VO VO
o o CM
T—1
CO
T-l
CM
O cv CM -Ch Cv
Cl
T-l
OO
VI
0 p>
"-^
p
c
0
co
> •H .H
p O P> vc CM cn
• H tH cd ^ O CM VO O
T-J 0^ 00 vc ^ VO VC VO
Cl O - H • • • on
«H > T-H ^ vc cn on Cv • • •
p» 0 0 TH TH 00
cn CM
o p
0c
o
p 0 C
0 P> O
p> CM T-H O cn 00 en o vc
cd rH P> VO 00 VC vc on o cn
/1\ 0^ vc
0 JH o cd vc vc 00 o T-l cv 00 o VO
H 0 CQ ' H
>fi > CM
iva
TH T-H CM -^ ^ O T—1
< < 0 CM
p
3
O^
W TJ
c:
O
U -H VO cn ^ 00 ^ -ch O VO o
cd p> O ^ VO CM VO Cv OO Cv OO
o TJ cd O CV
C 'H
o -^ ^ O CM T-H T-H
C 0 cd > CM CM CM m ^ VO T-H TH 00
o -H
•H c P> Q)
GQ P
CM
P* H
Cd 0
•H ft
> -H 0 VC
0 ft cn TH CM VO
P 5
cd ^
P oo on o T—1
VO
00
00
T-H
00
^
id-
00
00
•
0 \ c^
CV S P VO cv VO VO
^ o ^ CM 0^
•
""—' CM -:t on C^2 T-H T-H CM oo
^ C 0
o tjfl ^ 0 >
0 •H C 5 U ^ 3 > iH
H P* - H O 0 o VO p" rH Cd
fi ftP^ fi p> fi rH VO rH VO H • 0 Cd >
Cd • H P* rH •H r-i rH • H • H CM K >
EH JH - H W W-ch 0
O ft
w s II
W 00
II
W Tl
II _ TJ 0 fi
CQ O 0 Q r, P _ P °O C P O
VO ô ^•o <^
o \ ô\ oc\ 00 0 Cd H
S'S i:h o o O K O K O K T-H m O O
CQ 97
- p TJ
C 0
•in-H C
O O -H •r-' VO vc ^ VO ON
•H VO 00 o
I ft e ^ -ch oo ^ ^ 0^ ^ oo ij-
o cd X
s-p w
cd
•H P
CQ
o o o o
c vc O cv o
o
•H
CQ
C O
0
ft o cn T-" o cn
CQ
•HTJ I on 00
o o o
3 P> c o
GQ cd cd CM
•H«
TJ
>
C 0 o^
p CM VO O
Cd I CM 00 OO -ch CM
o
JH
0
p>
cd o O xo VO CM
T-H CM ^ CM 00 C^
VI oo CM
-:^ OO
o
p>
•H c c
0 o CM VO 00
.33
on
.26
.80
•H .H ô T-l cn
vc Cv
\ O P> o
• • •
P •H CH cd •
CH O -H O -ch vc T-H
T-^
o VO ^ ' CM 00
Cl > CM T-l Csi
0 0
o p
c o
0 0
P 0 -P o
ttD 3 • H CM
P> cd H P " VO o o oo Cv
oo on CO vc
OO VO vc oo oo CM vc
0
JH CdO
VO vc 00 O o OO O VO
0 CQ • H •
H > ^ cv. . . .
Cd < <
> CM CM O T-l . ^
> 0 CM
•H P
3
D^ TJ o
SH • H VO CM
w Cd - P o oo CO VO oo T-H
o CM vc Cv
oo cv cn
<PI
TJ Cd o CM
• rH • VO o •
TH CV
o Cd > CM CM OO VO T-H 00
C 0 p> 0
GQ P CM
O C CM
•H -H
P H
•H
Cd 0 00
•H ft cv CM VO vc
> 'H
Cd P CM -ch CM o 00
oo
-Ch
o
CM
Cvi
oo
0 ft 0 ^ • VO o
P S P 00 O 00 o « • 00 VO oo
CM -Ch on CM on CM oo
on oo
00
-Ch
0 c c 0
H O tiO 0 >
,Q •H C 5 ^ ^ 3 > r-i
O 0 VO Cd
cd P> - H
ftP> fi P" o
fi rH VO H VO rH •
P"
0
r-i
Cd >
EH
•H p> iH •H H rH • r-i • r-i CM K >
S-l - H W s
W W ^ W CO W T-4 0
O ft II II II TJ 0 fi
CQ ) O
o o Q °o c p» O
0 «Pl VO
o o ° o ^ o°o\ Q
00 0 cd r-i
P O -ch o o O K O K O K T-H PQ o O
98
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Devlatlon= - ^100 ( 4.3 )
where Y may be any variable to be examinee!, anc3 7 is the

mean value of Y. In addition, these tables also provide the
deviation bands, which were formed by counting the number of
data points that had an absolute deviation within 10J5,
10-20%, 20-30% and higher.
During the experiment, the 1-in brass gate valve was

damaged accidentally; this resulted in data that were
unreliable. The other two fittings, which are sudden
enlargment and contraction, also had large deviations, which
will be discussed later.
Tables ^.9 through 4.16 provide the comparison between

water and suspensions using the values of loss coefficient
and equivalent length. The first column of each of these
tables describes the test fittings or valves. Columns two
through four show the loss coefficient or the equivalent
length for the water calibration. The second and third
columns present the data obtained from the first and second
water calibrations, respectively. The fourth column
99
Table 4.9 Comparison of the Experimental Loss Coefficient
Ke for Suspensions and Experimental Data for Wa-
ter in 2-in Pipeline
Description (Kg) (Ke)w (Ke)g

of (Ke) g
1st run 2nd run mean for water &
fitting for water for water for water suspension (Kg) w
45° Elbow 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.80 1.04

90 Miter 2.00 1.91 1.96 1.87 0.95
90 Elbow 0.73 0.60 0.67 0.67 1.00
90° Ell, 0.40 0.43 0.42 0.47 1.12
R/D=4.5
90° Ell, 0.81 0.86 0.84 0.88 1.05
R/D=8.5
90° Ell, 0.48 0.65 0.57 0.62 1.09
R/D=12.5
180° Return 1.05 0.78 0.92 0.86 0.93
Bend
Gate Valve 0.51 0.45 0.48 0.46 0.96
Globe Valve 6.13 6.71 6.42 6.59 1.03
100
âble 4.10 Comparison of the Experimental Loss Coefficient
Ki for Suspensions and Experimental Data for Wa-
Description (K5_ ) (Ki) (Ki)^ (Ki)^

of 1st run 2nd run mean for water & -•• s
fitting for water for water for water suspension (Ki^
45° Elbow 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.83 1.04

90° Miter 2.04 1.95 2.00 1.91 0.96
90° Elbow 0.77 0.64 0.71 0.71 1.00
90° Ell, 0.53 0.55 0.54 0.60 1.11
R/D=4.5
90° Ell, 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.13 1.06
R/D=8.5
90° Ell, 0.86 0.98 0.92 0.99 1.08
R/D=12.5
180° Return 1.11 0.83 0.97 0.92 0.95
Bend
Gate Valve 0.55 0.48 0.52 0.50 0.96
Globe Valve 6.15 6.73 6.44 6.62 1.03

101
Table 4.11 Comparison of the Equivalent Length (L/D)e f*or
2-in Pipeline
Description (L/D)e (L/D)e (L/D)ew (L/D)es (L/D)es

of 1st run 2nd run mean for water & -^^^^^^^
fitting for water for water for water suspension (L/D)
ew
45° Elbow 32.37 38.52 35.45 35.26 0.99

90° Miter 83.53 95.45 89.49 82.33 0.92
90° Elbow 30.35 29.80 30.08 29.35 0.98
90° Ell, 16.86 21.83 19.35 20.82 1.08
R/D=4.5
90° Ell, 34.42 43.04 38.73 38.18 0.99
R/D=8.5
90° Ell, 20.80 32.24 26.52 27.57 1.04
R/D=12.5
180° Return 39.^8 45.08 42.28 38.81 1.09
Bend
Gate Valve 22.26 22.71 22.49 20.26 0.90
Globe Valve 263.44 341.12 302.28 286.46 0.95
102
Table 4.12 Comparison of the Equivalent Length (L/D)i for
2-in Pipeline
Description (L/D)i (L/D)i (L/D)iv7 (L/D)is (L/D)i3

of 1st run 2nd run mean for water i
fitting for water for water for water suspension (L/D)i^
45° Elbow 33.47 39.60 36.54 36.35 0.99

90° Miter 85.46 97.38 91.42 84.26 0.92
90 Elbow 32.31 31.66 31.99 31.22 0.98
90° Ell, 22.68 27.65 25.17 26.64 1.06
R/D=4.5
90° Ell, 45.41 54.04 49.73 49.17 0.99
R/D=8.5
90° Ell, 36.97 48.41 42.69 43.74 1.02
R/D=12.5
180° Return 47.80 42.20 45.00 41.53 0.92
Bend
Gate Valve 23.80 24.25 24.03 21.80 0.91
Globe Valve 264.68 342.36 303.52 287.70 0.95
103
Table 4.13 Comparison of the Experi.-iental Loss Coefficient

Ke for Solid Suspensions and Experimental Data
for Water in 1-in Pipeline
Description (Ke) (Ke) (Ke) w (Ke)s (Ke)s

of 1st run 2nd run mean for water &
fitting for water for water for water suspension (Ke)w
45° Elbow 0.80 0.87 0.84 0.88 1.05

90° Miter 1.70 1.48 1.59 1.57 0.99
90 Elbow 1.41 1.10 1.26 1.19 0.94
90° Ell, 0.68 0.81 0.75 0.84 1.12
R/D=4.5
90° Ell, 0.19 0.54 0.37 0.49 1.32
R/D=8.5
90° Ell, 0.42 0.77 0.60 0.64 1.07
R/D=12.5
180° Return 0.96 0.75 0.«6 0.79 0.92
Bend
Gate Valve 0.18 0.04 0.11 0.09 0.82
Globe Valve 10.58 11.61 11.10 11.24 1.01

104
Table 4.14 Comparison of the Experimental Loss Coefficient
Ki for Suspensions and Experimental Data for Wa-
Description (Iql 0 ^ CKiT^ nCiTi 0^1

of 1st run 2nd run mean for water & '•
fitting for water for water for water suspension CKJTJ^
45° Elbow 0.ft6 0.92 0.89 0.94 1.06
90° Miter 1.77 1.53 1.65 1.63 0.99

90° Elbow 1.50 1.18 1.34 1.27 0.95
90° Ell, 0.87 0.98 0.93 1.01 1.09

R/D=4.5
90° Ell, 0.53 0.84 0.69 0.80 1.16
R/D=8.5
90° Ell, 0.92 1.22 1.07 1.12 1.05
R/D=12.5
180° Return 1.08 0.86 0.97 0.90 0.93
Bend
Gate Valve 0.27 0.11 0.19 0.17 0.89
Globe Valve 10.63 10.65 11.14 11.29 1.01

105
Table 4.15 Comparison of the Equivalent Length (L/D)e for
1-in Pipeline
Description CLTDT; CLTDJ^ H T D T ^ (L/D)es CLTDTTS

o^ 1st run 2nd run mean for water i —--____
fitting for water for water for water suspension (L/D)
ew
45° Elbow 23.08 28.60 25.84 26.83 1.04
90° Miter 47.87 48.40 48.14 47.31 0.98
90° Elbow 40.10 35.53 37.82 35.92 0.95
90° Ell, 19.35 26.46 22.91 25.14 1.10
R/D=4.5
90° Ell, 5.34 17.74 11.54 14.85 1.29
R/D=8.5
90° Ell, 11.76 24.64 18.20 19.18 1.05
R/D=12.5
180° Return 26.98 24.63 25.81 24.48 0.95
Bend
Gate Valve 4.96 1.26 3.11 2.84 0.91
Globe Valve 298.40 325.95 312.18 337.86 1.08
106
Table 4.16 Comparison of the Equivalent Length (L/D)i for
1-in Pipeline
Description (L/D)i (L/D)i. (L/D)i^ (L/D)is (L/D)is

of 1st run 2nd run mean for water 4
fitting for water for water for water' suspension (L/D)i;V
45° Elbow 24.72 30.23 27.48 28.47 1.04

90° Miter 49.78 50.31 50.05 49.22 0.98
90° Elbow 42.63 38.05 40.34 38.45 0.95
90° Ell, 24.46 31.57 28.02 30.26 1.08
R/D=4.5
90° Ell, 15.00 27.40 21.20 24.50 1.16
R/D=8.5
90° Ell, 25.96 38.83 32.40 33.38 1.03
R/D=12.5
180° Return 31.32 28.18 29.75 28.04 1.06
Bend
Gate Valve 7.37 3.65 5.51 5.22 0.95
Globe Valve 299.91 380.72 340.32 339.38 1.00

107
presents the average value of the second and the third

columns. Column five lists the values for solid
suspensions. The last column gives the ratio of
experimental value for suspension to that of water. These
tables show that most fittings and valves show little
difference in loss coefficient and equivalent length for
water and suspensions. Justifying the application of the
water value to the fine-particle suspensions in estimating
the head loss of fittings and valves. The Perrys' "Chemical
Engineers' Handbook" 5th Edition (1973) states the value for
loss coefficient only within ± 30/5 accuracy. In this
investigation, it was discovered that the head losses for
suspensions are well within 30^ of those for water, as is
shown on Tables 4.9 through 4.16.
4.2 INFLUENCE OF THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OP BENDS ON THE

Hg5lSTANCE~^FFEHED TO FLDW
Figures 4.37 and 4.38 have been prepared to illustrate
the Influence of the radius of curvature of a bend on the
resistance. Although the plotted values of the average
magnitude of loss coefficient against R/D are somewhat
approximate, there are low points in the curve for both 1-in
and 2-in bends. For 1-in pipeline, the minimum head loss is
at a relative radius of approximately 8.5, and for 2-in
pipeline it is around 4.5. Figures 4.37 and 4.38 each
includes a 90° standard screw type elbow, which also
underwent an expansion and contraction loss. The expansion
108
o
o
CM
i!
(U Loss Coefficient K^
O Loss Coefriclent KQ
o
SI
o
"T 1 \ —I
oo.o 12.! 15.0
3.0 6.0 9.0
Relative Radius R/D
Figure 4.37 Loss Coefficient vs. Relative Radius for

2-in Bend
109
a
a Loss coefficient K^
O Loss Coefficient Kg
a
9n
0.00 3.00 6.00 12.00 I5.0O

Relative Radius R/0
Figure 4.38 Loss Coefficient vs. Relative Radius for

1-in Bend
110
c
:)
•*^
u
o
u
oa
CO
c
10 12 14 10 ;8 20
Relative Hadius S/3
From "Pr«uur« LotMS for Fluid Flew in 9 0 ° Pip* ftondt" by K. H. Bvij.

Courtoiy of Jeumoi of Roiaorch of Nofionol Burvou of Standard*.
Investigator Diameter Svmbol
Balch 5-inch #
Davis 1-inch C
Bnghtmore 3-inch •
Brightmore 4-inch ~
Hofmann .. . 1.7-inch (rough pipe) •
Hofmann .. 1.7-inch (smooth pipe) A
Vogel . . .b, 8, and lo-inch •
Beij 4-inch •
Figure 4 . 3 9 Typical Plot of Loss Coefficient vs.

Relative Radius for Water Data (Reproduced
from Crane Co. Technical Report No.410)
Ill
and contraction resulted in a higher head loss than the same

relative-radius bends.
The different shapes of curves in Figures 4.37 and 4.38

probably resulted from the different friction factors of the
two different sizes of pipes. In particular, after a pipe
has been bent, the friction coefficient is changed and can
not be determined. Such a phenomenon exists even for water
flow in bends (see Figure 4.39).
4.3 ENLARGEMENT AND CONTRACTION

A 1-in to 2-in sudden enlargement and a 2-ln to 1-in
sudden contraction were used in the present work. From the
mass balance, we know that the velocity in a 2-in pipe
section will be equal to a quarter of the velocity in a 1-ln
pipe section. The lower velocity in the 2-in pipe section
resulted in the settling of the glass beads. This changed
the cross-sectional area ratio of inlet and outlet for the
enlargement and the contraction. Hence, the kinetic-energy
change will be miscalculated and the value of the loss
coefficient or the equivalent length will be incorrect.
Therefore, an experiment with transparent sections for
enlargements and contractions is strongly recommended for
determining the head losses.

112
4.4 BEHAVIOR OF FINE SUSPENSION THROUGH COMPLEX GEOMETRY

For a homogeneous fine-solid suspension, the overall
energy loss across a complex geometry can be considered to
be made up of two parts: the hydrodynamic energy loss
proper analogous to that for the carrier fluid, and the loss
due to breakdown of the fluid structure. Part of the latter
is recoverable, however, if the structure can be built up
again. Heat flows and temperature changes also play their
part in the overall energy balance. A detailed analysis of
these changes therefore requires a knowledge of structure
changes in flow through the fittings and also of the
thermodynamic properties of the fluid as functions of the
structure. However, the suspension flow in the homogeneous
regime has enough kinetic energy and internal energy to
reform the structure of the fluid, and the irrecoverable
energy loss is only slightly higher than for the carrier
fluid alone.
At low Reynolds number, the suspension flow through a

fitting may suffer an irreversible structure change, i.e., a
change of the flow from a homogeneous into heterogeneous
regime, resulting in a higher total loss across the fitting.
In the present work, two sizes of glass beads were used

and volume concentration of suspensions were from 01 up to
about 32.5%. Nevertheless, Figures 4.1 through 4.36 and
113
Tables 4.1 through 4.8 all show that the loss coefficient
and the equivalent length are neither a function of particle
size nor of solid concentraction.
The presence of fine particles may cause the

rheological characteristics of the carrier fluid to change
from Newtonian into non-Newtonian. But for this particular
kind of fine-particle suspension, the homogeneous flow
regime is very easy to reach. Therefore, the equations for
calculating the head losses for fittings still can be
applied. Furthermore, for any solid-liquid mixture which is
in the homogeneous regime, the loss coefficient or the
equivalent length should be the same as for the carrier
fluid alone. As long as the velocity in the largest
cross-sectional area of a fitting is above the critical
velocity, the conclusion can be applied.
Chapter V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
1. Analysis of particle suspensions flowing through
valves and fittings is more complex than that of
water, because additional variables are involved.
2. The head losses can be referred to the velocity

heads;
h = K (v2/2 g )
3. The behavior of the loss-coefficient curves can be

explained in a rational and conclusive manner.
4. Application of the homogeneous concept to the

conventional methods for the head losses are in
excellent agreement with experimental results.
5. Care must be exercised when dealing with the fittings

and valves which change in cross-sectional area.
Also, be sure that the velocity at the largest cross
section is still higher than the critical velocity.
114
115
6. The results of the analysis provide practical

information of direct aid to designers of
fine-suspension systems (for particle size up to 75
micron).
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Experimental data for particles of diameter greater
than 100 microns are required and a new correlation
for the head losses through complex geometry needs to
be developed.
2. An attempt should be made to develop the shape factor

or the equivalent diameter, as in the case of
non-spherical large-particle suspensions.
3. More explicit experiments should be conducted for the

fittings with changing shapes and cross-sectional
areas, so that a full understanding of the behavior
of the solid suspensions can be obtained.
4. Experiments must be conducted to determine the

rusting and eroding rate of fittings and valves.
NOMENCLATURE
a = length in the piping upstream of the obstruction

b = length in the piping downstream of the obstruction
C = volumetric concentration of suspension, %
c = length of (a+b+d)
CQ = drag coefficient for free falling sphere,
D = inside diameter of pipe
d = diameter of solid particle or length of an obstruction
d« = length mean diameter (Number average diameter)
dg = surface mean diameter
dy = volume mean diameter
dyg = volume-surface mean diameter (Sauter mean diameter)
d^ = weight mean diameter
d-^ = diameter corresponding to a relative cumulative
•^ frequency of 50%, or the particle diameter such that
50/5 by weight of the particles are smaller than d
g = gravitational acceleration
h = head loss, ft
hf = frlctlonal head loss between sections "1" and "2", ft
hyii = head loss through an obstruction, ft
K = loss coefficient
Kg = loss coefficient excludes Moody friction loss
Ki = loss coefficient includes Moody friction loss
L = length of straight pipe
116
117
Leq = equivalent length
L/D = equivalent length in pipe diameter
(L/D)e= equivalent length In pipe diameter excludes Moody
friction loss ''
(L/D)i= equivalent length in pipe diameter Includes Moody
friction loss ^
^c = axial length of center line of fitting
M * total mass
Q - volumetric flow rate
P - Pressure, psl
(-A^) = pressure drop, psi
-APe = pressure drop of a fitting excluding Moody friction
loss
-APi = pressure drop of a fitting including Moody friction

loss
-APfjj = measured pressure drop of straight pipe in length L
(-AP)(i= pressure drop in the piping downstream of the
obstruction
(-AP)nj= Moody loss due to the axial length of the
obstruction
(-4P)Q= pressure drop within the obstruction
(-AP)t= total pressure drop chargeable to an obstruction
(-AP)U= pressure drop In the piping upstream of the
obstruction
(-AP)I= pressure drop for a section of pipeline of
length c=(a+b+d) which Includes an obstructulon
of length d (see Figure 2.3)
(-A?)2= pressure drop for a section of straight pipe
of length c=(a+b+d) (see Figure 2.3)
(-Ap)2= pressure drop for a section of length (a+b)
(see Figure 2.3)
-AP-/L= unit pressure drop of straight pipe
118
R = axial radius of bends

Re = Reynolds number
R/D = relative radius of bends
s = ratio of solid to liquid densities
T = temperature of suspension, °C
V = velocity, ft/sec
<v> = mean velocity
VQ = critical velocity
W = rate of mechanical work
Y = dummy variable
Z = elevation
a = kinetic-energy correction factor
P = fluid density
P^ = density of liquid
Pg = density of particle
U = liquid viscosity
(- -^ ) = pressure gradient of straight pipe
92 /s
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Barbln, A.R. and Jones, J.B., "Turbulent Flow in the

l^f^ fi^^^?2 ol ô5??^^ ^^P^"' Trans. ASME. J. R..1.
££ia_i> i±l> ^y-D'^ V,19D3).
2. Barua, S.N., "On Secondary Flow in Stationary Curved
Pipes", Quart. J. Mech. ADDI . Mat-.h. , i6(l). 61-77
(19o3).
3. BelJ, K.H., "Pressure Losses for Fluid Flow in 90 De-
gree Pipe Bends", J. of Research of the National
Bureau of Standards, 21, 1-18 (.imy 1938).
4. Benedict, R.P., Carlucci, N.A., Swetz, S.D., "Flow
Losses in Abrupt Enlargements and Contractions",
Proc. ASCE. J. Irrigation. Drainage Div.l _q3lIR31,
59-78 (1967).
5. Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., Lightfoot, E.N., Transport
Phenomena, John Wiley, New York (i960).
6. Blatch, N.S., "Discussion: Water Filtration at Washing-
ton, D.C.", Trans. ASCE. _^, 400-408 (I906).
7. Bowluo, D.A. and Brighton, J.A., "Incompressible Turbu-
lent Flow in the Inlet Region of a Pipe", Trans. ASME,
Ser. D. iO, 431-3 (1968).
8. Bradshow, P., Dean, R.B., McEligot, D.M., "Calculation
of Interacting Turbulent Shear Layers: Duct Flow",
J. Fluid Eng, Trans. ASME. Ser. I. 95. 214-20 (1973).
9. Campbell, W.D. and Slattery, J.C, "Flow in the Ent-
rance of a Tube", Trans. ASME. SER. D, 85(1). 41-6
(1963).
10. Cheng, D.C.-H., Ray, D.J., Valentin, F.H.H.,"The Flow
of Thixotropic Bentonlte Suspensions Through Pipes and
Pipe Fittings", Trans. Instn. Chem. Engrs.. 121.
833-868; Discussion in pp. 869-884 (1956).
11. Cheng, K.C., Lin, R-C., Ou, J-W., "Fully Developed
Laminar Flow in Curved Rectangular Channels",
J. Fluid Eng. Trans. ASME. Ser. I, 98(1), 41-8 (1976).
119
120
12. Cole, B.N. and Mills, B., "Theory of Sudden Enlarge-

ments Applied to the Poppet Exhaust-Valve, with Special
Reference to Exhaust-Pulse Scavenging", Proc. Inst
Mech. Engrs., IB. 364-78 (1953-3). ~
13. Colebrook, C.F., "Turbulent Plow in Pipes with Particu-
lar Reference to the Transition Region between the
Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws", J. Institution Civil
gngrs.. 11, 133-56 (1939) ~
14. Collins, W.M. and Dennis, S.C.R., "The Steady Motion of
a Viscous Fluid in a Curved Tube", Quart. J. Mech.
Appl. Math., 28(2), 133-56 (1975).
15. Crane Co., Flow of Fluids through Valves. Fittings
and Pipes. Tech. Paper 410, Crane Co., N.Y. (198O)
16. Daily, J.W. and Bugliarello, G., "A particular Non-New-
tonian Flow, Dilute Fiber Suspensions", Ind. Eng.
Chem.. ^ , 887-888 (1959).
17. Deissler, R.G., "Investigation of Turbulent Flow and
Heat Transfer in Smooth Tubes, Including the Effects of
Variable Fluid Properties", Trans. ASME. 73. 101-7
(1951).
18. Dodge, D.W. and Metzner, A.B., "Turbulent Flow of Non-
Newtonian Systems", AIChE J.. 5, 189-204 (1959).
19. Durand, R., "Transport Hydraulique de Graviers et Gal-
ets en Conduite", La Houille Blanche. ^, 609-I69
(1951).
20. Durand, R. and Condolios, E. . "Communication de R. Du-
rand et E. Condolios", Compte Rendu des Deuxiemes
Journees de L'Hydraulique, (Paris, Soci^te Hydrotech-
nique de France), 29, (June, 1952).
21. Durand, R., "Basic Relationships of the Transportation
of Solids in Pipes—Experimental Research", Proceed-
ings Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention,
89-103 (1953a).
22. Durand, R. , "The Hydraulic Transport of Coal and Solid
Materials in Pipes", Proceedings of a Colloquium on
the Hydraulic Transport of Coal. (Nov. 5-6, 1952); pp.
39-52, National Coal Board, London, England (1953b).
23. Ellis, H.S., Round, G.F., "Laboratory Studiesôn the
Flow of Nickel-Water Suspensions", Can. Min. 'êtal.
Bull. . ^ , 773-781 (1963).
121
24. Freeman, J.R., Experiments upon the Flow of Water in

Pipes and Pipe Fittings, ASME. New York. (iq4l').
25. Giesecke, F.E., "The Friction of Water in Pipes and
Fittings", Univ. of Texas Bulletin No. 1759. (1917).
26. Giesecke, F.E. and Badgette, W.H., "Loss of Head in
Copper Pipe and Fittings", Heating. Piping Air
Conditioning. 4(6). 443-447 (1932).
27. Oilman, S.F., "Pressure Losses of Divided-Flow Fit-
tings", Heating.Piping Air Conditioning. 27(4). 141-147
(1955).
28. Govier, G.W. and Aziz, K., The Flow of Complex Mix-
tures in Pipes. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York,
(1972).
29. Greenspan, D., "Secondary Flow in a Curved Tube",
J. Fluid Mech.. 57(Part 1) . 167-176 (1973).
30. Head, V.P., "A Shear Criterion for the Hydraulic Beha-
vior of Paper Stocks in Pumps, Pipes, Valves, and Flow-
meters", TAPPI. a^, 260-266 (1952).
31. Hooper, J.W., Isakoff, S.E., Clarke, J.J., Drew, T.B.,
"Friction losses in Screwed Iron Tees", Chem. Engr.
Progr. . M * 691-696 (1948).
32. Hope, W., "The Gate Valve: A Rugged Performer", POWER.
121, 86-88 (Oct. 1977).
33. Howard, G.W., "Transportation of Sand and Gravel in a
Four-inch Pipe", Trans. ASCE, 104. 1334-1348 (1939).
34. Hutchison, J.W., ISA Handbook of Control Valves, In-
strument Society of America, Pittsburg, (1971).
35. Ikemori, K. and Munakata, H. , "A New Method of Express-
ing Pressure Drop in Horizontal Pipe Bend in Pneumatic
Transport of Solids", Proc. Pneumotransport 2, BHRA,
A3-33 (1973).
36 . Ismail, H.M., "Turbulent Transfer Mechanism and Sus-
pended Sediment in Closed Channels", Trans. ASCE, 111,
409-446 (1952).
37. Ito, H., "Friction Factors for Turbulent Flow in Curved
Pipes", Trans. ASME. Ser. D. li, 123-34 (1959).
38. Ito, H., "Pressure Losses in Smooth Pipe Bends",
Trans. ASME, Ser. D, 82(1). 131-1^3 (I960).
122
39. Ito, H. and Imai, K., "Pressure Losses in Vaned Elbows

of a Circular Cross-Section", Trans. ASME, Ser. D. 88
684-5 (1966). " —'
40. Ito, H. and Imai, K., "Energy Losses at 90° Pipe Junc-
tions", Proc. ASCE. J. Hydraulics Division. OQ, 1352-68
(1973).
41. Jamison, D.K. and Villemonte, J.R., "Junction Losses in
Laminar and Transitional Flows", Proc. ASCE. J.
Hydraulics Division, 97(HY7). 1045-63 (1971).
42. Kirchbach, H., "Loss of Energy in Miter Bends",
Trans. Munich Hydr. Inst.. Bull. No. ?. ASME, New York.
(1935).
43. Klinzing, G.E. .. Gas-Solid.Transport: McGraw-Hill, N.Y.
(1981).
44. Lansford, W.M., "The use of an Elbow in a Pipe Line for
Determining the Rate of Flow in the Pipe",
Univ. Illinois Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. No. 289. (1936).
45. Lansford, W.M., "Loss of Head in Flow of Fluids through
Various Types of 1-1/2 inch Valves",
Univ. Illinois Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. Ser. 340. (1943).
46. Lapple, C.E., "Velocity Head Simplifies Flow Computa-
tion", Chem. Eng.. 56(5) , 96-104 (1949).
47. Logan, Jr. E. and Jones, J.B., "Flow in a Pipe Follow-
ing an Abrupt Increase in Surface Roughness",
Trans. ASME. J. Basic Eng., 35-40 (1963).
48. Lundgern, T.S., Sparrow, E.M., Starr, J.B., "Pressure
Drop Due to the Entrance Region in Ducts of Arbitrary
Cross Section", Trans. ASME. J. Basic Eng. S6, 620-6
(1964).
49. Mason, J.S. and Smith, B.V., "Pressure Drop and Flow
Behaviour for the Pneumatic Transport of Fine Particl,
es
Around 90 degree Bends", Pneumotransport 2 ,A2, 17-32,
(1973).
50. McComas, S.T., "Hydrodynamic Entrance Lengths for Pucts
of Arbitrary Cross Section", Trans. ASME. Ser. D, ^ ,
847-50 (1967).
51. McConalogue, D.J. and Srivastava, R.B., "Motion of
Fluid in a Curved Tube", Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 10_, 5f-'^5
(1968).
123
52. McNown, J.S., "Mechanics of Manifold Flow", Proc ASCF

li. Separate 258, pp. 1-22 (1953); discussion, ibid,^8o'
Separate 396, pp. 19-45 (1954). ""
53. Metzner, A.B. and Reed, J.C, "Flow of Non-Newtonian
Fluids—Correlation of the Lar.inar, Transition, and
Turbulent-Flow Regions", AIChE J.. 1, 434-440 (1955).
54. Mikumo, E., Nishihara, T. , Takahara, M., "On the Hy-
draulic Conveyance of Slime Pulps (Copper Ore)",
J. Soc. Mech. Eng. Japan, XXXVI. 825-831 (1933).
55. Moody, L.F., "Friction Factors for Pipe Flow", Trans.
ASME. 66, 671 (1944).
56. Morikawa, Y., Tsuji, Y., Matsui, K. and Jittani, T.,
"Pressure Drops Due to Pipe Bends in Air-Solids Two-
Phase Flows; Circular and Elliptical Bends",
Int.. J. Multi-Phase Flow, Ji, 575-583 (Dec. 1978).
57. Morris, H. , "Flow in Rough Conduits"," Trans. ASCE,
120(Part I ) , 373-410 (1955).
58. Morris, H., "Design Methods for Flow in Rough Con-
duits", Trans. ASCE. 126(Part I). 454-90 (1961).
59. Newitt, D.M., Richardson, J.F., Abbott, M., Turtle,
R.B., "Hydraulic Conveying of Solids in Horizontal
Pipes", Trans. Instn. Chem. Engrs., 12, 93-110 (1955).
60. Newitt, D.M., Richardson, J.F., Gliddon, B.J., "Hy-
draulic Conveying of Solids in Vertical Pipes",
Tran Instn. Chem. Engrs., 1^, 93-100 (1961).
61. Parzonka, W., Kenchington, J.M. and Charles, M.E., "Hy-
drotransport of Solids in Horizontal Pipes: Effects of
Solids Concentration and Particle Size on the Deposit
Velocity", Can. J. Chem. Eng.. (1981) (to appear)
62. Perry, R.H. and Chilton, C.H., Chemical Engineers'
Handbook, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1973).
63. Pigott, R.J.S., "Pressure Losses in Tubing, Pipe, and
Fittings", Trans. ASME, 72, 679-688 (1950).
64. Pismen, L.M. and Nir, A., "On the Motion of Suspended
Particles in Stationary Homogeneous Turbulence",
J. Fluid Mech.. 84» No•1 * 193-206 (Jan. 1977).
65. Postlethwaite, J., Brady, B.J., Hawrylak M.W. ani^
Tinker, E.B., "Effects of Corrosion on the Wear .a.-
terns in Horizontal Slurry Pipelines", Corrosion, _,
124
245-250 (Jul. 1978).

66. Reeks, M.W., "On the Dispersion of Small Particles Sus-
pended in an Isotropic Turbulent Fluid",
J. Fluid Mech.. _83, No.3. 529-546 (Dec. 1977).
67. Robertson, J.M., Martin, J.D., Burkhart, T.H., "Turbu-
lent Flow in Rough Pipes", Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry; Fundamentals. 7(2). 253-65 (1968).
68. Ross, D., "Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region of a
Pipe", Trans. ASME, 18, 915-23 (1956).
69. Ryabov, A.V., "Endurance Range of Pipe Bends in Pneu-
matic Transport Systems for Cast-iron Swarf and Dust",
Russ. Eng. J.. 58, No.2, 58 (1978).
70. Schuchart, P., "Widerstandsgesetze Beim Pneumatischen
Transport in Rohrkrummern", Chemie-Eng.-Tech. ,
40(21/22). 1060-1067 (1968).
71. Schutt, H.C., "Losses of Pressure Head due to Sudden
Enlargement of a Flow Cross Section", Trans. ASME,
51(HYD-5r-10). 83-7 (1929).
72. Shaver, R.G. and Merrill, E.W., "Turbulent Flow of
Pseudoplastic Polymer Solutions in Straight Cylindrical
Tubes", AIChE J.. ^, I8I-I88 (1959).
73. Shih, C.C.S., "Hydraulic Transport of Solids in a
Sloped Pipe", J. Pipeline Div., ASCE. 90(PL2). P.Paper
4125. 1-14 (1964).
74. Shook, C.A., "Developments in Hydrotransport",
Can. J. Chem. Eng. . 5,4, 13 (1976)
75. Smith, F.T., "Steady Motion within a Curved Pipe",
Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 347. 345-70 (1976).
76. Smith, R.A., "Experiments on the Flow of Sand-Water
Slurries in Horizontal Pipes", Trans. Instn. Chem.
Engrs., 31, 85-92 (1955).
77. Soo, S.L., Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase Systems; Blais-
dell Publishing Co., Waltham, Massachusetts, (1967).
78. Sproson, J.C, Gray, W.A. and Haynes, J., "Pneumatic
Conveying of Coal", Pneumotransport 2, B£, 15-32,
(1973).
79. Stone, J.A., "Discharge Coefficients and Steady-State
Flow Forces for Hydraulic Poppet Valves",
125
Trans. ASME, J. Basic Ena-., 144-154 (i960).

80. Streeter,"Fluid Flow Friction Factors for Pin^. voi
and Fittings", Prod. En,., I8in!l9!91 (19^7)!' "'s
^'* with°Valv;s' OMff'^'^'u^-^-' "Hydraulic Experiments

et^" TTnT! S ? ^ ^ r^4, " ° ^ ^ ' Nozzles, and Orifice Buck-
tl^lU; Illinois En^. F.vpi-. gta. . Rnl 1 . Mn me:,
^^* p^^^°r^ ^'î' " ^ ^ Dispersion of Matter in Turbulent

a954) """^ ^ '''''""' P^°^' Hoy. .90.. . 222, ^46!68
^^' ^prn^pon/;^- and Harvey, J.K., "On the Effect of a

Sharp Bend in a Fully Developed Turbulent Pipe-^low"
J. Fluid Mech., 34(Part ^). 595-608 (1968). '
84. Turian, R.M., Yuan, T.F., Mauri, G., "Pressure-Drop
Correlation for Pipeline Flow of Solid-Liquid Suspen-
sions", AIChE J.. 17, 809-817 (1971).
85. Turian, R.M. and Yuan, T.F., "Flow of Slurries in Pipe-
lines", AIChE J.. 2J, 232-243 (1977).
86. Vanoni, V.A., "Transportation of Suspended Sediment by
Water", Trans. ASCE. Ill, 67-133 (1946).
87. Vanoni, V.A. and Nomicos, G.N., "Resistance Properties
of Sediment-Laden Streams", Trans. ASCE. 125(Part I).
1140-1175 (I960).
88. Verntas, J.S. and Duda, J.L., "Flow of a Newtonian
Fluid through a Sudden Contraction", Appl. Sci. Res.,
28, 241-60 (1973).
89. Wang, J-S. and Tullis, J.P., "Turbulent Flow in the En-
try Region of a Rough Pipe", J. Fluid Eng., Trans.
ASME. Ser. I. 16, 62-8 (1974).
90. Ward-Smith, A.J., Internal Fluid Flow. Clearendon
Press, Oxford, (198O).
91. Wasp, E.J., Kenny, T.P. and Gandhi, R.L., Solii-Li-ûld
Flow-Slurry Pipeline Transportation. Trans. Tech.
Publications, Rockport, Mass. (1977).
92. Weast, R . C , ed. , CRC Handbook of Chemistry an^ Physics,
60th Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (IQ?^'.
93. Weir, J., Priest, A.J., Sharan, V.K., "The Effect of
Inlet Disturbances on Turbulent Pipe Flow",
126
J. Me. Eng. Sci., 16(3). 211-3 (1974).

94. Weltmann, R.H., "Friction Factors for Flow of Non-
Newtonian Materials in Pipelines", Ind. Eng. CHem.,
41, 386-387 (1956).
95. White, CM., "Streamline Flow through Curved Pipes",
Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 123. 645-63 (1929).
96. Wilson, W.E., "Mechanics of Flow with Noncolloidal, In-
sert Solids", Trans. ASCE. 107. 1576-1594 (1942).
97. Worster, R.C. and Denny, D.F., "Hydraulic Transport of
Solid Material in Pipes", Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs..
112, 563-586 (1955).
98. Yarnell, D.L. and Nagler, F.A., "Flow of Water around
Bends in Pipes", Trans. ASCE, 100, 1018-43 (1935).
99. Yuan, T.F., "Liquid-Solid Suspension Flow in Horizontal
Pipes", Ph.D. dissertation. Syracuse Univ., New York
(1971); Dissert. Abstr. Intern., 33. I8I B (1972).
100. Zandl, I. and Govatos G., "Heterogenous Flow of Solids
in Pipelines", J. Hydr. Div., ASCE. 93(HY3). 145-159
(1967).
101. Zandl, I., ed.. Advances in Solid-Liquid Flow in Pipes
and Its Application. Pergamon Press, N.Y. (1971).
APPENDIX
SUMMARY OF THE TEST RESULTS FOR FITTINGS AND VALVES
Tables A.2 t o AM in the present appendix give a

summary of a l l e x p e r i m e n t a l and c a l c u l a t e d d a t a f o r fittings
and v a l v e s . The symbols used as t h e headings of the columns
a r e t a b u l a t e d i n Table A . l .
127
128
Table A.l The Description of the column heading symbols for

Tables A.2 through A.41
Symbol Description
T Temperature of fine-particle suspensions, °C

C Solid volume concentration of fine-particle
suspension, %
V Velocity of fine-particle suspensions, ft/sec

-AP Measured pressure drop across a pair of pressure
taps for certain test fitting, psi
•APg/L Pressure drop per foot of the straight pipe with
the same diameter as the test fitting at the same
flow condition, psi/ft
-APe Pressure drop caused by test fittings, excluding
the Moody friction -loss for the central length of
the test fittings, psi
-APi Pressure drop caused by test fittings, including
the Moody friction loss for the central length of
the test fittings, psi
(L/D) Equivalent length, excluding the Moody friction
® loss for the central length of the test fittings
(L/D), Equivalent length, including the Moody friction
^ loss for the central length of the test fittings
Ke Loss coefficient, excluding the Moody friction

loss for the central length of the test fittings
Loss coefficient, including the Moody friction
Kl loss for the central length of the test fit.ings
Re Reynolds number, based on water density and

viscosity ^
129
Table A. 2 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data f o r 2 - i n 45° Elbow with

-325 Mesh G l a s s Heads
t c f -Ata -AVs/L -AM -&»i (IÔI* (L/0)i K« Ki M«

K) (pail (pai/Cti (pail
(•Cl (ftl
uw* (pail
*v«c«4« S o i i d a Coacaacr4tio«: 0 . 0 1
A*«r««« Saapaaaioa T«ap«rat«ca: 21.04 • €
1t.J3 0.0 J.1« 0.07« 0.0102 0 . 0S2 0.0S4 2t.60 JO.fct 0.79 0.42 «.0OI10«
19. «« 0.0 S.03 0. U O 0.0233 0 . 130 0 . 13« 32.J7 J3.«« 0.76 0.79 7.92X10*
23.04 0.0 7.a« o.«a9 0.05S0 0.33 0 0.340 2*.m3 iS.92 0.79 a.ii2 I.JSllO*
23.33 0.0 9.39 0.A12 0.070S 0 . <Mt3 O.itS? 32.7i J3.il« 0.7S 0.77 1.4il10>
Aff«r«9« Solida Coacaatcatxoa: i,** I
Avacaga 2aap«aa&.oa T«ap«ratMSa: 20.00 *C
1S.S« 3.5 3.41 0 . 104 0.0144 0.075 0.077 3 0 . 14 31.24 0.A1 0.A4 5.15X1U*
1A.A7 3.7 4.54 0. 144 0.0222 0 . 114 0.120 30.20 31.24 0.79 b.A2 4.49I1ti*
20.00 3.1 5.03 0.195 0.0247 0 . 137 0 . 142 29.45 30.94 0.77 O.AO 0.03110*
17. 7« 3.4 S.41 0.231 0.0305 0.145 0.170 31.32 32.41 O.AO 0.A3 a . 17110*
20.00 3.4 4.00 0.29 0 0.0370 0.200 0.215 32.03 33.11 O.aO 0.A3 9.49I1U*
20.00 3.S 4.34 0.310 0.0411 0.221 0.229 31.29 32.34 0.79 O.AO 1.01X10*
20.00 3.» 4.St 0.344 0.0474 0.242 0.271 32.09 33.17 0.79 O.al 1.10X10*
23.33 3.4 7.40 0.420 0.054t 0.311 0.321 33.34 34.44 O.il 0.13 1.21X10*
21.11 3.S 7.«a 0.401 0.0404 0.350 0.341 33.54 34.44 O.AO 0.A3 1.29X10*
22.22 3.« 0.92 0.419 0.07SO 0.455 0.470 34.AA 35.94 0.41 U. ••« 1.50X10*
23.33 3.4 9.50 0.407 0.0642 0.501 0.517 33.70 34.79 0.77 O.a0 1.45X10*
Aracaâ SoiiAs CoacaafcxaUoas 10.0« X

Avacaâ Saapaaaiea Taaparataca; 15.42 *C
15.13 10.3 2.19 0.050 0.0042 0.034 0.031 33.77 34.14 C.99 1.02 3.15X10*
15.00 10.2 2.47 0.077 0.009A 0.054 0.050 2X.22 34.30 1.03 1.07 3.74X10*
14.39 9.4 3.14 0.093 0.0110 0.041 0.070 33.30 34.39 0.90 0.93 4.57110*
15.54 10.3 3.41 0.123 0.0173 0.0A4 0.019 2 0 . A2 29.90 0.14 0.A9 5.15X10*
17.22 9.9 5.03 0.227 0.0212 0 . 144 0 . 171 34.25 35.33 0.14 0.a« 7.49X10*
15.00 9. A 5.91 0.314 0.0304 0.231 0.230 34.99 34.07 0.05 0.97 1.40X10*
15.00 10.5 7.40 0.445 0.0543 0.343 0.354 35.30 34.44 0.12 o.a« 1.04X10*
15.54 9.9 7.A« 0.513 0.0410 0.3A0 0.392 35.41 34.74 0.10 0.13 1.12X10*
17.22 9.9 A.A« 0.453 0.0770 0.4A7 0.501 34.47 37.75 0.11 0.14 1.32X10*
14.39 9.« 9.35 0.734 0.003S 0.553 0.549 30.33 39.41 0.13 0.15 1.34110*
Avaraqa SollAa CAacaacratxoas 15.93 1

Atasaga Saapaaaioa f a a p a c a t a r a : 14.42 *C
0.0044 0.040 0.041 35.97 J7.04 1.01 1.04 3.03X10*

14.44 14.3 2.19 0.054
13.19 14.4 2.47 0.074 0.0095 0.054 0.054 3 2 . A4 J3.92 0.92 0.95 3.44X10*
1 4 . 17 14.2 3.14 0.099 0.0127 0.072 0.074 32.71 33.44 0.A9 0.92 4. 31X10*
1 3 . A9 15.3 4.09 0 . 14 2 0.0211 0.117 0.121 32.14 33.25 0.85 0.88 5.57X10*
13.A9 15.5 5.03 0.24 5 0.0301 0 . 1A0 0.105 34.72 35.A0 0.87 0.89 4.84X10*
15.54 15.7 5.51 0.24 3 0.0355 0.204 0.213 33.73 iit.i2' 0.A3 0 . 84 7.A5X10*
13.19 15.5 5.90 0.33 7 0 . 0 4 13 0.24 0 0.254 34.14 35.92 0.85 0.87 A. 14X10*
13.89 15.2 4.93 0.452 0.0522 0.339 0.349 37.72 3A.A0 0.84 0.89 9.45X10*
7.A0 0.579 0.0444 0.435 0.44 7 37.94 39.02 0.84 0.88 1.07X10*
13.A9 15.4
0.710 0.0790 0.544 0.541 39.49 40.71 0.44 0.88 1.2«X10*
15.00 14.0 0.A2
0.599 0.410 39.31 40.39 0.14 0.04 1.351104
14.11 17.3 9.3« 0.790 0.0005
Avaraga s o l i d a Caaeaatratxoai 24.03 t

Araca4« Saapaaaiaa Taapacatscat 14.95 *C
13.09 27.3 1.01 0.035 0.0O.5 0.O5 0.024 32.4. 33.49 0 J4 0^.7 2.47X10*
14.44 24.3 2.21 0.051 0.004A 0.037 0.031 31.55 32.43 » ^ ^^ ,.91X10*
15.20 24.5 3.47 0.120 0.0174 0.0^0 0.093 29.93 3-01 ^^ S.92X10*
14.44 27.3 4.20 0.109 0.0257 0.134 0.130 30.21 31.29 J. ^^^ 7.49X10*
14.11 27.0 5.32 0.200 0.03*0 0.204 0.214 31.50 32.5- ^^ ,.U1104
15.5a 20.4 7.92 0.422 0.073* 0.443 0.477 30.50 37.50
130
Table A. 3 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data f o r 2 - i n 45° Elbow with

-200+325 Mesh G l a s s Beads
T C T "Arm -APa/Ii -Ara -APi (L/V) a (L/BI i la 11 l«

(ac) (1) ( f t / k M l ( p s i ) ( p a i / < t | (pai) (pai}
A««C4«a S o l l A a C a a c a a t c a t i a a : 0.0 S
Avacaâ Saapaaaxoa T a a p a r a t a c a t 19.49 •€
10.09 0.0 1.01 0.024 0.0031 0.017 0.010 31.92 33.00 0.71 0.11 2.11110*
19.44 0.0 3.14 0.070 0.0040 0.051 0.053 33.95 35.02 0.71 O.AO 4.94X10*
19.72 0.0 4.09 0 . 114 0.0140 0.004 0.019 35.72 34.79 0.77 0.79 4.47X10*
19.72 0.0 5.03 0.172 0.0207 0.12 7 0.131 35.79 34.17 0.75 0.77 7.97X10*
20.00 0.0 5.90 0.24 9 0.0214 0 . 1A0 0.19 3 31. 4 • 39.52 C.71 C.80 9.54X10*
20.00 0.0 4.93 0.320 0.0372 0.24 A 0.254 38.45 39.73 0.77 0.79 1.10X10*
20.00 0.0 7.01 0.42 9 0.0445 0.329 0.331 41. 10 42.19 0.79 O.al 1.24X10*
20.00 0.0 l.a7 0.52 5 0.05A1 0.399 0.410 39.92 41.00 0.75 C.77 1.«1X10*
19.44 0.0 9.17 0.44 1 0.0701 0 . 4AA 0.501 40.00 4 1-. 01 0.75 C.77 1.55X10*
A«ac44a S o l i d a C o a c a a t r a c x o a : 4.A4 S
A v a r a g a Soapaaa&oa T a a p a r a t a r a s 1 7 . 0 4 4c
14.11 7.2 2.70 0.07 0 0.0094 0.049 0.051 2 9 . A4 30.94 0.14 C.91 3.99X10*
14.11 7.4 2.97 0.07 9 0.0100 0.050 0.040 33.»5 34.73 0.89 0.92 4.29X10*
14.11 7.3 3.14 0.005 0.0107 0.042 0.044 33.34 34.43 0.85 C.«« «. 54X10*
14.39 4.0 3.52 0 . 104 0.0131 0.077 0.000 34.34 35.42 0.A5 C.AA 5.13X10*
17.22 7.0 4.21 0 . 154 0.0190 0 . 115 0 . 110 35.02 34.10 0.85 C.44 4.34110*
17.70 7.3 5.37 0.233 0.0249 0.171 0.174 3«.^9 35.J7 0.81 0.83 8 . 10X10*
17.50 7.2 4.21 0.314 0.0385 0.231 0.211 34.79 35.87 C.41 0. • • 9.31X10*
17.71 4.7 7.44 0.442 0.0552 0.3*3 0.373 30.17 39.i5 0.45 C.a7 1.15I1U*
17.70 4.1 0.45 0.50 0 0.0454 0. OM 0.450 30.75 39.13 0.8* 0.A4 1.27X10*
17.70 5.7 9.40 0.751 0.0a39 0.577 0.593 39.97 «l.05 0.84 0.84 1.44X10*
A v a c a g a S o l x d a C o a c a a t r a t i o a s 1 5 . 19 1
A w a c a f a Suapaaaxoa T a a p a c a c a c a : 1 7 . 5 0 *C
15.54 13.0 2.17 0.044 0.0047 0.029 0.031 25.54 24.44 0.77 O.aO 3.10X10*
14.94 15.0 2.74 0.072 0.0007 0.063 0.055 35. «4 34.55 0.A4 0.49 4.08X10*
14.94 15.5 2.95 0.002 0.0099 0.041 0.04 3 35.4 3 34.70 0.A4 0.49 4.34X10*
17.22 15.2 3.14 0.091 0.0113 0.044 0.049 34.27 35.35 0.13 0.84 4.47X10*
17.22 15.0 3.52 0 . 112 0.0134 0.003 0.004 34.09 37.1A fl.A3 0.85 5.24110*
17.70 1&.2 4.23 0.155 0.0197 0.112 0.114 33.05 34.13 0.77 0.40 4.30X10*
17.70 14.3 5.22 0.230 0.0294 0 . 175 0 . 100 34.22 35.30 0.79 0.81 7.A8X10*
10.33 15.4 4.31 0.34 0 0.0405 0.241 0.240 37.34 38.42 0.81 0.83 9.44X1U*
11.A9 14.4 7.73 0.519 0.0511 0.392 0.403 30.23 39.11 0.A1 0.4J 1.20X10*
1 7 . 7A 14.5 1.35 0.605 0.0714 0.451 0.444 34.5A 37.44 O.AO 0.42 1.24X1U*
11.19 14.9 9.44 0.74 1 0.0181 0.571 0.507 37. 5A 31.47 0.74 0.78 1.50X10*
Ataraija Solids C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 22.00 S

Avacaga Saapaaaxoa T a a p a r a t a x a ; l A . i A *C
0.054 0.050 32.89 33.97 0.81 0.84 4.09X10*

14.39 21.4 2.01 0.077 0.0099
14.47 3.57 0.121 0.0154 0.007 0.090 32.74 33.45 0.79 0.81 5.23X10*
22.0
4.13 0 . 14 4 0.0214 0. I l l 0 . 122 31.43 32.92 0.79 0.81 4. 15X10*
17.22 21. 1
0.25 9 0.0329 0.140 0.194 33.13 34.21 0.79 0.« 1 7.88X10*
17. 7« 21.4 5.22
1 9 . 17 0.355 0.0444 0.259 0.247 33.87 34.95 0.77 0.79 9.72X10*
22.5 4.22
0.524 0.04l« 0.392 0.403 37.07 30.15 0.79 0.41 1.20X104
20.00 22.4 7.5S
0.409 0.0710 0.455 0.440 34.74 37.04 0.74 0.79 1.28X10*
10.A9 21.7 1.24
0.794 0.0907 0.591 0.415 30.24 39.34 0.77 0.79 1.51X10*
20.00 23.4 9.44
1« 9
A* « c a 9 a Suapaaaxoa T a a p a r a t a r a ; 19 . 9 2 * C
42.45 0.95 0.97 3.93110*

0.074 0.0OO2 0.060 0.040 4U57
10.33 20.5 2.57 0.84 0.48 4.72X10*
10.19 29. 1 3.04 0.090 0.0111 0.074 0.074 30.90 39.94 5.50X10*
0.44 0.47
19.17 20.5 3.52 0 . 133 0.0145 0.097 0 . 100 34.21 35.29 9.97X10*
0.74 0.77
20.54 20. A 4.17 0.340 0.0442 0.245 0.273 34.79 35.87 1.laXIO*
0.74 0.78
31.J9 2a. 9 7.14 0 . «A4 0.0555 0.344 0.374 30.10 39.19 1.3«I10*
0.75 0.77
20.00 2».» l.«0 0.453 0.0730 0.494 0.507 31.12 J9.90 1..«X10*
0.75 0.7 7
21. 1 1 29.1 9.04 0.740 0.0053 0.574 0.592 3 9 . 19 110.27
131
Table A.4 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data f o r 2 - i n 9CP Miter with

-325 Mesh Glass Beads
T c T -APa 'AfuTL - A Pa -!AH (L/D)* (1/0)1 la 11

C»C) <S) (ft/aac) (pai) (pai/fti (pai) (P'i)
Avar49a solida CoacaaAratxoa; 0.0 S

Awacaâ S o a p a a a i o a T a a p o c a t a c a : 21.04 •C
10.33 0.0 3.1* 0.170 0.0102 0 . 154 0.157 07.22 19.15 2.32 2.37 4.00X10*
19.17 0.0 4.07 0.25S 0.0153 0.222 0.227 04.24 A 4 . 10 1.99 2.04 4.34X10*
19.44 0.0 5.03 0.371 0.0233 0.320 0.320 79.70 81.43 1.10 1.92 7.92X10*
23.04 0.0 5.90 0.532 0.0335 0.450 0.470 79.53 81.44 1.91 1.95 1.03X10*
23.04 0.0 7.00 0.910 0.0550 0.790 0.A14 04.23 84.17 1.91 1.94 1.35X104
23.33 0.0 9.39 1.337 0.070S 1.144 1.192 04.24 81.10 1.97 2.01 1.42110*
Avaraga Solida C o a c a a t r a t i o a s J.5« 5

Aw«caga S«sp*a«A,oa r * a p * r a t a c * : 21.03 'C
20.54 3.4 3.14 0 . 12 0 0.0111 0.094 0.100 50.03 51.94 1.30 1.»3 5.07X10*
14.47 3.7 4.5* 0.202 0.0222 0.233 0.24 0 40.40 42.73 1.59 1.4« 4.49X10*
20.00 3.4 4.00 0.504 0.0370 0.50* 0.514 77.43 79.37 1.94 1.9A 9.*9lie*
20.00 3.4 4.00 0.74 5 0.0474 0.4*1 0.*S7 70.51 80.45 1.92 1.97 1.10110*
24.44 3.0 0.3S 1.005 0.0473 0.937 0.940 00. a 5 82.79 1.91 1.95 1.44X10*
22.22 3.4 0.92 1.239 0.0750 1.074 1.099 12.22 84.15 1.92 1.94 1.S0X1U*
23.33 3.4 9.50 1.444 0.0442 1.255 1.2A4 •4.49 84.42 1.94 1.91 1.45X10*
ATcraga Solxds C o a c a a t r a t i o a ; 10.32 1

A f « c * 9 * Sospaaaioa T*ap*caiaca: 1 4 . 5 5 *C
15.03 10.3 2.19 0.004 0.0043 0.070 0.072 45.04 •4.91 1.90 1. i * 3.15110*
15.54 10.3 3.41 0.215 0.0173 0 . 177 0.103 59.52 0 l.«5 1.77 1.43 5.15X10*
14.47 10.4 4.5* 0.333 0.0244 0.279 0.287 45.23 • 7 . 14 1.75 1.40 4.49X10*
17.22 10.2 5.51 0.514 0.0334 0.4*2 0.454 74.32 78.24 1.90 1.95 8.20X10*
14.47 10.7 4.4* 0.724 0.0455 0.424 0.a«2 79.94 • 1.90 1.94 2.01 9.47X10*
14.47 10.5 0.3S 1 . 140 0.0700 0.993 1.017 11.37 43.31 1.A4 1.90 1.23X10*
17.22 9.9 0.00 1.310 0.0770 1.149 1.175 04.54 AM. 52 1.92 1.94 1.32110*
A t a r a g a S o l i d s C o a c a a t r a c x o s i 1 5 . a9 t
Avacaga Suapaaa&oa T a a p a c a c a c a ; I 4 . 4 4 *C
0.0127 0.109 0.113 49.45 51.79 1.35 1.40 4.31x10*

14.17 14.2 3.14 0.137
13.A9 15.3 4.09 0.245 0.0211 0.219 0.224 4 0 . 14 42.12 1.60 1.»5 5.57X10*
15.54 15.7 5.51 0.54 7 0.0355 0.44 9 0.481 74.79 78.72 1.89 1.^4 7.85110*
13.89 15.5 5.90 0.44 2 0.0413 0.551 0.565 77.4 1 79.35 t.88 1.93 8 . 16X10*
13.89 15.2 4.93 0.A94 0.0522 0.78 0 0.797 84.72 88.64 1.99 i.ii 9 . 4 5 1 10*
15.00 14.0 1.42 1.35 5 0.0794 1 . 140 1.207 45.42 87.74 1.85 1.89 1.24X10*
14.11 17.3 9.34 1.520 0.0«A5 I.327 1.354 •4.99 44.93 1.46 1.90 1.3SX1U*
Atacaâ Solids Coacaatcatioa: 23.45 S

A « * c a g * S « i » p * a . u o a T a a p M C a t u c a : 1 4 . 5 1 *C
0.054 40.44 62.79 1.71 1.84 2.51X1&*

14.44 2^,1 1.11 0.04 3 0.0050 0.052
0.081 44.65 70.57 1.85 1 . 90 J.J4I10*
14.72 23.2 2.19 0.09 3 0.0047 0.079
0.130 70.ja 72.30 1.47 1.^2 J.45X10*
14.72 22.9 2.74 0.149 0.0104 0 . 124
70.37 72.31 1.81 l.a* 4.91x10*
14.72 23.0 3.52 0.235 0.0144 0 . 199 0.205
MO. 5 2 82.44 1.40 1.92 7.37X10*
1 4 . 17 23.2 5.37 0.55 5 0.03*4 0.4A0 0.491
84.25 86.19 1.91 1.95 1.42X10*
1J.09 23.0 4.17 0.74 2 0.0444 0.4*5 0.440
d*.A3 1.85 l.a» 1.09X10*
0.0495 1.017 1.040 04.90
14.44 23.9 7.00 1 . 149
1.84 1.48 1.31X1U*
0.0905 1.411 1.444 03.1* 85.10
15.00 24.2 9.30 1.42 7
k^mcAqm S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 2 4 . 7 2 9
i v a c a g a S o a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t u r a : 1 5 . 2 5 *C
72.55 1.83 1.88 2.47X10*

0.045 0.0045 0.055 0.057 70.40
13.09 27.3 1.01
73.89 1.84 1.93 3.04X10*
0.099 0.0040 0.004 0.004 71.95
14.44 24.3 2.21
60.94 1.89 1.95 J.91X10*
0.157 0.0114 0.132 0.13* 47.02
15.20 24.5 2.7* 1.91 1.94 4.91X10*
0.24 9 0.0174 0.211 0.217 70.21 72.14
15.20 24.5 3.47 1.87 1.9i 5.92X10*
0.370 0.0257 0.314 0.323 70.97 72.91
14.44 27.3 4.20 1.92 1.97 7.•9X10*
0.5A2 0.0300 0.499 0.512 74.14 78.09
1 4 . 11 27.0 5.32 1.94 1.94 4.80X10*
0.74 0 0.0*74 0.474 0.492 82.82 •4.74
15.54 24.* 4.17 1.44 1.90 1.13X10*
1.232 0.0734 1.071 1.094 84.47 d a . *i
15. >* ^6.4 7.92 1. J o l l O *
1.401 1.433 85.43 1.84 l.««
14.47 24.4 9.11 1.409 0.0952
132
Table A.5 Experimental Data for 2-in 9cP Miter with

-200+325 Mesh Glass Beads
T C f -APa -APa/L -APa -APi (L/0)a (1/0)1 la <A 44

(•CJ (S) Ut/aac) (P«i) (pai/<t) (pai) (pai)
A v a r a f a S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : C) . 0 S
A t acaga S a a p a a a i o a Y a a p a c a t a c a : 11 9 . 4 5 4C
10.09 0.0 1.01 0.04 0 0.0031 0.041 0.0*2 74.17r 70.09 1.07 1.92 2.M1X10*
19.44 0.0 2.19 0.072 0.00*4 0.041 0.043 7 7 . 9 1> 79.10 1.90 1.95 3.45X10*
19.44 0.0 3.14 0.144 0.0080 0.127 0. iiO 1 3 . IG1 15.73 1.92 1.94 4.94X10*
19.72 0.0 4.09 0.24 9 0.0140 0.219 0.223 9 0 . 4 5» 92.42 1.95 1.99 6.47X10*
19.72 0.0 5.03 0.374 0.0k07 0.331 0.33M 9 3 . OS 94.91 1.94 1.98 7.97X10*
20.00 0.0 4.93 0.490 0.0372 0.609 0.621 9 5 . 0« 94.97 1.19 1.92 1 . lUXtU*
20.00 0.0 7.10 0.890 0.0*45 0.794 0.412 99.%^ io:.39 1.91 1.95 1.26X10*
20.00 0.0 1.07 1.120 0.0501 0.993 1.012 99.21 101.14 1.11 1.91 1.41X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 6 . 7 4 1
Awacaâ S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t Mca: 1 7 . 4 2 *C
14.11 7.3 3.14 0 . 140 0.0107 0 . 137 0 . 140 74.06 75.99 1.89 1.94 4.54X10*
17.22 7.0 4.20 0.290 0.0190 0.254 0.243 70.24 80.14 1.91 1.9* 4.3411U*
17.71 7.3 5.37 0.474 0.0249 0.411 0.420 02.55 14.49 1.94 1.99 8.10X10*
17.50 7.2 4.21 0.43 4 0.03M5 0.552 0.545 03.23 15.14 1.95 1.99 9.31X10*
17.70 4.7 7.44 0.94 0 0.0552 0.M19 0.130 14.14 88.04 1.91 1.95 1.15X10*
17.70 4. 1 0.45 1.155 0.0454 1.011 1.033 19.«5 91.34 1.93 1.97 1.27X10*
17.70 5.7 9.40 1.447 0.0439 1.304 1.332 90.27 92.20 1.90 1.94 1.44X10*
i v a c a ^ a S o l i d i . C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 15 . 1 5 9
Avacaqa S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 7 . * 9 4C
0.004 0.00*7 0.070 0.072 4 0 . 3 i» 42.34 1.02 1.88 3.10X10*

15.5* 13.4 2.17
14.94 15.0 2.74 0 . 13 4 0.0047 0 . 115 0.111 7 4 . 0 11 71.01 1.84 1.90 4.04X10*
17.22 15.0 3.52 0.214 0.0134 0 . 107 0.192 • 1.3«(i 13.28 l.s4 1.91 5.24X10*
17.71 15.2 4.23 0.314 0.0197 0.272 0.279 00. 1 1 82.04 1.84 1.92 6.38X10*
17.71 14.3 5.22 0.445 0.0294 0.42 0 0.430 4 2 . 3 1> 84.30 1.90 1.94 7.84X1U*
10.33 15.4 4.31 0.474 0.0405 0.507 0.401 1 4 . Ut 14.00 1.82 1.84 9.64110*
10.19 1«.4 7.73 1.021 0.0500 0.900 0.919 1 4 . A^) 90.12 1.85 1.49 1.20110*
17.71 14.5 0.35 1 . 187 0.0714 1.030 1.05* 4 3 . 5.1 85.44 1.82 1.84 1.26I1U*
10.89 14.9 9.44 1.574 0.0001 1.301 1.411 90.yC \ 92.92 1.83 1.87 1.50X10*
i v a c a g a S o l i d s C o a e c a t c a t i o a : 21 . 9 4 S
lTara<ja Saspaasioa Taapacatuca: 4 . 0 9 *C
0.124 0.129 7 4 . I j1 74.07 1.83 1.88 4.09X10*

1«.39 21.4 2.81 0 . 14 8 0.0099
0. 140 0 . 145 7 3 . IS> 75.09 1.82 1.87 4.66X10*
14.47 21.5 3.10 0 . 118 0.0127
0.209 0.214 78.4fi 80.33 1.84 1.93 5.23X10*
14.47 22.0 3.57 0.24 2 0.0154
0.281 76.OC1 77.94 1.81 1.9J 6.15X10*
17.22 21.1 4.1J 0.32 8 0.0214 0.241
1.95 7.8aXI0*
17.70 21.4 5.22 0 . S2 5 0.0329 0.454 0.444 80.OJ 81.94 1.90
1.14 1 . 92 9.72X10*
19.17 22.5 4.22 0.731 0.0444 0.634 0.649 12.90 84.84
8 9 . 1M 1.1* 1.90 1.20X10*
20.00 22.4 7.55 1.054 0.0414 0.S22 0.943 •7.2S
1.24X10*
10.89 21.7 1.24 1.24 3 0.0710 1.044 1 . 110 1 7 . AS> 89.71 1.43 1.47
93.54 1.8* 1.84 1.51X10*
20.00 23.4 9.44 1.430 0.0907 l.*32 1.442. 91.61
Avarago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a U o a : 2d . 4 4 5
ATOcafa S a a p a a ^ o a T a a p a c a t a c a : d EO. 10 4C
84.31 84.24 1.92 1.94 3.93X1U*
10.33 20.5 2.57 0.13 7 0.0002 0.119 0.121
74.74 74.61 1.13 1.88 5.50X10*
19.17 20.5 3.52 0.24 8 0.0145 0.212 0.210
79.16 11.09 1.17 1.92 6.82110*
20.00 20.9 4.20 0.371 0.0235 0.320 0.320
1 85.30 1.44 1.90 8.39X10*
20.21 29. 1 5.22 0.541 0.0331 0.475 0.404 83.•! 1.87 1 . 91 9.97110*
89.57
20.54 28.4 4.17 0.74 4 0.0442 0.647 0.482 87.44 1.82 1.86 1.18X10*
93.14
21.39 20.9 7.14 0.993 0.0555 0.872 0.490 91.21 1.11 1.85 1.34X10*
1 95.15
20.00 20.0 1.40 1.354 0.073O U 194 1.219 93. 9 i 1.M5 1.401104
94.84 1.02
21.11 29.1 9.0* 1.501 0.0053 1.394 1.423 9«.9fl
^.^^
Table A. 6 Experimental Data for 2-in 9cP Elbow with

T C f -APB •A9M/U -^Pa -API (1/0) a (1/0)1 la li la

(•C) (II Ut/aaci ipaii (pax/ft) iW'i'l (P«i)
Avacaâ S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0.0 1
Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 21.44 •C
10.33 0.0 3.14 0.074 0.0102 0.061 0.U54 20.97 30.13 0.77 0.82 4.00110*
19.4* 0.0 5.03 0.170 0.0233 0 . 125 0 . 132 31.05 32.92 0.73 0.74 7.92110*
23.04 0.0 5.90 0.24 2 0.0335 0.1*4 0.174 2M.72 30.58 0.69 0.73 1.03110*
23.04 0.0 7.80 0.420 0.0550 0.302 0.320 31.89 33.74 0.72 0.77 1.35110*
23.33 0.0 9.39 0.407 0.0705 0.427 0.452 31.41 33.47 0.72 0.76 1.42X1U*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 3.45 I
Avocaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 20.92 *C
21.94 3.4 2.19 0.039 0.0050 0.027 0.029 31.22 33.09 0.80 O.ab 3.4*X10*
20.54 3.4 3.14 0.07 9 0.0111 0.053 0.05 7 27.4 1 29.67 0.77 0.82 5.07X10*
15.5* 3.5 3.41 0.102 0.0144 0.049 0.074 27.95 29.01 0.75 0.80 5.15X10*
20.00 3.1 5.0J 0.192 0.0247 0 . 131 0 . 140 21.48 30.34 0.73 0.78 4.03X10*
20.00 3.4 4.00 0.200 0.0370 0.19* 0.20* 29.79 31.45 0.75 0.79 9.69X10*
20.00 3.4 4.00 0.353 0 . 0 4 74 0.245 0.240 29.9* 31.84 0.73 0.78 1.10110*
21.11 3.5 7.80 0.450 0.0404 0.311 0.330 29.79 31.45 0.71 0.76 1.29X10*
24.44 3.1 0.35 0.493 0.0473 0.339 0.34 0 29.22 31.09 0.69 0.7J 1.48110*
21.22 3.4 0.92 0.570 0.0750 0.394 0.421 30.34 i2.22 0.71 0.75 1.50110*
21. 2Z 3.4 9.50 0.453 0.0442 0.455 0.4*3 30.64 32.50 0.70 0.75 1.65110*
Atacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 10.11 S
Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: l * . 4 2 *C
15.43 10.3 2.19 0.04 9 0.0042 0.034 0.034 31.98 33.04 0.94 Q.t'i 3.15110*
15.00 10.2 2.47 0.07 0 0.0090 0.0*0 0.051 20.4 2 30.21 0.81 0.94 3.74X10*
14.39 9.0 3.14 0.04 5 O.OllM 0.058 0.0*2 24.53 30.40 0.77 0.62 4.57X10*
15.00 9.9 4.13 0 . 14 3 0.0193 0.09*9 0 . 105 29.87 31.73 0.74 0.81 5.79110*
14.47 10.4 4.54 0.172 0.0240 0.115 0.123 24.93 2 4 . 7y 0.72 0.77 6.6»X10*
17.22 9.9 5.03 0.202 0.0212 0.137 0.144 20.21 30.04 0.71 0.75 7.49X10*
17.22 10.2 5.51 0.24 5 0.0334 0.148 0.:79 21.90 30.85 0.72 0.77 8.20X10*
17.70 10.0 4.93 0.373 0.0490 0.260 0.274 30.84 32.71 0.71 0.75 1.05X10*
14.47 10.5 0.35 0.530 0.0700 0.347 0.390 30.09 31.94 0.69 0.73 1.23X10*
14.39 9.1 9.35 0.44 0 0.0030 0.440 0.475 31.05 32.92 0.67 0.71 1.36X10*
I t a c a g a S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 15.92 I
Ivacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 14.4 0 *C
14.4 4 1*.3 2.19 0.05 0 0.0044 0.035 0.037 32.00 33.87 C.90 0.95 3.03X10*
13.89 14.4 2.47 0.071 0.0095 0.049 0.053 30.23 32.10 0.85 0.90 3.44X10*
14.17 14.2 3.14 0.090 0.0127 0.04 1 0.045 20.02 29.89 0.74 0.81 •.31X10*
13.89 15.9 3.43 0 . 119 0.0173 0.080 0.085 24.83 28.69 0.74 0.79 4.95X10*
13.89 15.3 4.09 0 . 14 7 0.0211 0.099 0.104 27.20 29.07 0.72 0.77 5.57X10*
14.72 15.9 4.5* 0.179 0.0250 0.122 0.130 2S.30 30.25 0.72 0.76 4.34X10*
13.49 19.5 5.03 0.210 0.0301 0 . 149 0.159 20.75 30.62 0.72 0.74 4.84X10*
15.5* 15.7 5.51 0.252 0.0355 0.170 0.182 27.09 29.74 0.49 0.73 7.85X10*
13.19 15.5 5.91 0.290 0.0413 0.204 0.217 20.41 30.48 0.70 0.74 8.16X10*
13.09 15.2 4.93 0.393 0.0522 0.273 0.290 30.4 0 32.24 0.70 0.74 9.45X10*
13.09 15.0 7.00 0.494 0.044* 0.3*1 0.343 29.74 31.42 0.47 0.71 1.07X104
I S . 00 14.0 0.02 0.410 0.0790 0.427 0.452 31.03 32.90 0.67 0.71 1.24X10*
10.11 17.3 9.34 0.44 9 0.0005 0.444 0.495 30.5* 32.43 0.65 0.49 1.35X10*
ATacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 24.72 t
Avacago Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 15.25 *C
13.09 0.0045 0.025 0.024 31.11 33.40 0.82 0.17 2.47X10*

27.3 1.01 0.03 5
14.44 24.3 2.21 0.050 0.00*0 0.035 0.037 29.40 31.47 0.77 0.12 3.06X10*
1S.20 24.5 2.7* 0.074 0.0114 0.040 0.052 24.4 9 24.3* 0.69 0.74 3.91X10*
15.20 24.5 J.47 0.112 0.0174 0.072 0.070 24.09 25.94 0.66 0.71 4.91X10*
14.44 27.3 4.20 0.147 0.0257 0.100 0.114 24.34 24.21 0.6« 0.69 5.92X10*
14.11 27.0 5.32 0.25 2 0.0300 0 . 145 0.177 2 5 . 13 24.99 0.k« 0.61 7.49X10*
15.54 24.6 4.17 0.33 7 0.0474 0.229 0.2*4 27.99 29.a5 0.*5 0. 70 4.40110*
15.54 24.4 7.92 0.530 0.0734 0.341 0.384 24.4 5 30.31 0.43 0.«7 1. 13X10*
I4.a7 2a. 4 9.11 0.40* 0.0952 0.444 0.494 28.40 30.27 0.^1 0.65 i.34iia*
13^
Table A.7 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 2 - i n 9cP Elbow with

T c T -APa -Afa/L -APa -API (I/Dla (1/0)1 II la

(•C| at (ft/«« (P«i) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga Solida Coacaatcatioa: 0.0 S

Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 19.49 4c
10.19 0.0 1.01 0.023 0.0031 0.014 0.01S 24.45 20.50 0.45 0.70 2.01X10*
19.aa 0.0 2.19 0.033 0.0044 0.023 0.024 20.40 30.4a 0.70 0.74 3.45X10*
19.44 0.0 3.14 0.0*2 O.OOOO 0.042 0.045 27.40 29.44 0.44 0.48 4.94X10*
19.72 0.0 4.09 0 . 102 0 . 0 140 0.049 0.074 20.74 30.42 0.42 0.64 6.47X10*
19.72 0.0 5.03 0.149 0.0207 0.102 0.100 20.54 30.40 0.40 0.63 7.97X10*
20.00 0.0 5.90 0.210 0.0214 0 . 145 0 . 154 29.42 31.49 0.60 0.6* 9.54X10*
20.00 0.0 4.93 0.27 4 0.0372 0. ; i i 0.203 29.43 31.49 0.59 0.63 1 . 10X10*
20.00 0.0 7.00 0.351 0.0445 0.251 0.244 31.35 33.22 0.60 0.64 1.26110*
20.00 0.0 0.47 0.4*0 0.0541 0.307 0.324 30.aO 32.55 0.5* 0.62 1.41110*
Avacaga S o l i d s Coacaatcat l o a : 4 . 1lO S

Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 17.. 0 4 * C
14.11 7.2 2.7* 0.040 0.0094 0.044 - O.OaO 27.40 29.47 0.02 0.47 3.99110*
1 * . 11 7.4 2.97 0.075 0.0100 0.052 0.055 30.10 32.05 fl.MO 0.85 4.29110*
1*.11 7.3 3.14 0.0O3 0.0107 0.059 0.042 31.49 33.55 0.01 0.86 4.54X10*
14.39 4.4 3.52 0.09 9 0.0131 0.0*9 0.073 30.54 32.41 0.74 O.aO 5.13110*
17.22 7.0 4.20 0.137 0.0190 0.093 0.099 28.44 30.31 0.49 0.74 6.36X10*
17.70 7.3 5.37 0.202 0.0289 0 . 134 0 . 145 27.25 2 9 . 11 0.64 0.68 8.10X10*
17.50 7.2 4.21 0.270 0.03M5 0.190 0.203 24.as 30.54 0.67 0.71 9.31X10*
17.71 4.7 7.44 0.400 0.0552 0.273 0.291 20.70 30.54 C.64 0.68 1.15X10*
17.70 4.1 0.45 0.402 0.045* 0.332 0.353 29.34 31.20 0.43 0.67 1.27X1U*
17.70 5.7 9.40 0.424 0.0039 0.434 0.440 30.01 31.80 0.43 4.47 1.4*110'
Atacaga S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 15. 19 S

IS. 5* 13.* 2.17 0.044 0.00*7 0.029 0.031 24.77 24.44 0.74 0.80 3.10X10*
U.94 15.0 2.74 0.047 0.0007 0.047 0.049 30.90 32.77 0.75 0.80 4.08X10*
1*.94 1S.5 2.95 0.075 0.0099 0.052 0.055 30.4 1 32.27 0.74 0.78 4.34X10*
17.22 15.2 3.14 0.004 0.0113 0.058 0.04 2 29.8 5 31.72 C.72 0.77 4.47X10*
17.22 15.0 3.52 0.102 0.0134 0.071 0.074 30.«5 32.41 0.71 0.75 5.24X10*
17.71 15.2 4.23 0 . 142 0.0197 0.094 0.103 24.34 30.22 0.66 0.71 4.38X10*
17.71 14.3 5.22 0.207 0.029* 0 . 139 0 . 149 27.32 2 9 . 19 0.63 0.67 7.88X10*
14.33 15.4 4.31 0.295 0.0405 0.202 0.215 24.98 30.85 C.63 a.a7 9.66X10*
18.89 14.4 7.73 0.43 5 0.0580 0.300 0.319 29.a5 31.51 0.62 0.66 1.20110*
17.71 14.5 0.35 0.502 0.0714 0.330 0.341 27.44 29.31 0.60 0.64 1.26X10*
11.19 14.9 9.44 0.444 0.0001 0.442 0.471 29.14 31.01 0.59 0.62 I.SOX 10*
Avacaga S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 2 1 . 9 * 1
Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 14.09 *C
14.39 21.4 2 .. 0 1 0 .. 0 7 2 0.0099 0.0*9 0.052 2 0 .,92 3 0 ..74 0.71 0 ., 7 4 4 .. 0 9 X 1 0 *
14.47 21.5 3.10 0 ., 0 9 1 0.0127 0.042 0 .. 0 4 4 2 0 ., 0 4 2 9 ..94 0.70 0 ., 7 5 4 .. 6 6 X 1 0 *
14. , 4 7 22.0 3.57 0 . 114 0.015* 0.070 0 .. 0 1 3 2 9 .,44 3 1 ..31 0.71 0 ., 7 5 5 .. 2 3 X 1 0 *
1 7 . .22 21.1 4 ,. 1 3 0 . 150 0.0214 0 . 101 0 .. 1 0 1 27. 31 3 9 ., 2 5 0.40 0 ., 7 2 4 ., 1 5 X 1 0 *
17,, 7 0 21.4 5.22 0 ., 2 2 0 0.0329 0.152 0 .. 1 4 3 2 4 . 44 2». . 7 1 0.44 0 . 60 7 .. 8 8 X 1 0 *
1 9 .. 1 7 22.5 0 .. 2 2 0.J11 0.0*44 0.310 0 . 234 27. 42 2 9 ..20 0.42 0 . 44 9. 72X10*
20. 00 22.4 7 ,. 5 5 0.452 0.0414 0.312 0 .,331 2 9 . 49 3 1 . 34 0.63 0 . 47 1 ., 2 0 X 1 0 *
1 0 ., 8 9 21.7 0. 2* 0. 520 0.0710 0.344 0. J07 29. 42 3 1 . 29 0.61 0 . 65 1. 28X10*
20. 00 23.4 9 .,44 0. 40* 0.0907 0.474 0 .,505 30. • 5 3 2 . i2 0.41 0 . 45 1. 51X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 2 0 . 47 S
A v a c a g a S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : ; 19 . 9 7 • €
6 0 .. 1 4 1.33 1.37 3.93110*

0.101 0.0002 0.012 0 .. 0 0 5 50.30
10.33 20.5 2.57 1.19 1.23 4.72X10*
0.103 0 .. 1 0 7 54.03 5 5 ., 0 9
10.89 29.1 3.04 0 . 120 0.0111 0.85 5.50110*
0.093 0 .. 0 9 9 32.05 3 4 .. 7 2 0.01
19.17 20.5 3.52 0.131 0.0145 0.74 4.82110*
0.120 0 .. 1 2 7 29.4* 3 1 ..51 0.70
20.00 20.9 4.20 0.174 0.0235 0.71 8.39X10*
0 . 171 0 .. 101 29.97 3 1 ..43 0.67
20.24 29.1 5.22 0.24 4 0.0331 0.69 9.97110*
0.231 0 ., 2 4 4 30.37 i2. . 2 4 0.65
20.5* 20.8 4.17 0.333 0.0*42 0.»9 1 . 18X10*
0.311 0 .. 3 2 9 32.58 3 4 .. 4 5 0.65
21.39 20.9 7 . 14 0.43 9 0.0555 0.»7 1.34X10*
0.414 0 ., 4 4 2 32.9,^ 3 * .,79 0.63
20.00 20.8 8.40 0.58 8 0.0738 0.*7 1.48X10*
0.481 0 ., 5 1 4 33.24 3 5 .. 1 1 0.6«
2 1 . 11 29.1 9.04 0.604 0.0053
135
Table A.8 Experimental Data for 2-ln R=9" Ell with
T C T -APa -APa/t -APv -APi (VD)a (t/D)i la 11 Oa

(•C) («) (ft/aac) (psi) (pai/ft) Ipsi) ipsi)
Avarag* Solids Coacaatcatioa: 0.0 S

Avacaga Sospaasioa Taapacataca: 1*.90 4c
14.44 0.0 3.14 0.002 0.0090 0.034 0.044 20.05 25.87 0.51 0.66 4.34X10*
14.47 0.0 4.09 0.131 0.0154 0.055 0.070 20.71 24.53 0.49 0.63 4.00X10*
17.22 0.0 5.03 0 . 118 0.0232 0.074 0.097 18.45 24.27 0.43 0.57 7.49X10*
17.70 0.0 5.90 0.254 0.0322 0.095 0.120 17.21 23.03 0.40 0.53 9.03X10*
10.41 0.0 4.95 0.332 0.0437 0.114 0.140 15.37 21.19 0.36 0.49 1.07X10*
14.90 0.0 7.86 0.420 0.0540 0.143 0.199 14.85 20.67 0.34 C.48 1.14X10*
14.47 0.0 0.02 0. 53 9 0.0723 0.102 0.254 14.57 20.39 0.35 0.48 1.29X10*
Avacaga Solida Coacaatcatioa: 10.78 S
Avacaga Suspaasioa Taapacataca: 17.53 *C
10.89 10.4 2.19 0.051 0.0062 0.021 0.027 19.34 25.16 0.56 0.72 3.40X10*
14.47 11.0 3.52 0.121 0.0152 0.0«6 0.061 17.49 23.31 0.44 0.64 5.16X10*
10.33 10.4 4.54 0.191 0.0234 0.074 0.098 18.29 24.11 0.46 0.61 4.9SX10*
17.70 10.9 5.03 0.238 0.0290 0.095 0.124 19.00 24.82 0.49 0.43 7.40X10*
14.47 11.3 5.51 0.270 0.0335 0.112 0.144 19.49 25.31 0.48 0.42 4.08X10*
17.70 10.4 4.44 0.352 0.0439 0.135 0.179 17.92 23.74 0.42 0.54 9.74X10*
14.47 10.0 7.40 0.471 0.0571 0.189 0.247 19.27 25.09 0.45 0.58 1.09X10*
17.70 11.2 0.35 0.577 0.0710 0.223 0.295 18.04 23.87 0.41 0.55 1.26X10*
14.47 10.5 0.02 0.423 0.0781 0.238 0.314 17.67 23.49 0.40 0.53 1.29X10*
17.70 10.5 9.20 0.474 0.0853 0.255 0.340 17.32 23.14 0.39 0.52 1.39X1U*
17.70 10.7 9.50 0.729 0.0907 0.281 0.372 17.97 23.79 0.40 0.53 1.45X10*
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: 14.44 ft
Avacaga Sospaaaioa Taapacataca: 14.77 4c
3.44 0.144 0.0147 0.064 0.080 22.09 27.91 0.58 0.73 5.07X10*
14.44 14.4
14. 17 14.7 5.51 0.301 0.0351 0.127 0.14 2 21.00 26.82 0.51 0.65 7.57X10*
14.44 14.4 4.44 0.404 0.0449 0.172 0.219 21.33 27.15 0.50 0.64 8.93X10*
13.09 14.0 7.48 0.514 0.0402 0.219 0.279 21.04 26.88 0.47 0.60 1.02X10*
14.47 14.7 0.82 0.474 0.0022 0.270 0.353 19.09 24.91 C.42 0.55 1.29X10*
14.4 9.50 0.703 0.0950 0.314 0.409 19.18 25.00 0.41 0.54 1.35X10*
15.00
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: 26.80 I
0.026 21.67 27.49 0.49 0.07 2.51X10*

14.44 27.3 1.01 0.04 0 0.0056 0.021 3.82X10*
0.042 0.053 21.78 27.60 0.40 0.76
14.44 24.5 2.74 0.09 7 0.0112 0.72 4.87X10*
0.153 0.0179 0.044 0.082 20.77 24.59 0.57
14.44 24.5 3.52 20.19 24.01 0.53 0.69 5.92X10'
14.44 27.3 4.20 0.217 0.0257 0.090 0.115 7.36X10*
0.130 0.168 19.44 25.46 0.50 0.65
14.44 27.0 5.32 0.317 0.0379 0.63 0.54X1U*
0.410 0.04H7 0.170 0.219 20.23 26.05 0.49
14.44 24.4 4.17 24.66 0.44 0.59 1.37X10*
9.39 0.005 0.1030 0.373 0.477 20.84
14.39 24.4
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: ^ ^ - ^ I j , * , ^
Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 10.72 "C
20.54 24.38 0.58 0.74 4.05X10*
31.7 2.74 0.102 0.0120 0.043 0.055 6.54X10*
U.47 0.117 19.72 25.54 0.51 0.66
10.33 31.4 4.20 0.221 0.0245 0.090 0.62 1.24X10*
0.307 0.392 20.92 24.74 0.49
19.72 32.4 0.07 0.727 0.0051 0.47 0.59 1.53X10*
0.1084 0.405 0.514 21.70 27.52
20.54 32.4 9.47 0.94 0 0.44 0.59 1.45X10*
0.947 0.1101 0.403 0.514 21.27 27.09
10.33 34.9 9.51
136
Table A.9 Experimental Data for 2-in R=9" Ell with
T C 9 -,APa -APa/t -ÂPa -»APi (L/0)a 11/0)i la 11 Oa

(4C) (I) ( f t / s a c ) (psi) (psi/fi) (psi) (psi)
Avacaga Solida Coacaatcatioa: 0.0 ft

Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 19.03 "C
10.04 0.0 1.01 0.03 0 0.0034 0.013 0.017 22.49 20.51 0.41 0.74 2.74110*
10.33 0.0 2.19 0.041 0.0047 0.010 0.023 22.94 28.70 0.57 0.71 3.35110*
10.41 0.0 3.14 0.077 0.0087 0.034 0.043 22.73 20.55 0.51 0.45 4.84X10*
10.89 0.0 4.09 0.12 4 0.0140 0.055 0.069 22.92 24.74 C.49 0.42 4.34X10*
19.17 0.0 5.03 0.179 0.0205 0.077 0.098 21.86 27.68 0.45 0.57 7.87X10*
19.17 0.0 5.90 0.24 2 0.0282 0.102 0.130 20.98 26.81 0.42 0.54 9.35X10*
19.72 0.0 4.93 0.314 0.0367 0.133 0.170 20.99 24.02 0.41 0.53 1.10X10*
20.00 0.0 7.80 0.401 0.0454 0.175 0.221 22.35 28.17 C.42 0.53 1.24X10*
20.00 0.0 0.82 0.493 0.0544 0.214 0.271 22.03 27.85 0.41 0.52 1.41110*
10.33 0.0 10.34 0.471 0.0774 0.289 0.347 21.46 27.50 0.40 0.51 U59110*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o B c a o t c a t i o a : 7 . 83 ft
Avacaga Suspaasioa Taa^Mcat a c a : 14 . 8 9 *C
3.52 0.119 0.0134 0.053 0.047 23.08 20.90 0.58 0.72 5.31110*
17.70 7.8
14.39 7.8 4.52 0.191 0.0217 0.084 0.104 22.49 28.31 0.55 0.49 4.59110*
14.39 7.* 4.34 0.339 0.0393 0.144 0.184 21.30 27.12 0.48 0.61 9.27110*
14.47 9.4 7.08 0.493 0.0580 0.207 0.245 20.67 24.49 0.45 0.57 1.14110*
17.22 4.4 9.39 0.465 0.0796 0.273 0.352 19.88 25.70 0.41 0.54 1.40110*

Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 17.40 •€
0.054 23.80 29.62 0.41 0.76 4.33110*
14.47 14.0 2.95 0.096 0.0104 0.043
0.059 23.26 29.09 0.59 0.74 4.61110*
16.67 15.3 3.14 0 . 106 0 . 0 1 1 9 0.048 0.57 0.72 5.20110*
0.072 22.78 28.61
14.94 15.1 3.52 0.130 0.0147 0.058 0.53 0.67 6.41110*
0.100 21.80 27.62
17.50 15.5 4.28 0 . 18 3 0 . 0 2 1 0 0.079 27.08 0.49 0.62 9.61110*
0.193 21.26
10.89 15.4 4.19 0.355 0.0413 0.151 28.71 0.49 0.61 1.10X10*
0.247 22.09
17.78 15.0 7.31 0.479 0.0539 0.213 2a.80 0.48 0.60 1.28X10*
0.348 22.94
10.04 15.4 0.45 0.423 0.0701 0.277 28.60 0.44 0.58 1.51X10*
0.458 22.77
10.33 15.9 9.87 0.825 0.0931 0.345
Avacaga Solids CoacaatcaUoa: 2]-J^*^^

Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 18.75 'C
0.044 24.44 30.24 0.61 0.75 3.88110*
17.78 21.7 2.57 0.074 0.0083 0.035 0.77 4.20X10*
0.042 0.051 25.10 30.93 0.43
10.04 20.0 2.74 0.089 0.0096
0.060 22.14 27.98 0.55 0.70 4.77110*
3.14 0.109 0.0125 0.048 0.72 5.38110*
11.06 21.2
0.062 0.074 23.21 29.03 0.57
10.33 20.2 3.52 0.139 0.0155
0.154 21.41 27.63 0.51 0.65 8.11110*
0.282 0.0324 0.122 0.51 0.43 9-71X10*
10.89 23.1 5.22 0.168 0.211 22.40 28.63
19.44 23.0 4.17 0.379 0.0428 0.315 24.03 29.85 0.51 0.63 1.20X10*
0.555 0.0612
0.253 0.56 1.54X10*
20.00 22.1 7.55
0.370 0.447 22.19 28.01 0.44
19.44 22.0 9.77 0.04 9 0.0969
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: 20. i». 54 ft
f . » . suspaasioa
Avacaga «u£n«Baioa Taapacataca:
Taapa 19 . 8 7 4c
27.11 0.42 0.79 3.*7X10<
0.007 9 0.029 0.037 21.29 4.06X10*
10.09 28.1 2.24 0.048 24.63 0.58 0.73
0.084 0.0094 0.037 0.047 22.11 4.43X10*
10.09 20.3 2.42 24.88 30.70 0.63 0.78
0.103 0.0112 0.048 0.059 0.72 4.94X10*
10.09 20.0 2.04 0.066 22.30 28.12 C.57
3.14 0.121 0.0137 0.053 0.46 0.60 5.56X10*
19.44 20.4 0.054 0.070 10.54 24.38
20.7 3.54 0.137 0.0161 24.95 0.67 6.77X10*
19.44 0.090 0.114 21.13 0.53
20.7 4.20 0.211 0.024 6 29.30 0.54 0.67 4.33X10*
19.72 0.0337 0.136 0.170 23.48
20.00 20.5 5.22 0.303 24.28 30.10 0.53 0.45 1.00X10*
0.044 7 0.187 0.232 0.48 1.14X10*
20.83 20.4 4.17 0.408 0.325 27.53 33.35 0.56
7.14 0.54 7 0.0565 0.248 0.65 1.37X10*
21.39 20.4 0.340 0.437 27.50 33.32 0.54
29.2 0.48 0.73 6 0.0761 31.54 0.49 0.61 1.50X10*
20.54 0.0894 0.394 0.406 25.71
20.54 29.0 9.24 0.037
137
Table A.ll Experimental Data for 2 - l n R=17" E l l with
t C f -^Pa -APS/L -APa -APi (1/0)4 (1/0)1 la ll A*

(4C) (ft) ( f t / s a c ) (psi) (psi/ft) (pai) (psi)
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: 0.0 I

Avacaga Suspaasioa Taapacataca: 14.90 4c
14.44 0.0 3.14 0. I l l 0.0091 0.056 0.074 32.97 43.94 0.84 1.12 4.34110*
14.47 0.0 4.09 0.174 0.0154 0.089 0.119 33.49 44.44 0.80 1.05 4.00X10*
17.22 0.0 5.03 0.26 6 0.0232 0.136 0.180 34.02 45.01 0.80 1.05 7.49X10*
17.70 0.0 5.90 0.377 0.0322 0.196 0.257 35.4 4 44.43 0.82 1.07 9.03X10*
10.41 0.0 4.95 0.50 9 0.0437 0.263 0.346 34.91 45.91 0.61 1.04 1.07X10*
14.90 0.0 7.01 0.43 5 0.056 0 0.320 0.424 33.14 44.18 0.77 1.02 1.14X10*
14.47 0.0 0.02 0.044 0.0723 0.439 0.574 35.25 44.25 0.84 1 . 10 1.29X10*

Avacaga Sospaaaioa Taapccatuca: 14.51 *C
15.00 3.4 2.71 0.08 8 0.0081 0.042 0.058 30.02 41.02 0.81 1.10 3.81X10*
15.54 4.4 3.99 0.197 0.0177 0.098 0.131 32.10 43.09 0.86 1 . 16 5.69X10*
15.54 4.5 4.99 0.293 0.0265 0. 143 0.193 31.33 42.33 0.61 1.10 7.11X10*
15.54 3.8 4.03 0.42 4 0.0373 0.214 0.285 33.37 44.34 0.83 1.11 8.60X10*
14.67 3.7 7.02 0.555 0.0470 0.290 0.380 35.85 46.84 0.83 1.09 1.03X10*
17.70 3.7 7.97 0.69 7 0.0600 0.355 0.470 33.89 44.88 0.79 1.04 1.20X10*
19.44 4.0 0.73 0.82 0 0.0694 0.429 0.561 35.90 46.90 0.80 1.04 1.37X10*
Avacaga Solids CoacaatcaUoa: 10.46 ft

0.0062 0.039 0.051 3*.93 47.92 1.06 1.38 3.40X10*
10.09 10.4 2.19 0.074 4.91X10*
0.138 0.0117 0.072 0.094 35.94 46.94 0.96 1.25
19.44 10.5 3.12 1. 19 5.16X10*
0.171 0.0152 0.085 0.114 32.44 43.64 0.89
14.47 11.0 3.52 0.93 1.22 5.56X10*
3.90 0.210 0.0178 0.109 0.143 35.44 46.45
15.54 12.9 45.45 0.90 1.19 4.03X10*
4.23 0.24 3 0.0210 0.125 0.164 34.45
15.54 10.4 34.12 47.11 0.91 1.19 6.98X10*
10.33 10.4 4.54 0.200 0.0236 0. 147 0.192
0.0290 0.178 0.233 35.57 46.54 0.91 1.19 7.40X10*
17.78 10.9 5.03 0.34 1 0.93 1.20 8.08X10*
0.406 0.0335 0.216 0.281 37.79 48.79
14.47 11.3 5.51 34.29 0.89 1.16 8.53X10*
5.90 0.46 8 0.0394 0.246 0.321 47.24
15.54 10.7 0.366 37.38 48.37 0.88 1. 14 9.74X10*
17.70 10.4 4.44 0.530 0.0439 0.243
0.0571 0.379 0.487 38.53 49.53 0.90 1.15 1.09X10*
14.47 10.8 7.40 0.700 0.85 1.11 1.12X10*
0.0467 0.406 0.532 35.31 46.30
15.54 10.7 7.08 0.782 34.25 0.83 1.04 1.24X10*
0.852 0.0718 0.448 0.584 47.24
17.78 11.2 0.35 0.638 34.4 3 47.42 0.82 1.06 1.29X10*
0.02 0.93 0 0.0781 0.490
14.47 10.5 0.0853 0.534 0.495 34.30 47.29 0.82 1.06 1.39X10*
17.70 10.5 9.20 1.014 34.93 0.81 1.06 1.45X10*
0.0907 0.577 0.749 47.93
17.70 10.7 9.50 1.00 8
Avacaga Solida CoacaatcaUoa: 14.52 ft
12.31 23.31 0.53 1.00 3.09X10*
0.079 0.0102 0.022 0.041
14.44 14.4 2.23 21.05 32.85 0.75 1.12 4.34X10*
14.4 3.14 0.151 0.0161 0.061 0.091
14.44 0.134 35.46 46.46 0.93 1.21 5.07X10*
14.44 14.4 3.44 0.194 0.0167 0 . 102 49.41 0.93 1.19 6.93X10*
0.253 38.4 1
13.89 14.5 5.00 0.344 0.0297 0.197 49.46 0.93 1.20 7.57X10*
0.299 30.47
14.17 14.7 5.51 0.431 0.0351 0.233 50.23 0.94 1.21 8.99X10*
0.373 39.24
14.47 14.7 4.12 0.534 0.0431 0.292 50.46 0.93 1.19 8.93X10*
0.407 39.47
14.44 14.4 4.44 0.582 0.0469 0.319 52.00 0.92 1.17 1.02X10*
0.540 41.01
13.89 14.8 7.40 0.745 0.0602 0.426 52.32 0.92 1.16 1.15X10*
0.0660 0.470 0.595 41.32
14.39 15.9 7.08 0.04 2
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: 2 J - " *
l T « r a g * Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 14.89 4c
34.03 0.73 1.08 2.51X10*
0.022 0.033 23.03 3.03X10*
1.01 0.053 0.0054 38.63 0.85 1.18
14.44 27.3 0.037 0.052 27.03 3.82X10*
2.19 0.001 0.0078 42.14 0.86 1.16
14.44 24.3 0.060 0.041 31.15 4.47X10*
2.74 0.123 0.0112 44. 14 0.90 1.20
14.44 24.5 0.102 0.136 33.15 7.36X10*
24.5 3.52 0.203 0.0179 45.89 0.88 1.14
14.44 0.228 0.300 34.89 8.54110*
27.0 5.32 0.44 1 0.0379 47.06 0.87 1.13
14.44 0.303 0.395 36.07 1.15X10*
24.4 4.17 0.577 0.0487 50.34 0.89 1 . 14
14.44 0.519 0.663 39.38 1.37X10*
24.4 7.97 0.94 9 0.0745 49.01 0.84 1.08
14. 11 0.600 0.876 38.02
14.39 24.4 9.39 1.24 4 0.1030
138
Table A.12 Experimental Data for 2-in R=17" Ell with

t c T -APa -APs/t -APa -APi (U0)a (1/0)1 le 11 4a

(•C) It) (it/sac) (psl) (psi/ft) (pai) (psi)

10.04 0.0 1.01 0.035 0.0034 0.014 0.022 24.44 37.45 C71 1.00 2.76X10*
10.33 0.0 2.19 0.050 0.004 7 0.024 0.033 29.75 40.74 0.74 1.01 3.35110*
10.41 0.0 3.14 0.105 0.0087 0.056 0.073 37.28 48.28 0.84 1.09 4.84110*
10.69 0.0 4.09 0.174 0.0140 0.097 0.123 40.15 51.15 0.86 1.10 4.34X10*
19.17 0.0 5.03 0.26 1 0.0205 0. 145 0.184 40.97 51.96 0.85 1.04 7.87X10*
19.17 0.0 5.98 0.345 0.0282 0.206 0.260 42.41 53.40 0.86 1.08 9.35X10*
19.72 0.0 4.93 0.483 0.0347 0.276 0.344 43.45 54.45 0.86 1.07 1.10X10*
20.00 0.0 7.88 0.415 0.0454 0.358 0.44 5 45.41 54.41 0.86 1.07 1.24X10*
20.00 0.0 0.82 0.76 0 0.0544 0.442 0.549 45.45 54.45 0.84 1.05 1.41X10*
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: 7.97 X

Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 14.95 4c
17.78 7.0 3.52 0 . 16 4 0.0134 0.089 0.114 30.47 49.47 0.9b 1.23 5.31X10*
14.39 7.0 4.52 0.264 0.0217 0.142 0.183 38.07 49.06 0.93 1.20 6.59X10*
14.47 0.5 5.60 0.397 0.0320 0.216 0.277 39.22 50.21 0.92 1.18 4.22X10*
14.47 9.4 7.08 0.734 0.0580 0.407 0.517 40.78 51.77 0.88 1.12 1 . 14X10*
17.22 4.4 9.39 1.014 0.0796 0.566 0.717 41.30 52.29 0.86 1.09 1.40X10*

14.47 14.0 2.95 0.12 9 0.0106 0.04 9 0.09 0 3 8 . Ul 49.01 0.98 1.26 4.33X11.
14.47 15.3 3.14 0 . 144 0.0119 0.077 0.099 37.53 48.53 0.96 1.24 4.61X10*
14.94 15.1 3.52 0.179 0.0147 0.096 0.124 34.03 4 9.02 0.95 1.23 5.20X10*
17.50 15.5 4.28 0.254 0.0210 0. 138 0.178 34.23 49.22 0.93 1.20 6.41X10*
10.04 14.4 5.24 0.377 0.0306 0.205 0.263 38.90 49.89 0.92 1 . 17 7.97X10*
18.^ 15.4 4.19 0.515 0.0413 0.282 0.361 39.66 50.46 0.90 1 . 16 9.61X10*
17.70 15.8 7.31 0.705 0.0539 0.401 0.503 43.17 54.17 0.92 1 . 16 1.10X10*
10.04 15.4 0.45 0.92 9 0.0701 0.534 0.667 44.26 55.25 0.92 1.15 1.28X10*
10.33 15.9 9.07 1.204 0.0931 0.400 0.856 42.38 53.30 0.86 1.00 1.51X10*

0.078 0.0073 0.037 0.051 29.40 40.39 0.87 1.19 3.34X10*

17.70 21.1 2.21 0.91 1.19 3.88X10*
17.70 2.57 0.099 0.0083 0.052 0.068 36.43 47.43
21-7 35.76 44.75 0.90 1.17 4.20X10*
10.04 20.0 2.74 0. 114 0.0096 0.059 0.078
0.066 0.087 34.23 45.22 0.87 1.15 4.48X10*
10.04 20.0 2.95 0.12 9 0.0112 4.77X10*
0.150 0.0125 0.080 0.104 37.14 48.13 0.93 1.21
10.04 21.2 3.14 0.91 1.18 5.38X10*
10.33 3.52 0.18 5 0.0155 0.098 0.127 34.52 47.52
20.2 38.66 49.46 0.91 1.17 4.11X10*
10.89 23.1 5.22 0.398 0.0324 0.216 0.277
0.385 41.22 52.21 0.92 1.16 9.71X10*
19.44 23.0 4.17 0.544 0.0428 0.304 1.20X10*
0.799 0.0612 0.455 0.571 43.15 54.15 0.92 1. 15
20.00 22.1 7.55
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: 2 8 . 5 * ft
0.046 23.26 34.26 0.47 0.99 3.47X10*
18.09 20.1 2.24 0.074 0.0079 0.032 4.06X10*
0.051 0.069 31.45 42.44 0.80 1.04
10.89 20.3 2.42 0.104 0.0094 1.13 4.43X10*
0.0112 0.065 0.086 33.83 44.82 0.85
18.89 28.0 2.04 0. 128 0.64 1. 17 4.94X10*
0.158 0.0137 0.081 0.107 34.32 45.31
19.44 28.4 3.14 35.63 46.63 0.84 1.15 5.56X10*
3.54 0.197 0.0168 0. 103 0.135
19.44 28.7 0.291 39.04 50.04 0.89 1. 14 8.33X10*
20.00 28.5 5.22 0.417 0.0337 0.227 1.00X10*
0.319 0.404 41.39 52.38 0.90 1. 14
20.83 28.6 4.17 0.571 0.0447 1. 10 1.37X10*
0.0761 0.594 0.738 45.34 56.33 0.89
20.54 29.2 0.48 1.023 0.88 1.09 1.50X10*
1.207 0.0894 0.704 0.873 45.71 54.71
20.54 29.0 9.24
139
âble A.12 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data f o r 2-ir. R = 25" E l l with

-325 Wesh G l a s s Beads
T C T -APa -APa/L -APa -API (1/0) a (1/0)1 la Kl aa

(•C) (S) Ift/sac) (pai) ipai/ft) (pal) (PSl)

Avacaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 21.44 'C
18.33 0.0 3.14 0.099 0.0102 0.032 0.061 10.33 34.50 0.49 0.92 4.80X10*
19.44 0.0 5.03 0.237 0.0233 0.044 0.149 21.00 37.17 0.49 0.8* 7.92X10*
23.06 0.0 5.90 0.33 8 0.0335 0. 118 0.212 20.55 34.72 0.4 9 0.84 1.03X10*
23.04 0.0 7.00 0.557 0.0550 0.19 6 0.349 20.71 34.84 0.47 0.84 1.35X10*
23.33 0.0 9.39 0.790 0.0705 0.283 0.502 20.95 37.11 0.48 0.45 1.42X10*
ivocaga Solids CoacaatCAtioa: 3 . 5 1 X

21.94 3.4 2.19 0.057 0.0050 0.024 0.038 27.92 44.09 0.72 1. IJ 3.4*X10*
20.00 3.4 4.09 0 . 18 4 0.0171 0.072 0.119 24.41 40.58 0.61 1.01 4.52X10*
20.00 3.4 4.00 0.378 0.0378 0 . 130 0.235 19.99 3 6 . 16 0.50 0.90 9.49X10*
20.00 3.4 4.08 0.485 0.0474 0.174 0.i06 21.28 37.45 C.52 0.92 1.10X10*
23.33 3.6 7.40 0.54 2 0.0541 0 . 18 7 0.338 20.06 36.23 0.48 0.44 1.28X10*
2 1 . 11 3.5 7.00 0.422 0.0*04 0.224 0.393 21.49 37.65 0.51 0.90 1.29X10*
24.44 3.8 0.35 0.443 0.0473 0.2*2 0.429 20.84 37.01 0.49 0.47 1.48X10*
23.33 3.4 9.50 0.073 0.0*42 0.307 0.548 20.70 34.87 0.44 0.45 1.65X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s CoacaatcaUoa: 10.09 ft

Aracaga Saapaaaioa T * * p a r a t u c a : 15.88 4c
0.070 0.00*2 0.029 0.047 27.00 43.24 0.79 1.27 3.15X10*

15.03 10.3 2.19 3.74110*
2.47 0.10* 0.0090 0.041 0.049 24.50 40.44 0.74 1.24
15.00 10.2 0.71 1.15 4.57110*
14.39 9.0 3.14 0.131 0.0110 0.053 0.044 24.20 42.37
0.0193 0.089 0.142 24.71 42.87 0.40 1.09 5.79110*
15.00 9.9 4.13 0.215 6.49110*
0.244 0.0240 0.101 0.170 23.69 39.84 0.64 1.07
14.47 10.4 4.5* 1.03 7.49110*
5.03 0.307 0.0202 0. 122 0.200 25.14 41.31 0.63
17.22 9.9 0.63 1.02 8.40110*
15.00 9.8 5.90 0.425 0.0304 0.173 0.280 24.23 42.40
0.0543 0.243 0.400 25.0 5 4 1.22 0.54 0.95 1.04110*
15.00 10.5 7.40 0.413 1.12110*
0.402 0.0418 0.277 0.449 25.94 42.15 0.58 0.95
15.54 9.9 7.80 0.96 1.23X10*
14.47 8.35 0.782 0.0704 0.317 0.514 25.98 42.15 0.59
10.5 43.18 0.58 0.93 1.34X10*
14.39 9.0 9.35 0.93 9 0.0438 0.390 0.623 27.01

Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 15.5* *C
0.018 0.031 23.70 39.87 0.41 1.03 2-47x10*

13.89 27.3 1.81 0.0*8 0.0045 7.49X10*
0.0380 0. 157 0.263 23.90 40.07 0.40 1.01
14.11 27.0 5.32 0.404 0.97 8.80X10*
0.0474 0.204 0.330 25.26 41.43 0.59
15.54 24.4 4.17 0.517 0.97 1.13110*
0.83 8 0.0 734 0.355 0.560 27.99 44. 16 0.42
15.54 24.4 7.92 0.41 0.96 1.34110*
24.4 9.11 1.000 0.0952 0.444 0.729 20.27 44.44
14.47
140
Table A.13 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 2 - i n R=25" E l l with

T C f "ÂPa -APa/l -APa -APi (L/0) a (L/0) 1 I* 11 la

(•C) («) ( f t / a a c ) (psi) (pal/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0 . 0 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 9 . 7 * 4c
19.44 0.0 2.19 0.054 0.0044 0.024 0.037 30.58 44.75 0.75 1.14 3.45110*
19.44 0.0 3.14 0.103 0.0080 0.045 0.070 29.82 45.99 0.68 1.05 4.94110*
19.72 0.0 4.09 0 . 14 7 0.0140 0.075 0.114 31.12 47.29 0.47 1.02 4.47110*
19.72 0.0 5.03 0.248 0.0207 0 . 112 0.17 0 31.52 47.69 0.44 1.00 7.97110*
20.00 0.0 5.90 0.34 4 0.0284 0 . 158 0.237 32.2 a 4a.43 0.44 0.94 9.54110*
20.00 0.0 7.88 0.57 0 0.0445 0.244 0.395 22. \* 49.33 0.44 0.95 1.24110*
20.00 0.0 8.07 0.713 0.0581 0.332 0.493 33.14 49.31 0.43 0.93 1.41110*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 4 . 8 4 ft
Avacaga S a s p a a s i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 7 . 1 4 *C
14. 11 t 2.97 0.117 0.0100 0.062 0.079 29.98 46.15 0.00 1.22 4.29110*
14.11 1i , _ ) 3.14 0 . 122 0.0107 0.051 0.081 2 7 . a6 44.C3 0.71 1.12 4.54110*
14.39 (1* (» 3.52 0.152 0.0131 0.046 0.102 2 9 . 19 45.35 0.72 1 . 12 5.13110*
17.22 '• ') 4.20 0.217 0.0190 0.092 0 . 145 28.05 44.22 0.68 1.08 6.36110*
17.78 '• •» 5.37 0.330 0.0289 0.141 0.221 20.32 44.49 0.47 1.05 8 . 10110*
17.50 • 42 4.21 0.434 0.0395 0. 18 2 0.249 27.40 43.57 0.44 1.02 9.31110*
17.78 t 1 7.44 0.64 1 0.0552 0.270 0.432 29.2a 45.43 0.45 1.01 1.15X10*
17.78 i 1 4.45 0.772 0.0656 0.34 1 0.524 3 0 . 19 44.36 0.45 1.00 1.27X10*
17.78 : im ) 9.40 0.948 0.0839 0.418 0.652 28.^5 45.12 0.41 0.95 1.4*X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 1 5 . 0 2 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 7 . 4 7 4c
15.54 13.4 2.17 0.040 0.00*7 0.024 0.0*2 2 0 . 48 3 * . 85 0.62 1.11 3.10110*
14.94 15.0 2.74 0 . 104 0.0007 0.048 0.073 32.00 48.17 0.78 1.14 4.04110*
14.94 15.5 2.95 0 . 119 0.0099 0.054 0.081 31.43 47.60 0.7* 1 . 14 4.34110*
17.22 15.2 3.14 0.130 0.0113 0.044 0.095 32.44 49.03 0.86 1.19 4.47110*
17.74 15.2 4.23 0.232 0.0197 0 . 102 0.157 30.02 44.19 0.70 1.08 6.34110*
17.74 14.3 5.22 0.344 0.029* 0.150 0.232 29.36 45.53 0.4M 1.05 7.88110*
14.33 15.4 4.31 0.40 0 0.0405 0.222 0.335 31.75 47.92 0.69 1.04 9.66110*
10.89 14.4 7.73 0.711 0.0580 0.324 0.409 3 2 . 1» 48.33 0.47 1.01 1.20110*
17.78 14.5 0.35 0.021 0.071* 0.351 0.550 28.47 44.64 0.42 0.97 1.26110*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a U o a : ^ 1 . 7 7 S
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 7 . 8 5 *C
0.114 0.0099 0.0*9 0.074 28.83 45.00 0.71 1.11 4.09110*

14.39 21.4 2.01
14.47 21.5 3.10 0.144 0.0127 0.043 0.090 28.62 44.79 0.71 1 . 12 4.6*110*
14.47 22.0 3.57 0 . 10 4 0.0154 0.003 0.124 31.12 47.29 0.75 1 . 14 5.23X10*
17.22 21.1 4 . 13 0.24 4 0.0214 0.103 0.143 27.49 44.04 0.69 1.09 a . 15X10*
17.78 21.4 5.22 0.374 0.0329 0 . 14 1 0.252 28.35 44.52 0.68 1.06 7.84110*
19. 17 22.5 4.22 0.515 0.044 4 0.223 0.34 7 29.19 45.36 0.46 1.03 9.72X10*
20.00 22.4 7.55 0.73 8 0.0414 0.334 0.504 31.75 47.92 0.68 1.02 1.20X10*
10.09 21.7 0.2* 0.844 0.0710 0.393 0.593 31.41 47.98 0.66 1.00 ) . 2 8 X 10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 2 a . 8 3 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 2 0 . 12 ' C
0.008 44.60 62.77 1.0* 1.43 3.!*3X10*

10.33 20.5 2.57 0.119 0.0082 0.044
0.131 29.81 45.98 0.73 1.13 5.50X10*
19.17 20.5 3.52 0.193 0.0145 0.005
0.273 31.41 47.98 0.71 1.07 8.39X10*
20.20 29.1 5.22 0.390 0.0331 0 . 18 1
0.374 32.94 49.11 0.70 1.05 9.97X10*
20.54 20.8 4.'17 0.54 1 0.0442 0.251
0.474 33.62 49.79 0.67 0.99 1.14X10*
21.39 28.9 7.14 0.485 0.0555 0.321 1.34X10*
0.430 33.34 4^.53 0.64 0.95
20.00 28.8 8.40 0.908 0.0738 0.424 1.48X10*
0.745 34.53 50.70 0.46 0.97
21.11 29.1 9.04 1.06 7 0.0453 0.507
141
Table A.14 Experimental Data for 2-in l8o^ Close Pattern

Return Bend with -325 Mesh Glass Beads
T C T -A>* -APo/L -AP» -APi (L/D) a (L/D)i la 11 la

(aC) (ft) (ft/aac) (psi) (psi/ft) (psi) (psi)
Avacaga Solids C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0.0 X

Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 14.44 'C
14.44 0.0 3.14 0 . 100 0.0090 0.075 0.000 44.44 47.19 1.13 1.20 4.34X10*
14.47 0.0 4.09 0.158 0.0154 0.119 0.124 44.80 4 7.52 1.06 1.12 6.00X10*
17.78 0.0 5.90 0.334 0.0322 0.253 0.244 45.49 4a.40 1.05 1 . 11 9.03X10*
10.41 0.0 4.95 0.451 0.0437 0.338 0.359 44.90 • 7.42 1.04 1 . 10 1.07X10*
14.90 0.0 7.00 0.577 0.0540 0.433 0.440 44.94 47.66 1.04 1 . 10 1.16X10*
AvaC4<ja S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 10.7w X
Avacaga Suspaasioa r a a p c c * t u c a : 17.a7 *C
18.89 10.6 2.19 0.04 5 0.0062 0.030 0.032 27.73 30.4* 0.8O 0.84 3.40X10*
19.44 10.5 3.12 0 . 100 0.0117 0.07 0 0.076 34.97 37.aA 0.94 1.01 4.91X10*
14.47 11.0 3.52 0 . 130 0.0152 0.091 0.098 34.85 37.57 C.95 1.03 5. 16X10*
17.70 10.9 5.03 0.26 1 0.0290 0.187 0.200 37.33 40.06 0.96 1.03 7.aOl10*
17.70 10.6 6.46 0.425 0.0439 0.312 0.333 41.33 44.05 C.97 1.04 9.74X10*
14.47 10.5 0.82 0.702 0.07*1 0.501 0.417 43.18 4 5.90 0.97 1.03 1.29X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 14.45 X

Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 14.5« *C
14.44 14.4 2.23 0.043 0.0102 0.034 0.04 1 20.53 ^3.24 0.84 1.00 3.09X10*
14.44 14.4 3.14 0.115 0.0141 0.074 0.081 24.40 29.32 0.91 1.00 4.34110*
13.89 14.5 5.00 0.27* 0.0297 0.200 0.214 38.90 41.70 0.94 1.01 4.93110*
14.44 1*.* 4.44 0.44 4 0.0449 0.324 0.344 40.10 • 2.42 0.94 1.01 0.93110*
13.09 14.0 7.40 0.590 0.0402 0.435 0.444 41.97 44.69 0.95 1.01 1.02110*
14.39 15.9 7.00 0.4*9 0.04*0 0.479 0.510 42.09 44.81 0.94 1.00 1.15110*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 24.73 ft
14.44 27.3 1.81 0.04 1 0.0054 0.027 0.029 27.75 30.49 0.88 0.97 2.51X10*
14.44 24.3 2.19 0.06 0 0.0078 0.04 0 0.044 29.80 32.51 C.91 0.99 3.03X10*
14.4 4 24.5 2.74 0.007 0.0112 0.05 9 0.064 30.44 33.14 0.84 0.9 1 3.82X10*
14.»4 24.5 3.52 0 . 14 1 0.0179 0.094 0 . 103 30.54 33.26 0.83 0.91 4.87X10*
14.44 27.3 4.28 0.209 0.0257 0.142 0 . 154 32.09 34.80 0.85 0.92 5.92X10*
14.44 24.4 6.17 0.421 0.0487 0.296 0.319 35.25 37.97 0.85 0.91 8.54X10*
14.11 24.4 7.97 0.494 0.0745 0.500 0.535 37.94 40.64 0.84 0.92 1.15X10*
1^2
Table A.15 Experimental Data for 2-in 180 Close Pattern

Return Bend with -200+325 Mesh Glass Beads
T C T -AP« -APa/L -APa -APi 11/0)4f (1/0)1 1* l i 44

(4C| (S) (ft/sac) (psi) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : C1.0 ft
iwmt^qm S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : l1 9 . 0 3 4c
10.0* 0.0 1.01 0.029 0.0034 0.020 0.022 34.54» 37.29 0.92 1.00 2.74110*
10.33 0.0 2.19 0.039 0.0047 0.027 0.029 3 3 . 9 )> 34.71 0.84 0.91 3.35110*
10.41 0.0 3.14 0.077 0.0007 0.065 0.059 34. 4 J 39.34 0.83 0.89 4.8*110*
10.89 0.0 4.09 0.125 0.0140 0.069 0.095 3 4 . 4<1 39.60 0.79 0.85 4.34110*
19.17 0.0 5.03 0.187 0.0205 0.134 0.144 3 7 . 9 i1 40.68 0.79 0.84 7.87X10*
19.17 0.0 5.98 0.258 0.0282 0. 186 0.199 3 0 . 11' 40.89 0.77 0.43 9.35X10*
19.72 0.0 4.93 0.34 4 0.0347 0.252 0.249 39.7a 42.50 0.74 0.83 1. 10X10*
20.00 0.0 7.80 0.43 8 0.0454 0.321 0.34 2 4 0 . 8 «t 43.56 0.77 0.82 1.2bi10*
20.00 0.0 0.02 0.54 3 0.0544 0.398 0.424 • 0.9 1 43.63 0.76 J. 4 1 1.41X10*
10.33 0.0 10.3* 0.757 0.0774 0.558 0.594 41.aS > 44.57 0.77 Z.i2 1.59X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : "i . 9 9 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t u c a : 1 • . 6 7 4c
14.39 7.0 4.52 0 . 184 0.0217 0. 130 0.140 34.71 37.49 0.45 0.92 4.59X10*
14.47 0.5 5.40 0.278 0.0320 0.195 0.210 35.37 34.09 0.a3 0.90 8.22X10*
14.39 7.0 4.34 0.355 0.0393 0.254 0.272 37.4; 40.15 C.84 0.90 9.27X10*
14.47 9.4 7.08 0.531 0.0580 0.382 0.409 38.19 40.91 0.82 0.88 1 . 14X10*
17.22 4.4 9.39 0.729 0.0794 0.524 0.5*1 38.20 40.96 o.«o 0.«5 1.40X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : IS . 7 3 ft
kwmfiim S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t u c * : 1 7 . 9 6 *C
14.47 1S.3 3.14 0.109 0.0119 0.079 0.044 3a.5tt 41.30 0.90 1.05 4.41110*
10.04 14.4 S.24 0.24 5 0.0304 0.107 0.201 35.4t> 38.18 0.13 0.90 7.97X10*
10.09 15.4 4.19 0.374 0.0413 0.248 0.207 3 7 . 4 i» 40.38 0.86 0.92 9.41110*
17.70 15.0 7.31 0.502 0.0539 0.344 0.309 3 9 . 1 1> 41.88 0.83 0.49 1.10110*
10.0* 15.4 0.45 0.44 0 0.0701 0.400 0.513 3 9 . 7 11 42.4* 0.82 0.88 1.28110*
10.33 15.9 9.07 0.095 0.0931 0.454 0.700 4 0 . 9 11 43.43 0.03 0.88 1.51110*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a U o a : 21 . 9 1 ft
Avacaga s u s p a a s i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 118.54 *C
17.70 0.054 0.0073 0.037 0.041 2 9 . 4 J1 32.34 0.87 0.95 3.34110*

21.1 2.21
17.70 21.7 2.57 0.073 0.0003 0.051 0.055 35. 7i 38.44 0.89 0.94 3.88X10*
10.04 20.0 2.74 0.005 0.0094 0.040 0.045 3 4 . 2 :E 30.95 0.91 0.97 •.20X10*
10.04 21.2 3.14 0 . 104 0.0125 0.074 0.080 34.2s 34.97 0.86 0.93 4.77X10*
10.33 20.2 3.52 0 . 132 0.0155 0.092 0.100 34.51 37.23 0.85 0.92 5.30X10*
10.33 21.0 4.09 0.173 0.0212 0.119 0.129 32.40 35.32 0.82 0.88 6.25X10*
10.89 23.1 5.22 0.274 0.0324 0 . 193 0.200 34.57 37.29 0.81 0.87 8.11X10*
19.44 23.0 4.17 0.379 0.0420 0.249 0.209 34.54 39.24 0.81 0.87 9.71X10*
20.00 22.1 7.55 0.5*1 0.0412 0.403 0.432 3 0 . 2 «1 41.00 0.01 0.87 1.20X10*
17.70 23.2 0.21 0.440 0.0714 0.444 0.497 37.40 40.32 0.79 0.85 1.24X10*
19.44 22.0 9.77 0.901 0.0949 0.452 0.490 39.09 41.81 0.78 0.84 1.54X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 24 . 5 4 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T o a p a c a t u c a : 1 9 . 7 5 *C
0.047 0.051 35.02 37.74 1.01 1.09 3.47X10*

10.09 20.1 2.24 0.04 0 0.0079
10.09 20.3 2.42 0.004 0.0094 0.060 0.044 34.70 39.42 0.93 1.00 4.06X 10*
10.09 20.0 2.0* 0 . 103 0.0112 0.074 0.079 30.6 1 41.33 0.98 1.04 4.43X10*
19.44 0.0137 0.005 0.092 34.03 30.75 0.93 1.00 4.94X 10*
20.4 3.14 0.121 1.01 6.77X10*
20.7 4.20 0.224 0.0244 0.161 0.172 37.8* 40.58 0.94
19.72 0.92 1.33X10*
20.00 20.5 5.22 0.304 0.0337 0.219 0.235 37. 6 i 40.40 0.44 1.00X10*
0.83 0.49
20.03 20.* 4.17 0.410 0.0**7 0.295 0.314 38.29 41.01 1.37X10*
0.78 0 . 44
20.54 29.2 0.40 0.722 0.0741 0.526 0.54 2 4 0 . 1" 42.86
0.80 0.84 1.50110*
20.54 0.073 0.009* 0.4*3 0.404 41.73 44.45
29.0 9.24
143
'able A. 16 Experimental Data for 2-in Gate Valve with

T C 9 -APa -APa/L •tAPa -API (L/D) a 11/01 1 la li la

(4C) (ft) (ft/sac) (psl) (pai/ft) (pai) (psi)
Avacaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 21.85 4c
19.17 0.0 4.07 0.004 0.0153 0.053 0.057 20.04 21.*0 0.47 0.51 4.34X10*
23.04 0.0 7.00 0.33 0 0.0550 0.220 0.235 23.22 24.77 0.53 0.54 1.35X10*
23.33 0.0 9.39 0.404 0.0705 0.318 0.338 23.4 9 25.03 0.54 0.57 1.42110*
Avacaga S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 3 . 4 0 ft
Avacaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 2 0 . 5 * *C
20.54 3.4 3.14 0.057 0.0111 0.03 3 0.036 17.35 14.69 0.48 0.52 5.07110*
20.00 3.4 4.09 0.09 5 0.0171 0.058 0.063 19.89 21.44 0.50 0.54 6.52X10*
20.00 3.1 5.03 0.140 0.0247 0.09 0 0.097 19.62 21.16 0.51 0.S5 4.03X10*
20.00 3.4 4.00 0.211 0.0378 0. 130 0.140 20.02 21.56 0.5 0 0.54 9.69X10*
20.00 3.4 4.84 0.275 0.0474 0.173 0.146 21.21 22.75 0.52 0.5* 1.10X10*
2 1 . 11 3.5 7.aO 0.355 0.0606 0.22 5 0.24 1 21.55 23.09 C.52 0.55 1.29X10*
22.22 3.4 0.92 0.452 0.0750 0.290 0.310 22.18 23.72 0.52 0.55 1.50X10*
Avacaga S a l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 10.08 ft

Avacaga Sospaaaioa Taapacataca: 14.08 *C
15.83 10.3 2.19 0.034 0.0042 0.022 0.024 20.75 22.29 0.41 0.45 3.15X10*
14.39 9.0 3.14 0.044 0.0110 0.040 0.044 19.01 21.34 0.54 0.58 4.57X10*
15.54 10.3 3.41 0.009 0.0173 0.052 0.057 17.52 19.04 0.52 0.57 5.15X10*
15.00 9.9 4.13 0.109 0.0193 0.040 0.073 20.35 21.89 0.52 0.54 5.79X10*
17.22 9.9 5.03 0.154 0.0282 0.094 0.103 19.44 21.23 0.49 0.53 7.49X10*
15.00 10.5 7.40 0.322 0.0543 0.201 0.214 20.74 22.30 0.44 0.52 1.04X10*
15.54 9.9 7.00 0.373 0.0410 0.240 0.254 22.53 24.07 0.51 0.54 1.12X10*
14.47 10.5 0.35 0.400 0.0700 0.254 0.275 21.02 22.54 0.44 0.52 1.23110*
17.22 9.9 0.04 0.4*5 0.0770 0.300 0.320 22.40 24.15 0.50 0.54 1.32110*
14.3 9 9.0 9.35 0.500 0.0030 0.320 0.350 22.73 24.27 0.49 0.52 1.341104
Avacaga S o l i d s CoacaatcaUoa: 2 3 . 4 3 ft
Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 15.04 •€
14.44 0.02 5 0.0050 0.014 0.014 14.70 14.25 0.49 0.53 2.51X10*
23.3 1.01
14.72 23.2 2.19 0.03 5 0.0047 0.021 0.022 17.94 19.50 0.«8 0.53 3.04X10*
14.72 22.9 2.74 0.05 3 0.0104 0.031 0.034 17.25 14.79 0.46 0.50 3.85X10*
14.72 23.0 3.52 0.085 0.0144 0.050 0.054 17.69 19.23 0.46 0.50 4.91X10*
14.47 23.9 4.30 0 . 12 3 0.0234 0.072 0.079 17.76 19.30 0.44 0.48 6.30X10*
15.00 24.2 9.30 0.5*7 0.0985 0.334 0.342 19.78 21.33 0.44 0.47 1.31X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s CoacaatcaUoa: 26.72 X

Avacaga Saspaoaioa TaapMCataco: 15.25 *C
0.014 19.12 20.** 0.50 0.54 2.47X10*

13.89 27.3 1.01 0.02 5 0.0045 0.015
14.44 24.3 2.21 0.034 0.0040 0.019 0.021 14.53 18.08 0.43 0.47 3.04X10*
15.28 24.5 2.74 0.053 0.0114 0.028 0.031 14.34 15.89 0.40 0.45 3.91X10*
15.28 24.5 3.47 0.001 0.0174 0.044 0.040 14.50 14.12 0.40 0.44 4.91X10*
14.4 4 27.3 4.28 0 . 124 0.0257 0.071 0.070 14.01 17.55 0.42 0 . 44 5.92X10*
14.11 27.0 5.32 0 . 192 0.0380 0. I l l 0.121 14.09 18.43 0.43 0 . 47 7.69 X10*
15.54 24.4 4.17 0.259 0.0474 0.158 0.170 19.32 20.o4 0.45 0.49 8.80X10*
15.54 24.4 7.92 0.418 0.0734 0.240 0.240 20.54 22.08 0.45 0. 49 1.13X10*
14.47 24.4 9.11 0.540 0.0952 0.334 0.341 20.50 22.04 0.44 0.44 1.34X10*
144
Tacle A.17 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 2 - i n Gate Valve with

T C f -APa -APa/L -APa -APi (1/0) a (L/0)i la li 8a

(•C) (ft) (ft/aac) (psi) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0.0 ft
19.44 0.0 2.19 0.025 0.004* 0.014 0.017 19.82 21.34 0.48 0.52 3.45X10*
19.44 0.0 3.14 0.04 9 0.0000 0.030 0.032 19.71 21.25 0.4 5 0.49 4.94X10*
19.72 0.0 4.09 0.00 1 0.0140 0.051 0.055 21.19 22.73 0.46 0.49 6.47X10*
20.00 0.0 5.90 0.149 0.0284 0.108 0.114 22.11 23.45 0.45 0.48 9.54X10*
20.00 0.0 4.93 0.223 0.0372 0 . 144 0.154 22.43 23.97 0.44 0.48 1.10X10*
20.00 0.0 7.00 0.290 0.0445 0.190 0.202 23.74 25.24 0.44 0.49 1.24X10*
20.00 0.0 8.87 0.34 4 0.0501 0.241 0.254 24.09 25.63 0.44 0.48 1.41110*
Avacaga s a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 14 . 9 4 ' C
14.11 '•« 2.74 0.04 5 0.0094 0.025 0.027 15.03 14.57 0.4* 0.49 3.99110*
14. 11 2.97 0.05 6 0.0100 0.035 0.037 20.14 21.70 0.53 0.57 4.29110*
14.11 '•J 3.14 0.040 0.0107 0.037 0.039 19.79 21.33 0.50 0.54 4.54110*
14.39 9•% 3.52 0.07 0 0.0131 0.042 0.044 10.70 20.32 0.44 0.50 5.1J11U*
17.70 •• J 5.37 0 . 154 0.0219 0.092 0.100 18.57 20.11 0.44 0.47 8.10110*
17.50 '• • 4.21 0.210 0.0305 0 . 128 0.138 19.29 20.83 0.45 0.4 9 9.31110*
17.70 7.44 0.314 0.0552 0.197 0.212 20.72 22.24 0.46 0.49 1. I S i l o *
17.70 6* 1 4.45 0.30 3 0.0454 0.24 2 0.26 0 21.44 22.94 0.4a 0.4 4 1.27X10*

Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 1 7 . * 5 *C
0.04 7 0.0007 0.044 0.050 31.93 33.4 7 0.7* 0.42 4.08X10*

14.94 15.0 2.74
14.94 15.5 2.95 0.072 0.0099 0.051 0.054 29.83 31.37 0.72 0.74 4.34X10*
17.22 15.2 3.14 0.07 2 0.0113 0.048 0.051 24.84 24.37 0.60 0.4* 4.47X10*
17.22 15.0 3.52 0.075 0.0134 0.044 0.050 20.03 21.57 0.4 6 0.49 5.24X10*
17.78 15.2 4.23 0.104 0.0197 0.062 0.047 10.21 19.75 0.43 0.44 4.38X10*
17.78 14.3 5.22 0.150 0.0294 0.095 0.103 18.41 20.15 0.43 0.4* 7.68X10*
10.33 15.4 4.31 0.229 0.0405 0 . 142 0.153 20.33 21.87 0.44 0.47 9.44X10*
10.89 14.4 7.73 0.34 0 0.0500 0.214 0.229 21.13 22.67 0.44 0 . 47 1.20X10*
17.70 14.5 0.35 0.393 0.0714 0.239 0.250 19.39 20.93 0.42 0.44 1.24X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s CoacaatcaUoa: 2 2 . 0 0 ft
0.032 17.02 18.5a 0.42 0. 4* 4.09X10*

14.39 21.4 2.01 0.05 0 0.0099 0.029
0.052 18.08 19.42 0.43 0.47 5.23X10*
14.47 22.0 3.57 0.001 0.0154 0.0»8
0.049 17.23 18.78 0.43 0.46 6.15X10*
17.22 21.1 4.13 0. 110 0.0214 0.044
0.110 17.89 19.44 0.43 0 . 40 7.88X10*
17.78 21.4 5.22 0 . 172 0.0329 0.101
0.152 18.35 19.89 0.42 0.45 9.72X10*
19.17 22.5 4.22 0.234 0.0444 0. 140
0.230 20.22 21.74 0.43 0.46 1.20X10*
20.00 22.4 7.55 0.34 5 0.0414 0.214
0.271 20.4 1 21.95 0.42 0.4a 1.28X10*
18.89 21.7 4.24 0.404 0.0710 0.252
0.342 21.40 23.14 0.43 0.46 1.51X10*
20.00 23.4 9.44 0.532 0.0907 0.330

Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 20. 17 •C
0 . 054 0.057 28.4 5 30.00 0.62 0 . 44 4.72X10*

10.19 29.1 3.04 0.07 0 0.0111
0.06 2 0.067 21.87 23.41 0.54 0.57 5.50X10*
19.17 28.5 3.52 0.090 0.0145 4.82X1Q*
0.073 0.080 10.14 19.70 0.43 0 . «7
20.00 20.9 4.20 0.124 0.0235 8.39i10*
0 . 105 0 . 114 10.45 19.99 0.41 0.45
20.28 29.1 5.22 0.174 0.0331 0 . 44 9.97X10*
0 . 146 0.158 19.23 20.78 0.41
20.54 20.0 4.17 0.24 1 0.0442 0.43 0.4* 1.14X10*
0.205 0.220 21.47 23.01
21.39 28.9 7.14 0.32 4 0.0555 0.42 0.45 1.34X10*
0. 280 0.300 22.05 23.59
20.00 20.8 0.40 0.43 9 0.0730 0.43 0 . 4b 1.«8X10*
0.330 0.353 22.4 8 i«.02
2 1 . 11 29.1 9.04 0.513 0.0853
145
' a b l e A. 18 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 2 - i n Globe Valve with

-325 Mesh G l a s s Beads
T C 9 -^Pa -APs/L -APa -APi (L/0) a (1/0)1 la 11 Aa

(•C) (S) (ft/aac) (pai) (psi/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0.0 X
Avacaga S o s p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 4 . 9 4 *c
14.44 0.0 3.14 0.441 0.0090 0.439 0.44 1 259.40 260.63 6.42 6.65 4.34X10*
14.67 0.0 4.09 0.733 0.0154 0.497 0.701 242.04 264.12 4.20 6.23 6.00X10*
17.22 0.0 5.03 1.101 0.0232 1.048 1.053 242.42 263.86 4.15 6.17 7.49X10*
17.70 0.0 5.90 1.543 0.0322 1.449 1.474 245.00 266.32 4.10 4.13 9.03X10*
10.61 0.0 4.95 2.070 0.043 7 1.970 1.940 2*1.54 262.81 6.06 4.09 1.07X10*
14.90 0.0 7.00 2.405 0.0540 2.554 2.548 245.08 26*.31 6.12 4.15 l.laXIO*
A*«caga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 3.89 X
Avacaga S u s p a a s i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 6 . 6 7 *C
15.00 3.4 2.71 0.39 3 0.0041 0.37* 0.376 244.4* 267.70 7.17 7.21 3.81X10*
15.54 4.4 3.99 0.741 0.0177 0.72 0 0.72* 234.72 237.97 6.38 6.41 5.49X10*
15.54 4.5 4.99 1.14 9 0.0265 1. 108 1 . 114 242.51 243.75 6.29 6.32 7.11X10*
15.54 3.8 4.03 1.403 0.0373 1.594 1.404 240.95 250.14 4.20 6.24 8.60X10*
14.47 3.7 7.02 2.344 0.0*70 2.258 2.248 278.73 279.97 6.44 6.49 1.03X10*
17.74 3.7 7.97 2.93 5 0.0400 2.79* 2.809 244.95 268.19 4.21 6.24 1.20X10*
20.54 3.8 9.02 4.323 0.0970 4.099 4.120 243.31 244.55 6.00 6.03 1.59X10*
Avacag* S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 1 0 . 8 * X
Avacaga S u a p a a s i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 4 . 9 7 *C
10.89 10.4 2.19 0.300 0.0042 0.294 0.295 275.53 274.70 7.92 7.95 3.40X10*
14.47 11.0 3.52 0.473 0.0152 0.430 0.44 1 244.25 245.49 6.47 4.71 5.16X10*
15.56 12.9 3.90 0.027 0.0178 0.7*7 0.790 255.02 257.04 4.71 4.74 5.56X10*
14.33 10.4 4.54 1.090 0.0234 U034 1.041 254.75 256.00 4.45 4.48 6.98110*
17.78 10.9 5.03 1.313 0.0290 1.24 7 1.253 249.35 250.59 4.37 6.40 7.40110*
14.47 11.3 5.51 1.553 0.0335 U474 1.443 254.04 257.28 4.30 6.33 0.08110*
15.54 10.7 5.90 1.044 0.039* 1.775 1.784 241.44 262.70 4.43 6.46 8.53110*
17.70 10.4 4.44 2 . 114 0.0439 2.015 2.025 244.45 267.89 4.24 6.29 9.74110*
15.00 10.4 4.93 2.412 0 . 0 4 72 2.304 2.314 283.15 284.39 4.21 6.24 9.73110*
14.47 10.0 7.40 2.73 0 0.0571 2.599 2.612 244.39 265.63 6.14 6 . 17 1.09110*
15.54 10.7 7.88 3 . 18 5 0.0467 3.032 3 . 04 V 243.73 264.97 6.33 6.36 1 . 12110*
17.74 11.2 8.35 3.504 0.0718 3.339 3.355 270.12 271.36 4.20 6.23 1.2*110*
14.47 10.5 0.82 3.822 0.0781 3.643 3.460 270.87 272.11 6.06 4.09 1.29X10*
17.78 10.5 9.20 4.232 0.0853 4.036 4.055 274.55 275-79 6.17 6.20 1.39X10*
17.78 10.7 9.58 4.594 0.0907 4.388 4.407 280.74 281.98 6.19 6.22 1.45X10*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 1 4 . 5 1 X
0.302 0.304 171.12 172.34 7.37 7.42 3.09X10*

14.44 14.4 2.23 0.32 5 0.0102
14.44 14.4 3.14 0.410 0.0141 0.573 0.576 204.71 207.95 7.04 7 . 10 4.34X10*
14.44 14.4 3.64 0.799 0.0147 0.741 0.744 243.97 265.21 4.89 6.92 5.07X10*
14.44 14.7 4.09 0.94 3 0.0235 0.910 0.915 224.00 224.C4 6.41 6.65 5 . 6 6 X10*
13.89 14.5 5.00 1.44 7 0.0297 1.379 1.305 249.11 270.35 6.44 6.51 6.93X10*
14.17 14.7 5.51 1.714 0.0351 1.434 1.445 270.50 271.82 4.55 6.58 7.57X10*
14.47 14.7 4.12 2.117 0.0431 2.014 2.027 271.50 272.82 4.53 a. 54 8.99X10*
14.44 14.4 4.44 2.343 0.0449 2.234 2.244 277.03 278.27 4.51 6.54 8.93X10*
14.11 14.3 4.9 3 2.400 0.0521 2.541 2.572 205.35 28*.59 4.47 4.50 1.00X10*
13.89 14.0 7.48 3.015 0.0402 2.947 2.940 204.03 285.27 6.40 6.42 1.02X10*
14.39 15.9 7.00 3.434 0.0440 3.204 3.290 244.71 289.95 6.43 6.45 1.15X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 2 3 . 19 X
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 5 . 2 1 ' C
0 . 194 140. 17 161.40 6.62 6.67 2.47X10*

13.89 23.9 1.81 0.20 9 0.0070 0.193
204.44 205.89 6.92 6.94 3.01X10*
2.19 0.313 0.0083 0.294 0.29*
14.17 23.4 214.79 6.8M 6.92 3.88X10*
0.492 0.0124 0.4*4 0.444 217.54
15.00 23.4 2.74 6.93 6.96 4.3(4X10*
0.758 0.742 245.87 267.11
15.20 23.0 3.52 0.796 0.0146 6.73 6.76 l l . 14X10*
1. 088 1.093 259.59 ^60.83
16. 11 22.9 4.20 1 . 14 4 0.024J 6.44 6.5 1 v . . 7 110*
1.422 1.630 262.37 2o3.6l
15.00 23.6 5.32 1.704 0.0359 4.59 6.62 1 . 1»110*
3.4*9 3.684 ;91.93 253.17
15.03 23.0 7.93 3.83 6 0.0730 6.52 1.39110*
5.252 5.274 302.35 JOi.59
16.39 22.3 9.54 5.403 0.1000
146
Table A.18 Continue
t C » -APa -APs/t -APa -APi (1/0) (t/D)i le ll 6a

(4C) (ft) (ft/sac) (psi) (psi/ft) (psi) (psi)
Avacaga S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 26.66 ft

Avacag* Suspaasioa Taapacataca: 14.96 *C
14.44 27.3 1.01 0.221 0.0056 0.208 0.209 217.47 218.71 4.92 4.95 2.51X10*
14.44 24.3 2.19 0.32 5 0.0078 0.308 0.309 229.76 230.99 4.99 7.02 3.03X10*
14.44 24.5 2.74 0.509 0.0112 0.484 0.486 251.60 252.84 4.93 4.96 3.82X10*
14.44 24.5 3.52 0.656 0.0179 0.815 0.019 263.86 265.09 7.19 7.22 4.47X10*
14.44 27.0 5.32 1.045 0.0379 1.758 1.7*6 249.10 270.34 4.70 6.62 7.36X10*
14.11 24.4 7.97 4 . 15 9 0.0765 3.944 4.000 302.49 303.73 4.84 6.87 1.15X10*
14.39 24.4 9.39 5.729 0.1038 5.491 5.513 307.12 30«.34 4.79 6.82 1.37X10*
Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 10.51 *C
14.47 31.7 2.7* 0.504 0.0120 0.476 0.479 230.22 231.47 4.44 (>.49 4.05X10*
17.70 31.5 3.52 0.06 0 0.0198 0.023 0.827 241.31 242.55 4.87 1».90 5.31110*
10.33 31.4 4.20 1.24 7 0.0245 1-184 1.192 259.41 240.45 4.70 ( *• / J 4.54X10*
17.70 31.7 5.32 1.924 0.0444 1.011 1.827 227.14 228.40 4.44 ( >• • a 0.03X10*
10.09 33.1 4.21 2.412 0.0553 2.485 2.497 241.10 262.34 4.44 i t« 9 9 9.43X10*
19.72 32.4 0.07 4.437 0.0651 4.242 4.240 289.30 290.53 4.73 < ta / O 1.28X10*
20.54 32.4 9.47 4.002 0.1084 5.754 5.77 7 308.23 309.47 6.63 1im OO 1.53X10*
10.33 34.9 9.51 4.111 0.1101 5.859 5.082 300.91 310.15 4.70 ( fta / * 1.45X10*
14?
Table A.19 Experimental Data for 2-in Globe Valve with

T C f -APa -APs/t -APa -API (L/0) a {L/0)i la li Ba

(•C) (ft) (ft/sac) (pai) (pai/ft) (psi) (psi)

Avacaga Saspaasioa taapacataca: 19.20 4c
10.33 0.0 2.19 0.242 O.0O47 0.251 0.252 313.00 314.24 7.77 7.00 3.35110*
10.09 0.0 4.09 0.020 0.0140 0.788 0.791 327.14 328.40 7.02 7.04 4.34110*
19.17 0.0 5.03 1.219 0.0205 1.172 1.174 331.25 332.49 4.87 4.90 7.07110*
19.17 0.0 5.90 1.458 0.0282 1.594 1.400 327.52 328.76 4.42 4.65 9.35110*
19.72 0.0 4.93 2.232 0.0367 2.14 8 2.155 339.44 340.66 6.65 4.47 1.10X10*
20.00 0.0 7.80 2.68 0 0.0456 2.776 2.7M4 353.50 354.74 4.45 4.67 1.26X10*
20.00 0.0 0.82 3.572 0.0564 3.443 3.455 354.06 355.30 4.57 4.40 1.41110*
10.33 0.0 10.34 4.910 0.0774 4.733 4.749 354.88 354.12 4.54 4.54 1.59110*

Avacaga Suspaasioa Taapacataca: 16.85 •€
17.78 7.8 3.52 0.701 0.0134 0.67 0 0.673 290.96 292.20 7.26 7.29 5.31110*
14.39 7.8 4.52 1.151 0.0217 1.102 1.106 295.17 296.41 7.23 7.26 6.59110*
14.47 0.5 5.40 1.72 5 0.0320 1.652 1.659 299.33 300.57 7.06 7.09 8.22110*
14.39 7.0 4.34 2.214 0.0393 2.126 2.134 313.73 314.97 7.05 7.04 9.27110*
1*.47 9.4 7.08 3.322 0.0540 3 . 189 3.201 319.14 320.36 6.90 6.92 1.16X10*
17.22 4.4 9.39 4.464 0.0796 4.482 4.499 326.96 328.20 6.82 6.44 1.40X10*

2.95 0.554 0.0104 0.531 0.533 290.66 291.91 7.49 7.53 4.33X10*
14.47 14.0
14.67 15.3 3.14 0.414 0.0119 0.587 0.589 266.88 288.12 7.31 7.34 4.41X10*
1 * . 94 15. 1 3.52 0.74 7 0.0147 0.733 0.736 289.42 290.66 7.27 7.30 5.20X10*
17.50 15.5 4.20 1.084 0.0210 1.0)8 1.042 286.91 288.14 4.97 7.00 4.41X10*
10.06 14.4 5.24 1.44 5 0.0306 1.575 1.582 299.01 300.25 7.04 7.06 7.97X10*
10.89 15.4 4.19 2.254 0.0413 2.159 2.168 303.32 304.56 4.92 4.95 9.61X10*
17.78 15.0 7.31 3.012 0.0539 2.889 2.900 311.04 312.28 4.44 4.67 1.10X10*
18.04 15.4 0.45 4.018 0.0701 3.857 3.872 319.65 320.89 4.44 6.67 1.28X10*
9.87 5.497 0.0931 5.284 5.304 329.55 330.79 4.44 4.49 1.51X10*
10.33 15.9
Avacaga Sospossioa Taapacataca: 16.50 *C
0.293 0.295 234.34 235.60 4.09 4.92 ,34X10*

17.70 21.1 2.21 0.310 0.0073 ,88X10*
0.0083 0.402 0.404 279.72 280.96 4.98 7.01
17.70 21.7 2.57 0.421 7.02 ,20X10*
0.0096 0.464 0.466 279.35 280.59 4.99
10.04 20.0 2.74 0.484 4.84 4.89 .48X10*
0.0112 0.521 0.523 249.43 270.87
10.04 20.0 2.95 0.54 4 278.78 4.95 4.99 .77X10*
0.424 0.0125 0.598 0.400 277.54
10.04 21.2 3.14 281.54 282.77 4.97 7.00 .38X10*
18.33 20.2 3.52 0.708 0.0155 0.753 0.754
0.987 0.991 270.59 271.83 4.78 4.41 ,25X10*
10.33 21.0 4.09 1.035 0.0212 .11X10*
0.0324 1.424 1.433 291.44 292.68 4.04 6.67
10.09 23.1 5.22 1.701 309.12 4.83 4.86 .71110*
19.44 4.17 2.344 0.0428 2.268 2.277 307.89
23.0 3.409 323.56 324.80 4.07 4.90 .20110*
20.00 22.1 7.55 3.549 0.0612 3.422 .24110*
0.0716 4.022 4.038 324.19 327.43 4.85 6.87
17.70 23.2 0.21 4.106 341.10 4.81 4.84 .54110*
19.44 9.77 5.093 0.0969 5.471 5.492 339.86
22.0
Avacaga Solida CoacaatcaUes: 20.54 ft
Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: 19.87 vc
223.71 4.45 6.48 3.47110*

0.320 0.0079 0.302 0.303 222.48
10.09 20.1 2.24 261.12 4.41 6.64 •.06X10*
0.423 0.425 259.88
10.09 20.3 2.42 0.44 4 0.0094 266.92 6.72 6.75 4.43X10*
0.511 0.513 265.69
10.19 20.0 2.04 0.534 0.0112 268.53 6.87 6.91 4.94X10*
0.444 0.0137 0.432 0.435 267.29
19.44 20.4 3.14 276.29 6.81 4.84 5.54X10*
0.033 0.0168 0.795 0.799 275.05
19.44 20.7 3.54 264.47 6.40 4.43 4.77X10*
0.0246 1.125 1.131 245.24
19.72 20.7 4.20 1.102 247.00 6.52 6.55 8.33X10*
1.441 1.668 285.74
20.00 20.5 5.22 1.738 0.0337 301.90 6.52 6.55 1.00X10*
2.317 2.326 300.67
20.03 28.4 4.17 2.419 0.0447 322.13 6.54 6.56 1.18X10*
3.254 0.0565 3. 124 3.136 320.89
21.39 28.4 7.16 334.08 6.50 6.5^ 1.37X1C*
4.342 4.379 332.85
20.54 29.2 8.48 4.53 7 0.0761 341.69 6.55 6.58 1.50X10*
5.242 5.261 340.4 5
20.54 29.0 9.26 5.44 7 0.0894
148
Table A.20 Experimental Data for 1-in 45^ Elbow with

T c -AP» -APs/L -AP* -API (L/0) a (1/0)1 la li la

(•C) (ft/*« (psi) (psi/ft) (psi) (psi)
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioas 0 . 0 ft

Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 2 2 . 0 0 4c
23.33 0.0 4.02 0.-49* 0.1273 0.23S 0.254 21.15 22.79 0.75 0.01 5.97X104
17.22 0.0 7.41 0.435 0.1510 0.325 0.347 24.44 24.29 0.14 0.19 5.74X10*
24.44 0.0 7.65 0.444 0.1430 0.310 0.333 21.7S 23.39 0.79 0.05 4.04X10*
23.33 0.0 8.40 0.749 0.1824 0.395 0.421 24.77 24.41 0.03 0.09 7.35X10*

15.54 4.4 4.11 0 . 21S 0.0514 0.109 0.114 24.25 25.89 0.90 0.94 2.90X10*
13.04 4.5 4.75 0.282 0.0604 0 . 141 0.151 23.42 25.24 0.80 0.94 3.22110*
13.33 4.4 5.85 0.410 0.1014 0.202 0.217 22.82 24.44 0.03 0.89 3.99X10*
13.33 4.3 4.99 0.570 0.138* 0.284 0.304 23.40 25.24 0.82 0.88 4.74X10*
14.44 4.0 0.40 0.794 0.1954 0.393 0.421 23.04 24.47 0.70 0.84 5.90X10*
15.83 4.0 9.15 0.92* 0.2232 0.4*0 0.500 23.90 25.42 0.70 0.04 4.44X10*
Avacaga SallOa Coacaatratioa: 9.90 f

3.09 0.120 0.0317 0.043 0.040 22.81 24.45 0.07 0.93 2.49X10*
19.72 9.4
3.55 0. 149 0.094 25.4 5 27.09 0.92 0.90 2.57X10*
1S.S4 10. 1 0.0394 o.oeo 0.90 0.94 2.71X10*
13.89 10.0 3.91 0. 204 0.0484 0.105 0. 112 24.6 7 26.31
15.00 4.43 0.254 0.0S85 0.144 24.57 28.21 0.91 0.97 3.15X10*
10.4 0.134 0.88 3.30X10*
13.49 10. 1 4.77 0.20 4 0.0487 0.153 23.87 25.51 i.it2
0. 1*3 0.91 4.rf3X10*
14.47 10.0 5.41 0.344 0.04*3 0.191 0.203 25.^5 27.59 0.44
15.83 9.4 4.4* 0.507 0.1185 0.201 25.4 9 27.13 0.43 0.89 4.*yxio*
0.264 0.40 0.45
14. 11 9.3 7.80 0.714 0.1492 0.37 0 0.394 25.03 26.67 5.73X10*
15.00 10.1 9.10 0.930 0.2244 0.501 23.9 1 25.55 0.7* 0.79 6.4*X10*
0.4*9
Avacaga S a l i d s Coac«atcauoa: 16.53 ft
Avacaga Saapaaaioa Taapacataca: 1 * . * 1 *C
0.0091 0.032 0.034 40.54 42.17 1.4* 1.71 1.09X10*

14.44 1*.5 1.5S 0.051
13.89 17.2 2.00 0.04 9 0.0151 0.030 0.040 28.95 30.59 1.07 1 . 13 1.44X10*
13.89 14.7 2.42 0.095 0.0210 0.052 0.055 28.4 1 30.05 1.04 1 . 14 1.»8X10*
15.5* 17.1 2.79 0 . 118 0.0247 0.0*3 0.047 27.04 28.70 0.98 1.04 2.02X10*
14.33 14.4 3.9* 0.227 0.0520 0 . 120 0.127 24.34 24.00 0.94 0.99 2.76X10*
15. S * 17.1 8.43 0.914 0.224* 0.45* 0.488 23.23 24.87 0.74 0.79 6.24X10*
kfctqm Solids Coacaatcatioa: 23.9J X

Avacaga Suapaaaio* Taapacataca: 13.9* "C
0.030 32.22 33.44 1.10 1.24 1.12X10*
13.33 25.3 1.64 0.04 9 0.0101 0.02 8 1.34X10*
0.07 1 0.0134 0.044 37.34 38.98 1.27 1. 32
13.33 25.3 1.97 0.044 1.23 1.55X10*
0.090 0.0208 0.059 30.63 J^.26 1.17
12.70 24.3 2.31 0.05* 1.15 1.21 1.81X10*
2.69 0 . 13 1 0.0270 0.07* 0.078 30.54 J2.18
12.70 23.4 ia.22 0.93 0.98 2.77X10*
3.94 0 . 2 4 1 0.0550 0.120 0.134 26.68
14.44 23.2 27.04 0.O7 0.93 3.34X10*
4.79 0.34 2 0.0800 0. 170 0.189 25.40
14.4* 23.0 26.37 0.84 0.90 4.07X10*
5.79 0.490 0 . 1 1 * 3 0.252 0.240 24.73
14.44 22.7 26.40 0.74 0.82 6.32X10*
0.41 0.904 0^2222 0.505 0.530 24.74
14.11 23.1
Avacaga Solida coacaatcatioa: 24.54 ft
Avacaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 13.a2 *C
0.0131 0.035 0.037 30.75 32.40 1.13 1. 19 1.26X10*

13.33 24.2 l.OS 0.04 2 1.37X10*
0.0159 0.039 0.042 28.30 29.94 1.04 I . 12
13.33 24.4 2.01 0.072 1.*2X10*
0.0224 0.051 0.054 25.95 27.59 0.99 1.05
13.33 24.5 2.30 0.090 1.88X10*
0.0305 0.042 0.044 23.11 24.75 0.88 0.95
13.33 2*.5 2.7* 0.124 2.69X10*
0.0580 0.123 0.132 23.98 25.61 0.89 0.95
13.89 27.0 3.89 0.244 3.40X10*
0.0024 0. 14 3 0.194 25.20 26.92 0.83 0.8H
13.09 27.0 4.91 0.352 4.04X10*
0.1212 0.2*4 0.203 25.09 26.73 0.84 0.94
14.44 20.9 S.7S 0.515 4.04X10*
0.243* 0.514 0.549 24. 14 25.70 0.70 0.83
I S . 00 2*.0 0.51 1.014
149
Table A. 21 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 1-in 45^ Elbow with

T C T -APa -APs/L -APa -API (L/0)* (1/0)1 la ll ia

(*C) (ft) ( f t / a a c ) (pai) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d a Coacaatcatioa: 0.0 X

17.70 0.0 2.24 0.042 0.014* 0.033 0.035 25.92 27.55 0.97 1.03 1.72X10*
17.78 0.0 2.67 0.00 5 0.0197 0.945 0.048 24.02 27.64 0.93 0.99 2.05X10*
18.06 0.0 2.90 0 . 103 0.0241 0.054 0.057 25.44 27.08 C.90 0.96 2.30X10*
18.33 0.0 3.37 0 . 12 7 0.0293 0.06 7 0.071 2 4 . 15 27.7M 0.80 0.93 2.6^X10*
18.33 0.0 4.27 0.200 0.0440 0 . 109 0. l i s 27.75 29.39 0.88 0.94 3.32X10*
10.33 0.0 5.03 0.274 0.0411 0.15 1 0.140 28.24 29.88 0.80 0.94 3.91X10*
19.17 0.0 6.19 S. 412 0.0899 0.227 0.240 28.90 30.53 0.8O 0.93 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 6.70 0.48 5 0.1059 0.268 0.283 2a. 9 1 30.55 0.86 0.91 5.49110*
20.00 0.0 8.29 0.727 0.1570 0.405 0..>«2S 29.52 3 1 . 16 0.88 0.42 6.71X10*
20.28 0.0 8.99 0.82 5 0.1735 0.4O9 0.494 30.93 32.57 0.86 0.91 7.33X10*
19.44 0.0 9.65 0.94 3 0.2001 0.516 0.544 20.34 30.00 0.82 0.87 7.70X10*

Avacaga Sospaaaioa Taapacataca: 14.1 I *C
15.83 7.2 2.44 0.08 5 0.0184 0.0*7 0.050 20.88 30.52 1.05 1 . 11 1.79X10*
14.11 7.4 2.82 0 . 119 0.0249 0.040 0.072 31.34 33.00 1.14 1.22 2.07X10*
14.11 8.4 3.34 0 . 158 0 . 0 350 0.007 0.09 2 28.33 2i-97 1.03 1.09 2.47X10*
14.67 7.9 3.94 0.22 1 0.0470 0.125 0.132 30.34 32.00 1.08 1 . 13 i-95X10*
15.83 7.4 5.83 0.44 7 0.0953 0.251 0.24 5 30.14 31.80 1.00 1.05 4.25X10*
16.11 4.5 8.54 0.88 0 0.1983 0.473 0.501 27.20 24.'91 0.87 0.92 4.28X10*

Avacaga Sospaaaioa Taapacataca: 17.43 4c
17.50 13.8 2.01 0.070 0.0131 0 . 04 3 0.045 37.48 39.52 1.33 1.39 1.53X10*
17.22 14.6 2.42 0.093 0.0192 0.053 0.054 31.76 33.40 1.13 1 . 19 1.4JX10*
17.50 15.0 2.78 0 . 117 0.0254 0.0*5 0.069 29.28 30.92 1.05 1 . 11 2 . 11X10*
14.67 14.1 3.12 0 . 153 0.0323 0. 0M7 0.091 30.74 32.38 1.11 1 . 17 2.32X10*
14.94 14.3 3.94 0.23 4 0.0*94 0 . 133 0 . 140 30.57 32.21 1.05 1 . 11 2.97X10*
17.78 15.2 5.02 0.334 0.0715 0.149 0.199 30.2 6 J1.89 0.93 J . 94 j.1)4X10*
17.78 14.5 5.87 '> 0 . 4 8 2 0.1044 0.268 0.28 3 29.36 31.00 C.97 1.02 4.50X10*
18.04 14.5 8.74 0.958 0.2052 0.537 0.566 29.91 J1.55 0.47 Q.tX 6.76X10*
if*ca>j* i o l i d s Coac*atcatioa: 22. J7 X

Avacaga Susp«ai>ik>a Taapacataca: 17.a7 *C
17.22 23.4 2.39 0 . 100 0.0^04 0.058 0.061 32.64 J4.2M 1.16 l.i^ 1.41X10*
17.22 22.7 2.71 0 . 124 0.0262 0.070 0.073 30.4 1 32.05 1.08 1 . 14 2.04X10*
17.78 22.8 3.09 0 . 160 0.034 6 0 . 089 0.094 29.^9 J0.92 1.0* 1 . 12 2.36X10*
18.33 22.3 4.M1 0. 359 0.0776 0.200 0.211 29.54 3 1 . 18 C.v9 1 . 04 3.73X10*
18.06 22.2 5.77 0.498 0.104 6 0.244 0.2^9 31.03 J2.O7 C.97 1.02 4.«5X10*
18.61 21.\ 8.55 0.987 0.2151 0.5*5 0.576 29.01 30.64 0.85 0 . «0 6.68X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s Coacaatcauwa: 29. 10 X

Avacaga Suspaasioa Taapacataca: 20.2 4 *C
0.0224 0.063 0.04 7 32.08 33.71 1.24 1.30 1.49X10*
20.00 29.7 2.34 0 . 110
20.00 29.5 2.74 0 . 144 0.0291 0.084 0.088 32.97 J4.61 1.18 1.24 2.23X10*
20.00 29.2 3.14 0 . 179 0.0374 0 . 103 0 . 108 31.34 33.02 1.11 1 . 17 2.54X10*
20.28 29.0 3.97 0.272 0.0559 0.15 7 0.145 22.22 J3.a6 1.07 1 . 12 3.23X10*
2 1 . 11 0.0838 0.229 0.24 1 31.27 32.91 1.02 1.07 •4.07X10*
29.2 4.89 0.401
19.44 29.3 5.78 0.562 0.1140 0.328 0 . J44 32.9 2 34.5* 1.05 1 . 10 •.42X10*
20.83 27.7 8.47 1.060 0.2240 0.594. 0.627 2 9 . 9M 31.62 0.88 0.93 6.99110*
150
T a b l e A.22 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data f o r 1-in 9CP M i t e r with

t C T -AP« -APa/L -AM -APi (VO)a (L/0) 1 la ll a*

(•C) (S) (ft/aac) (Psi) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d * C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0 . 0 ft
Saapaaaioa Taapacataca:
A l racaga 21. 4 8 4C
20.00 0.0 5.43 0.5*2 0.0904 0.371 0.30* 4 * . 00 40.79 1.74 1.81 4.55X10*
20.5* 0.0 4.2S 0.470 0.1091 a.4a7 0.4** 4 * . 09 44.80 1.70 1.77 5.13110*
23.33 0.0 4.02 0.003 0.1273 0.534 0.555 47.94 49.80 1.71 1.70 S.97I10*
17.22 0.0 7.61 0.973 0.1510 0.45* 0.479 49.55 51.44 1.40 1.75 5.74110*
24.44 0.0 7.45 0.909 0.1430 0.445 0.472 45.24 47.17 1.44 1.71 4.84110*
23.33 0.0 8.40 1 . 194 0.102* 0.400 0.830 50.47 52.57 1.70 1.77 7.35110*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c M o t c a t i o a : 4.42 X
Avacaga S o a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : l 4 . . ; 4 *C
15.5* 4.4 4.11 0.310 0.0514 0.209 0.218 44.5 7 4 * . 4* 1.73 1.81 2.98110*
13.0* 4.5 4.7S 0.423 0.0404 0.270 0.290 4*. 55 40.45 1.73 l.aO 3..2110*
13.33 4.4 5.0S 0.430 0.1014 0.41* 0.433 44.9* 48.84 1.70 1.77 3.99110*
13.33 4.3 4.99 0.80* 0.130* 0.591 0.414 40.75 50.4* 1.49 1.7* 4.74110*
14.44 4.0 8.40 1.24 1 0.195* 0.820 0.840 44.4* 50.37 1.44 1.71 5.90110*
15.83 4.0 9.15 1.4*3 0.2232 0.971 1.000 49.74 51.67 1.43 l.a9 4.4*110*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 10. viv %

A v a c i g o S u s p a a s i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 5 . 5 5 *C
3.09 0. too 0.0317 0.121 0.124 43.4 4 4 5,39 1.45 1.72 2.49110*
19.72 9.4
13.09 10.0 3.91 0.200 0.0*04 0 . 105 0 . 193 43.53 4 5.4* 1.58 1.*5 2.71110*
13.09 10. 1 4.77 0.421 0.0407 0.274 0.207 45.92 4 7.83 1.5* 1.45 3.30X10*
1 * . 4* 9.9 5.03 0.432 0.1004 0.420 0.437 47.a9 49.8U 1.62 1.68 4.09X10*
15.00 11.0 7.03 0.917 0.14*0 0.413 0.437 40.** 50.57 1.62 1.48 5.01X10*
14.39 10.3 0.49 1.200 0.203S 0.460 0.892 40.20 50.11 1.5a I.a2 6.27X10*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c o o t c a c i o a : 1 4 . 5 3 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a r a : l * . * 1 *C
0.037 0.030 44.29 44.20 1.87 1.95 1.09X10*

14.4* 14.5 1.55 0.056 0.0091
0.0151 0.060 0.040 43.4* 45.54 1.41 !.•* 1.44X10*
13.89 17.2 2.00 0.009
0.0210 0.001 O.OaS 44.21 4*.11 l.*8 1.75 1.68X10*
13.49 1*.7 2.42 0.12*
0 . 102 0.104 43.77 45.6* 1.59 1.6* 2.02X10*
15.54 17.1 2.79 0 . 150 O.J 2 4 7
0.0520 0.202 0.211 44.4* 46.37 1.5* 1.63 ;.7*xio*
14.33 14.4 3.9* 0.312
0.224* 0.91* 0.952 4*.68 48.51 1.49 1.55 6.24X10*
15.54 17.1 8.43 1.309
Avacaga S o l o d a C o a c a a t c a U o a : 22.^2 1
Avacaga S o a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 3 . 9 * *C
0.04* 4 0 . 11 50.02 1.74 1.83 1.12X10*

13.33 25.3 1.44 0.04* 0 . 0 101 0.0*2
0.04* 52.4 1 54.72 1.79 1.45 1.3*X10*
13.33 25.3 1.97 0.090 0.0134 0.0*2
0.000 42.29 4 4 . 19 1.41 1.6* 1.55X10*
12.70 24.3 2.31 0 . 121 0.0200 0.077
0.110 43.4 2 45.32 1.64 1.71 1.41X10*
12.70 23.4 2.49 0 . 14* 0.0270 0.104
0.214 0.225 44.85 44.75 1.54 l.«2 2.77X10*
14.4* 23.2 3.9* 0.33 2 0.0550
0.309 0.322 • 4 . 12 44.03 1.51 1.5* 3.3*11**
14.44 23.4 4.79 0.470 0.0800
0.454 0.475 44.79 44.70 1.52 1.59 4.07X10*
14.4* 22.7 5.79 0.702 0.1143
0.944 0.903 44.29 4*.20 1.43 1.49 6.32X10*
14. 11 23.1 8.41 1.437 0.2333
151
Table A.23 Experimental Data f o r 1-in 90° M i t e r with

T C f -APa -fiPa/L -APa -API (L/B) a (L/B) i la 11 Ba

(ac) (ft) (ft/aac) (psl) (pol/ft) (pai) (pai)

Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacataca: IM.75 4c
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.081 0.0144 0.051 0.053 40.22 42.14 1.50 1.57 1.72X10*
17.70 0.0 2.47 0.114 0.0197 0.072 0.075 41.81 43.71 1.50 1.57 2.05X10*
10.04 0.0 2.90 0.138 0.0241 0.087 0.091 41.44 43.37 1.44 1.53 2.30X10*
10.33 0.0 3.37 0.174 0.0293 0.114 0.119 44.«3 44.34 1.49 1.55 2.62X10*
10.33 0.0 4.27 0.276 0.0448 0.102 0.189 44.42 40.33 1.48 1.54 3.32X10*
10.33 0.0 5.03 0.383 0.0611 0.254 0.244 47.56 49.44 1.49 1.55 3.91X10*
19.17 0.0 4.19 0.577 0.0899 0.387 0.402 49.20 51.10 1.50 1.56 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 8.29 1.001 0.1570 0.669 0.695 48.74 50.44 1.45 1.50 6.71X10*
20.28 0.0 0.99 1.170 0.1735 0.803 0.832 52.96 54.87 1.48 1.53 7.33X10*
19.44 0.0 9.45 1.34 1 0 . 2 001 0.901 0.934 49.52 51.43 1.44 1.49 7.70X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 7.62 ft

Avacaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 16.11 *C
15.03 7.2 2.4* 0.111 0.0184 0.071 0.074 43.79 45.70 1.59 1.66 1.79X10*
14.11 7.4 2.82 0.14 4 0.0249 0.094 0.098 43.12 45.02 1.59 1.46 2.07X10*
14.11 0.4 3.3* 0.204 0.0350 0.130 0.134 42.4 0 44.31 1.55 1.62 2.47X10*
14.47 7.9 3.94 0.280 0.0470 0 . 181 0.148 43.95 45.84 1.55 1.62 2.95X10*
14.11 0.5 4.84 0.42 0 0.0487 0.275 0.287 45.79 4 7.70 1.57 1.63 3.57X10*
15.03 7.4 5.83 0.595 0.0953 0.393 0.409 47.14 49.07 1.54 1.62 4.25X10*
14.11 4.5 0.54 1.22 0 0.1943 0.801 0.834 44.23 48.14 1.47 1.53 6.28X10*

Avacaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 17.38 *C
17.50 13.8 2.01 0.085 0.0131 0.058 0.060 50.15 52.05 1.77 1.84 1.53X10*
17.22 14.6 2.42 0.118 0.0192 0.077 0.080 45.70 47.61 1.63 1.70 1.63X10*
17.50 15.0 2.78 0 . 153 0.0254 0.099 0.103 44.53 46.44 1.59 1.66 2.11X10*
14.67 14. 1 3.12 0.190 0.0323 0.121 0.127 42.94 44.89 1.55 1.62 2.32X10*
16.94 14.3 3.96 0.29 8 0.0496 0 . 193 0.201 44.54 46.45 1.53 1.60 2.97X10*
17.78 14.5 5.87 0.653 0.1044 0.432 0.449 47.35 4 9.26 1.56 1.62 4.50X10*
10.06 14.5 0.76 1.32 4 0.2052 0.49 0 0.924 49.41 51.52 1.44 1.50 6.76X10*

Avacaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 17.86 "C
0 . 123 0.0204 0.080 0.083 44.4 2 44.72 1.59 1 . 6b 1.41X10*

17.22 23.4 2.39
17.22 22.7 2.71 0.158 0.0262 0.103 0.107 44.94 44.85 1.60 1.67 2.04X10*
17.70 22.4 3.09 0.20 4 0.0344 0 . 131 0 . 137 43.33 45.23 1.57 1.64 2.36X10*
17.70 23.4 4.08 0.317 0.0514 0.208 0.217 44.27 48.18 1.42 1.48 3 . 13X10*
10.33 22.0 4.01 0.48 6 0.0774 0.322 0.335 47.52 49.43 1.59 1.65 3.73X10*
10.04 22.2 5.77 0.666 0.1044 0.44 5 0.462 48.42 50.53 1.52 1.58 4.45X10*
10.61 8.55 1.380 0.2151 0.926 0.941 49.23 51.14 1.44 1.50 6.68X10*
21.1
Avacaga S o l i d s CoacaatcaUoa: 29. 10 ft
Avacaga Suspaasioa Taapacataca: 20.24 vc
0.0224 0.0*3 0.087 42.06 43.97 1.62 1.70 1.89110*

20.00 29.7 2.34 0.131
0.0291 0.119 0.124 46.6 1 46.51 1.67 1.73 2.23X10*
20.00 29.5 2.74 0.100
0.0374 0. 14 7 0.154 45.09 47.00 1.59 1.6a 2.54X10*
20.00 29.2 3.14 0.226
0.351 0.0559 0.233 0.242 47.58 49.44 1.58 1.64 3.23X10*
20.20 29.0 3.97 1.46
4.89 0.53 6 0.O838 0.359 0.373 49.05 1.60 4.07X10*
21.11 29.2 1.64
0.73 5 0.1140 0. ntn 0.513 49.60 51.50 1.58 4.62X10*
19.44 29.3 5.78 1.54
1.479 0.2260 0.999 1.037 50.40 52.30 1.48 6.^9X10*
20.83 27.7 3.47
152
Table A.24 Experimental Data for 1-in 90P Elbow with
T C 7 -APa -APs/L -APB -AW. CiyB)a (1/B)i la Kl la

C*C) (ft) (ft/sac) (psi) (psi/ft) (psi) (psi)

20.54 0.0 4.25 0.400 0.1091 0.349 0.393 38.70 41.23 1.41 1.50 5.13X1U*
23.33 0.0 *.02 0.710 0.1273 0.4*9 0.477 40.38 42.91 1.44 1.53 5.97110*
17.22 0.0 7.41 0.047 0.1510 0.540 0.501 41.50 44.02 1.41 1.49 5.74110*
24.44 0.0 7.45 0.081 0.1430 0.534 0.572 37.45 40.17 1.34 1.44 4.84110*
23.33 0.0 0.40 1.040 0.1824 0.474 0.714 42.27 44.00 1.42 1.51 7.35110*

15.54 10.1 3.55 0.202 0.0394 0.110 0.127 34.13 34.46 1.23 1.32 2.57110*
13.09 10.0 3.91 0.251 0.0486 0 . 148 0.159 34.80 37.32 1.24 1.35 2.71110*
13.89 10.1 4.77 0.371 0.0687 0.225 0.241 37.54 40.06 1.29 1.38 3.30110*
14.44 9.9 5.93 0.54 7 0.1004 0.335 0.357 30.14 40.67 1.29 1.37 4.09110*
15.00 11.0 7.03 0.791 0.144 0 0.486 0.518 30.64 41.14 1.29 1.37 5.01110*

14.44 14.5 1.55 0.04 4 0.0091 0.02 7 0.029 33.49 34.23 1.34 1.47 1.09110*
13.89 17.2 2.00 0.077 0.0151 0.045 0.04 9 34.40 36.94 1.27 1.37 1.44110*
13.89 14.7 2.42 0.109 0.0210 0.065 0.070 35.37 37.89 1.35 1.44 1.68110*
15.54 17.1 2.79 0.130 0.0247 0.082 0.088 35.06 37.59 1.28 1.37 2.02110*
14.33 14.4 3.94 0.273 0,0520 0.143 0.175 35.89 38.41 1.28 1.37 2.76110*
Avacaga Solids Coacaatcatioa: 24.05 X

1.44 0.051 0.0101 0.030 0.032 33.95 34.49 1.33 1.12110*

13.33 25.3
0.075 0.0134 0.0»7 0.050 39.M4 42.39 1.43 1.34X10*
13.33 25.3 1.97
0.0208 0.059 0.064 32.4 5 34.97 1.33 1.55X10*
12.70 24.3 2.31 0.103
0.134 0.0278 0.077 0.083 31.41 34.14 1.29 1.81X10*
12.70 23.4 2.49
0.0550 0.147 0.179 34.70 37.23 1.29 2.77X10*
14.44 23.2 3.94 0.283
0.409 0.0800 0.24 0 0.257 34.29 34.81 1.24 3.34X10*
14.44 23.8 4.79 1.27 4.07X10*
14.44 22.7 5.79 0.402 0.1143 0.354 0.382 34.99 37.52
Avacaga S o l i d s C o s c a a t c a U o a : 2 6 . 5 * X
Avacaga Suspaasioa T a a p c c a t u c a : 1 3 . 6 1 *C
0.04 0 0.043 34.99 37.53 1.29 1.34 1.26X10*

13.33 26.2 1.85 0.06 8 0.0131
0.046 0.050 33.4 5 35.97 1.25 1.34 1.37X10*
13.33 26.4 2.01 0.08 0 0.0159
0.067 31.40 33.94 1.20 1.29 1.62X10*
13.33 26.5 2.38 0. 110 0.0226 0.062
0. OMO 0.087 30.11 32.63 1.15 1.25 1.88X10*
13.33 26.5 2.76 0.14 5 0.0305
0. 164 0.177 31.91 34.43 1.19 1.24 2.69X10*
13.89 27.0 3.89 0.288 0.0588
0.357 0.384 33.71 36.24 1.18 1.27 4.04X10*
14.44 24.9 5.75 0.613 0.1212
1-53
Table A.25 Experimental Data for 1-in 9CP Elbow with

» C T -APa -lAPa/L -.APa -^Pl (L/B)* (L/0)i la l i Ba

(•C) (S) (ft/aac) (pai) (psi/ft| (P«i) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0. 0 X
Avacaga S u a p a a s i o a Taapacac u c a : 1 * . 7 2 *C
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.072 0.0144 0.041 0.0*4 32.71 35.24 1.22 1.31 1.72X10*
17.70 0.0 2.47 0.099 0.0197 0.057 0.042 33.14 35.69 1.19 1.28 2.05X10*
10.04 0.0 2.90 0.121 0.0241 0.070 0.075 33.09 35.62 1.17 1.26 2.30X10*
10.33 0.0 3-37 0 . 154 0.0293 0.092 0.099 35.99 38.51 1.21 1.29 2.62X10*
10.33 0.0 4.27 0.233 0.0*40 0 . 130 0.140 35.34 37.87 1.13 1.21 3.32X10*
14.33 0.0 5.03 0.320 0.0611 0 . 190 0.204 35.64 38.17 1.12 1.20 3.91X10*
19. 17 0.0 4.19 0.472 0.0899 0.282 0.302 35.86 3 a . 39 1.09 1.17 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 4.78 0.55 4 0.1059 0.332 0.354 35.93 34.45 1.07 1.15 5.49X10*
20.00 0.0 8.29 0.823 0.1570 0.491 0.524 35.74 38.30 1.0* 1. 14 6.71X10*
19.44 0.0 9.45 1.04 1 0.2081 0.621 0.ft47 34.15 36.*6 C.99 1.07 7.70X10*

Avacaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 14. 11 *C
2.44 0.103 0.0184 0.043 0.040 38.97 41.51 1.42 1.51 1.79X10*
15.8
14.1 2.82 0.130 0.0249 0.077 0.003 35.43 3 8 . 14 1.32 1.4 1 2.07X10*
14.4 3.20 0 . 14 1 0.0290 0 . 100 0.104 39.38 41.91 1.25 1.33 2.44X10*
14.1 4.84 0.331 0.0487 0 . 185 0.201 30.4* 33.39 1.0* 1 . 14 3.57X10*
15.8 5.83 0.475 0.0953 0.27 3 0.294 32.79 35.32 1.09 1. 17 4.25X10*
14.1 0.54 0.942 0 . 1903 0.542 0.404 32.4 5 34.98 1.04 1.12 4.24X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s CoscaatcaUoa: 14.39 ft

Avacaga Suapaoaioo Taapacataca: 17.45 4c
17.50 13.8 0.072 0.0131 0.044 0.047 34.58 4 1 . 11 1.3* 1.45 1.53X10*
2.01
14.67 14. 1 3.12 0 . 150 0.0323 0.090 0.097 31.9> 34.47 1.15 1.25 2.32X10*
14.94 14.3 3.94 0.252 0.049* 0 . 14 7 0.150 33.9 2 34.45 1.17 1.25 2.97X1U*
17.70 15.2 5.02 0.340 0.0715 0.217 0.233 34.74 37.27 1.07 1 . 15 3.8*110*
17.78 14.5 5.87 0.539 0.1044 0. 318 0.34 1 34. • 5 37.31 1.15 1.23 4.50X10*
18.04 14.5 8.74 1.040 0.2052 0.424 0.471 34.89 37.42 1.02 1.09 6.76X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s CoscaatcaUoa: 22.37 ft

Av*cag* Suap*asio* T**pacataca: 17.87 *C
0 . 104 0.020* 0.0*1 0.066 34.20 38.73 1.22 1.31 1.81X10*
17.22 4 2.39
17.22 4 2.71 0 . 145 0.0262 0. 089 0.095 39.0 3 41.56 1.39 1.44 2.04110*
17.78 ; 3.09 0 . 173 0.03*6 0. 100 0.104 33.04 35.57 1.20 1.29 2.34X 1«i*
18.33 ; 4.81 0.406 0.0776 0.24 2 0.259 35.4 9 38.22 1.19 1.28 3.73X10*
11.04 5.77 0.557 0.10*4 0.335 0.359 34.*8 39.21 1.15 1.23 4.45X10*
11.61 [ 1. 1 1.55 1 . 121 0.2151 0.646 0.714 35.4 5 37.97 1.04 1 . 11 6.64X10*
Avacaga Solida CoacaatcaUoa: 29.09 ft

0.045 0.070 33.14 35.67 1.28 1.38 1.89X10*
20.00 2 2.34 0. 113 0.0224 2.23X10*
0.0291 0.088 0.094 34.38 34.90 1.23 1.32
20.00 2 2.74 0.14 9 1.31 4.07X10*
4.89 0.452 0.0830 0.275 0.294 37.58 40.11 1.22
21.11 2
40.85 1.22 1.30 4.42X10*
5.70 0.423 0.1140 0.382 0.407 38.32
19.44 2
1.09 1.17 4.99X10*
8.47 1.215 0.2240 0.735 0.705 37.04 39.40
20.43 2
154
Table A. 26 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 1-in R=4.5" E l l with

T C T -APa -APs/L -Ata -API (1/0) a (1/0)1 xa 11

(«C) (S) (ft/s< (psi/ft) (pai) ka
) (pax.) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0 . 0 ft
Avacaga S o a p a a a i o a T o a p a c a t u c o : 2 0 . 8 9 *C
20.00 0.0 5.43 0.501 0.090* 0.143 0.203 20.57 25.48 0.74 0.95 4.55X10*
20.54 0.0 4.25 0.601 0.1091 0 . 19* 0.242 20.28 25.39 0.74 0.92 5.13X10*
22.22 0.0 4.82 0.603 0.1273 0.207 0.244 18.45 23.74 0.66 0.65 5.97110*
17.22 0.0 7.41 0.807 0.1510 0.243 0.310 14.39 23.51 0.62 0.80 5.74X10*
23.33 0.0 0.40 0.902 0.1024 0.301 0.302 14.85 23.94 0.63 0.81 7.35X10*
Av«cag* S o l i . l s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 4.32 X
Avacaga S u s p a a s i o a T a a p a c a t a c * : 1 4 . • ! •«:
13.06 4.5 4.75 0.38 9 0.068* 0.133 0.164 22.23 27.34 0.83 1.02 3.22X10*
13.33 4.4 5.85 0.573 0.1014 0 . 194 0.239 21.86 26.97 C.80 0.94 3.99X10*
14.44 4.8 8.40 1.094 0.1954 0.343 0.451 21.28 26.39 0.72 0.90 5.90X10*
15.83 4.0 9.15 1.236 0.2232 0.402 0.50 1 20.50 25.69 0.67 0.84 o.obXlO*
14.39 3.9 9.23 1.24 9 0.2210 0.42 0 0.519 21.65 26.7* 0.69 0 . aa 6.83X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 1 0 . 1 1 ft
Arocag* S u s p a a s i o a TaatMcatuca: 1 5 . 4 9 *C
19.72 9.4 3.09 0 , 177 0.0317 0.06 9 0.073 21.21 26.32 0.4O 1.00 <.«9X10*
15.54 10.1 3.55 0.22 8 0.0394 0.000 0.097 23.00 24.11 0.43 1.01 ;.57X10*
13.89 10.0 3.91 0.270 0.0484 0.096 0.118 22.41 27.72 0.82 1.01 2.71X10*
15.00 10.4 4.43 0.34 0 0.9585 0. 121 0 . 147 23.71 2M.82 C.81 0.98 3.15X10*
13.89 10.1 4.77 0.403 0.0687 0 . 1*4 0 . 177 24.29 29.40 0.«4 1.01 3.30X10*
14.67 10.0 5.41 0.490 0.0843 0.175 0.213 23.74 28.87 0.78 0.95 4.03X10*
15.83 9.4 4.44 0.494 0.1185 0.251 0.304 24.23 29.34 0.79 0.96 4.69X10*
15.00 11.0 7.03 0.84 3 0.1440 0.305 0.370 24.25 29.34 0.8 1 0.94 5.01X10*
14.39 10.3 0.49 1 . 140 0.2035 0.3*7 0.478 21.74 26.87 0.70 0.87 6.27X10*
15.00 10.1 9.10 1.244 0.2244 0.425 0.524 21.68 26.79 0.67 0.83 •.48X10*
Avacago S o a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 4 . 6 1 4c
14.44 14.5 1.55 0.042 0.0091 0.020 0.032 35.22 40.33 1.42 1.63 1.09X10*
13.89 17.2 2.04 0 . 108 0.0151 0.051 0.050 30.87 43.98 1.44 1.*3 1.44X10*
13.89 14.7 2.42 0.125 0.0210 0.044 0.055 25.0 5 30.17 C.95 1. 15 1.6OX10*
15.54 17.1 2.79 0 . 14 7 0.0247 0.047 0.079 28.70 33.41 1.04 1.23 :.02X10*
14.33 14.4 3.94 0.317 0.0520 0.122 0.145 24.85 31.94 O.ilS 1 . 14 2.76X10*
15.54 17.1 0.43 1.282 0.2244 0 . 444 0.54* 22.41 27.72 0.72 0.89 •.24X10*
l v * c a g a S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 2 4 . 19 X
Avacag* S o s p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 3 . 5 2 *C
13.33 25.3 1.44 0.04 8 0.0101 0.03 0 0.035 34.17 39.29 1.25 1.43 1.12X10*
13.33 25.3 1.97 0.100 0.0134 0.05 0 0.054 42.80 47.91 1.45 1.42 1.34X10*
12.78 24.3 2.31 0 . 124 0.0200 0.049 0.058 26.70 31.al 1.01 1.21 1.55X10*
12.78 23.4 2.69 0 . 174 0.0278 0.070 0.083 26.97 34.08 1.09 1.28 1.81X10*
14.44 23.8 4.79 0.484 0.0800 0. 187 0.22 3 26.76 31.o7 0.91 1.09 3.34X10*
14.44 22.7 5.79 0.704 0.1143 0.271 0.323 ^6.68 31.79 0.91 1.08 4.07X10*
Avacag* S o s p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 3 . 6 5 • €
0.039 0.045 33.88 38.99 1.25 1 . 44 1.26X10*

13.33 24.2 1.05 0.000 0.0131
13.33 24.4 2.01 0 . 103 0.0159 0.044 0.051 31.49 34.60 1.18 1.37 1.37X10*
13.33 24.5 2.30 0 . 142 0.0224 0.058 0.048 29.32 34.43 1 . 12 1 . 31 1.4.110*
13.33 26.5 2.74 0 . 197 0.0305 0.083 0.097 31.23 36.34 1.19 1.39 1.88X10*
13.89 27.0 3.89 0.359 0.0588 0.139 0.145 27.10 32.21 1.01 1.20 2.69X10*
13.89 27.0 4.91 0.504 0.0024 0 . 195 0.232 27.01 22.y2 0.48 1.05 3.^0X10*
l4. 4* 24.9 5.75 0.735 0.1212 0.282 0.337 24.45 31.76 0.93 1 . 11 4 . 0 « X 10*
155
Table A. 27 Experimental Data for 1-in R=4.5" Ell with

T c f -.APa -APs/L -APa -APi (L/0) a (L/0)i la ll la

(•C) (S) ( f t / a a c ) (pai) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0.0 X
Avacaga Soapaaaioa Taapacataca: 10.67 *C
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.005 0.0144 0.031 0.030 24.80 29.99 0.93 1.12 1.72110*
17.78 0.0 2.47 0 . 119 0.0197 0.04 5 0.054 24.38 31.49 0.95 1.13 2.05110*
18.04 0.0 2.90 0.14 4 0.0241 0.054 0.044 25.4 7 30.58 0.90 1.0* 2.30110*
10.33 0.0 3.37 0 . 177 0.0293 0.048 0.081 24.39 31.50 0.88 1.06 2.62X10*
10.33 0.0 4.27 0.271 0.044 0 0.104 0.124 24.4 7 31.50 0.44 1.01 3.32X10*
18.33 0.0 5.03 0.36 0 0.0411 0 . 1*0 0 . 147 24.20 31.31 0.82 0.94 3.91X10*
19.17 0.0 6.19 0.54 3 0.0899 0.207 0.247 24.29 31.40 0.80 0.96 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 6.78 0.63 9 0.1059 0.24 3 0.290 24.24 31.37 C.78 0.94 5.49X10*
20.20 0.0 8.99 1.061 0.1735 0.412 0.490 27.14 32.27 0.74 0 . TO 7.33X10*
Avac<^9a S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 7.93 X
Avacag* Soapaaaioa Taapacataca: 14.23 4c
1 4 . 1 11 8.0 2.34 0.004 0.0129 0.037 0.043 32.97 38.00 0.92 1.06 1.71110*
14.111 7.4 2.82 0 . 152 0.0249 0.059 0.070 27.04 3 2 . 15 0.99 1 . 18 2.07110*
14.4^r 7.4 3.28 0.107 0.0290 0.07 9 0.091 30.97 36.00 0.98 1 . 14 2.4*110*
14.11 0.6 3.36 0.211 0.0350 0.080 0.094 24.32 31.43 C.94 1 . 14 2.47X10*
1 4 . 6 'r 7.9 3.96 0.284 0 . 0 4 70 0.110 0.131 24.83 31.94 0.95 1 . 13 2.95X10*
16. r1 8.5 4.86 0.425 0.0487 0 . 1*8 0.199 28.03 33.15 0.94 1.13 3.57X10*
1 5 . 0 .1 7.4 5.03 0.501 0.0953 0.225 0.248 27.00 32.11 0.89 1.06 4.25X10*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 14*50 X
Avacaga Sospaaaioa Taapacataca: 17.34 *C
17.50 13.0 2.01 0.09 2 010131 0.042 0.0*8 37.01 4 2. 12 1.30 1.4* 1.53X10*
17.22 14.4 2.42 0 . 12 5 0.0192 0.053 0.041 31.33 36.44 1.12 1.30 1.83X10*
17.50 15.0 2.74 0 . 140 0.0254 0.045 0.074 29.24 34.37 1.05 1.23 2.11X10*
14.47 14. 1 3.12 0.202 0.0323 0.08 1 W.094 24.73 33.84 1.04 ^.22 i.22l 10*
14.94 14.3 3.94 0.311 0.0494 0 . 126 0 . 140 2 9 . 10 34.21 1.00 1 . 17 2.97X10*
17.70 15.2 5.02 0.444 0.0715 0.178 0.210 28.52 33.43 0.88 1.04 3.44X10*
17.70 14.,S 5.87 0.423 0.1044 0.233 0.240 25.55 30.66 0.84 1.01 *.50X10*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 2 2 . 7 « S
Avacaga Suspaasioa T a a p * c a t a c * : 17.73 *C
0.056 0.045 31.54 36.67 1.12 1.30 1.41X10*

17.2 23.4 2.39 0. 13 3 0.0204
0.071 0.083 31.10 2*. 22 1.10 1.29 2.04X10*
17.2 22.7 2.71 0.16 9 0.0262
0.093 0 . 100 30.57 35.68 1.10 1.29 2.36X10*
17.7 22.0 3.09 0.222 0.0344
0.135 0.158 30.12 35.23 0.92 1.04 3.13X10*
17.7 23.6 4.00 0.32 8 0.0514
0.234 ^9.47 34.59 C.98 1. 15 3.73110*
18.3 22.0 4.41 0.490 0.0776 0.200
0.2*4 0.313 29.08 34. 19 0.9 1 1.07 4..^110*
10.0 22.2 5.77 0.65 7 0.10*4
Avacaga S o l i d s C o s c a a t c a U o a : 29.29 X
0.042 0.072 31.31 34.42 1.21 1. vO 1.89X10*

20.00 29. 2.34 0.144 0.0224
0.099 0 . 114 30.34 35.45 1.07 1.25 2.54X10*
20.00 29. 3.14 0.239 0.0374
0.152 0.177 31.04 36. 18 1.03 1.20 3.23X10*
20.20 29. 3.97 0.341 0.0559
0.222 0.259 30.30 35.41 0.99 1 . 15 4.07X10*
21.11 29. 4.89 0.53 5 0.0830
0.300 0.351 30.00 35.19 0.95 1.12 4.62X10*
19.44 29. 5.70 0.724 0.1140
156
Table A.28 Experimental Data for 1-in R=8.5" E l l w i t h

T c f -APa -Afa/L -Afa -API (L/0) a (1/8)1 la 11 Bo

(•C) (I) (ft/s« ) (pai) (psi/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0.0 X
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 2 0 . 8 9 »C
20.00 0.0 5.43 0.454 0.0904 0.045 0.122 5.74 15.40 0.21 0.57 4.55X10*
20.54 0.0 4.25 0.534 0.1091 0.043 0.135 4.47 14.12 0.14 0.51 5.13110*
23.33 0.0 6.02 0.42 0 0.1273 0.045 0 . 152 4.00 13.44 0.14 0.49 5.97X10*
17.22 0.0 7.61 0.745 0.1510 0.002 0.210 4.24 15.90 0.21 0.54 5.74X10*
23.33 0.0 8.40 0.924 0.1024 0 . 100 0.254 4.24 15.91 0.21 0.54 7.35X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 4.24 S
Avacaga S o s p a a a i o a T a s p s c a t u c * : 14.a3 'C
15.54 4.4 4.11 0.274 0.0514 0.0*4 0.047 9.73 19.38 0.34 0.72 2.94X10*
13.04 4.5 4.75 0.359 0.0444 0.06 0 0.107 8.30 17.94 0.31 0.67 3.22X10*
13.33 4.4 5.05 0.530 0.1014 0.080 0.144 9.04 18.72 0.33 0.60 3.99X10*
15.83 4.0 9.15 1.214 0.2232 0.207 0.394 10.42 20.28 0.35 0.6* 6.66X10*
14.39 3.9 9.23 1.225 0.2210 0.223 0.410 11.50 21.14 0.37 0.^8 6.a3X10*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a U o a : 1 0 . 0 3 ft
3.09 0 . 18 4 0.0317 0.04 1 0.068 14.70 24.35 0.54 0.92 2.49X10*

19.72 9.4
0.22 8 0.0394 0.049 0.082 14.05 23.71 0.51 0.85 2.57X10*
15.5* 10.1 3.55
0.270 0.0404 0.069 0 . too 13.79 23.4* 0.50 0.85 2.71X10*
13.4 9 10.0 3.91
0.339 0.0505 0.074 0.124 14.49 2 * . 15 0.5O 0.82 3.15X10*
15.00 10.6 4.43
0.395 0.0407 0.085 0.143 14.00 23.74 0.49 0.82 3.30X10*
13.89 10.1 4.77
0.489 0.0043 0 . 108 0 . 179 14.42 24.28 0.44 0.40 4.03X10*
14.47 10.0 5.4 1
0.579 0.1004 0.125 0.210 14.24 23.49 0.44 0.81 4.09X10*
14.44 9.9 5.03
0.405 0 . 1 lOS 0 . 150 0.250 14.45 24.10 0.47 0.79 4.69X10*
15.03 9.4 4.44
0.824 0.1440 0.174 0.297 13.9* 23.40 0.44 0.79 5.01X10*
15.00 11.0 7.03
0.935 0.1493 0 . 170 0.313 11.47 21.13 0.34 0.67 5.73X10*
14.11 9.3 7.80
1.133 0.2035 0.213 0.305 11.98 21.64 0.39 0.70 4.27X10*
14.39 10.3 0.49
15.00 1.222 0.2244 0.200 0.397 10.54 20.23 0.33 0.43 4.46X10*
10.1 9.10 0.27 0.52 7.22X10*
15.00 1.241 0.2314 0.214 0.409 10.54 20.21
10.2 10.13
Avacag* S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 2 3 . 9 3 X
Avacaga Sospaa&ioa T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 3 . 4 * *C
0.022 0.030 24.60 3«.26 U.90 1.25 1. 12110*

13.33 25.3 1.64 0.06 7 0.0101
0.034 0.0*5 29.00 34.45 C.98 1.31 1.34110*
13.33 25.3 1.»7 0.095 0.0134
0.033 0.050 17.90 27.55 0.68 1.05 1.55X10*
12.70 24.3 2.31 0.124 0.0200
0.047 0.070 19.13 24.79 0.72 1.09 1.61X10*
12.74 23.4 2.49 0.172 0.0270
0.0*7 0 . 134 18.18 27.43 0.63 0.97 2.77X10*
14.44 23.2 3.94 0.33 4 0.0550
0 . 118 0 . 145 16.84 26.50 0.54 0.91 3. 36X10*
14.44 23.8 4.79 0. 479 0.0800
0.172 0.270 16.90 26.56 0.58 0.90 4.J7X10*
14.44 22.7 5.79 0.698 0.1163
0.290 0.407 14.22 23.87 C.44 0.74 6.32X10*
14.11 23.1 8.41 1.34 4 0.2333
Avocago S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 2 6 . 5 1 X
Avacaga S u s p a a s i o s T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 3 . a 9 ' C
0.0*2 27.29 34.95 1.01 1.36 1.26X10*

13.33 24.2 1.85 0.091 0.0131 0.031
0.0*9 25.4 7 35.12 U.95 1.31 1.37X10*
13.33 24.4 2.01 0.107 0.0159 0.035
0.043 22.4 3 32.08 C.45 1.22 .1.62110*
13.33 26.5 2.38 0 . 14* 0.0224 0.044
0.23 1 22.30 31.95 0-13 l.o5 3.40X10*
13.89 27.0 4.91 0.53* 0.0424 0.1*1
0.300 19.*1 29.07 O.a* 1.32 4.04X10*
14.44 24.9 5.75 0.75* C.1212 0.204
0.2434 0.305 0.590 14.07 27.73 C.58 0.49 • .04X10*
15.00 24.0 8.51 1.404
157
âble A. 29 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data f o r 1-in R=8.5" E l l with

T C • -APa -APa/L -APv -API (L/B) a (L/D) 1 11 Mm

(OC) (ft) ( f t / s a c ) (psi) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacago S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 0.0 X

Avacaga Soapaaaioa Taapacataca: 10.89 vc
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.017 0.0144 0.021 0.034 17.01 24.47 0.43 0.99 1.72110*
17.71 0.0 2.47 0 . 110 0.0197 0.02 9 0.045 14.44 26.30 0.40 0.94 2.05110*
18.33 0.0 3.37 0 . 177 0.0293 0.0*5 0.070 17.4* 27.10 0.58 0.91 2.62X10*
10.33 0.0 4.27 0.275 0.04*0 0.073 0.110 14.54 28.21 0.59 0.90 3.32X10*
18.33 0.0 5.03 0.370 0.0411 0.09* 0.14 5 17.51 27.14 0.55 0.85 3.91X10*
19.17 0.0 4.19 0.54 4 0.0899 0.139 0.215 17.49 27.34 0.5* 0.83 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 4.71 0.64 1 0.1059 0 . 14 3 0.752 17.57 27.23 0.53 0.81 5.49X10*
20.00 0.0 0.29 0.94 1 0.1570 0.231 0.344 14.45 24.50 0.50 0.79 6.71X10*
20.28 0.0 8.99 1.064 0.1735 0.28 2 0.428 10.58 28.23 0.52 0.79 7.33X10*
Avacaga S o l i d * CoacaatcaUoa: 14.50 X

Avacaga Suapaoaioo Taapacataca: 17.27 *C
17.50 13.0 2.01 0.091 0.0131 0.032 0.043 27.59 37.24 0.97 1.31 1.53X10*
17.22 14.4 2.42 0.123 0.0192 0.034 0.053 21.57 31.23 0.77 1 . 12 1.83X10*
17.50 15.0 2.70 0.15 9 0.0254 0.0*4 0.044 19.42 29.47 0.71 1.05 2.11X10*
14.47 14.1 3.12 0.202 0.0323 0.054 0.003 19.79 29.44 0.71 1.0* 2.32X10*
14.94 14.3 3.94 0.309 0.0494 0.045 0.124 19.53 29.18 0.67 1.00 2.97X10*
17.74 15.2 5.02 0.4*1 0.0715 0.110 0.179 10.92 28.50 0.58 0.88 3.84X10*

Avacaga Sospaaaioa Taapacataca: 17.a1 *C
17.22 23.4 2.39 0 . 131 0.0204 0.03 9 0.054 21.84 31.51 0.77 1.12 1.81X10*
17.22 22.7 2.71 0 . 14 9 0.0242 0.051 0.073 22.14 31.81 0.79 1.13 2.04X10*
17.78 22.0 3.09 0.210 0.0344 0.041 0.091 20.20 29.94 0.73 1.04 2.34X10*
17.70 23.4 4.00 0.320 0.051* 0.095 0 . 139 2 1 . 17 30.82 0.45 0.94 3.13X10*
10.04 22.2 5.77 0.44 9 0.10*4 0.174 0.24* 19.27 28.93 0.40 0.90 4.45X10*
Avacago S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 29. 10 X

Avacago Suspaasioa Taat<acataca: 20.24 'C
20.00 29.7 2.34 0 . 144 0.0224 0.042 0.041 21.40 31.04 0.83 1.20 1.49X10*
20.00 29.5 2.74 0 . 19 1 0.0291 0.059 0.044 23.34 33.00 0.83 1. 14 2.23X10*
20.00 29.2 3.14 0.240 0.0374 0.071 0.103 21.80 31.46 0.77 1. 11 2. 54X10*
20.28 29.0 3.97 0.34 0 0.0559 0 . 100 0 . 155 22.00 31.66 0.73 1.05 3.23X10*
2 1 . 11 29.2 4.09 0.527 0.0*34 0 . 148 0.219 20.24 29.49 0.66 0.97 4.07X10*
19.44 29.3 5.70 0.734 0.1140 0.219 0.315 21.95 31.60 0.70 1.00 4.62X10*
20.83 27.7 0.47 1.401 0.2240 0.374 0.548 18.98 26.63 0.56 0.44 6.99X10*
158
Table A. 30 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 1-in R=12.5" E l l with

T C T -^Pa ->NPa/L -APa -/\#i (L/0) a (1/0)1 la 11 Oa

(•C) (ft) ( f t / a a c ) (psi) (psi/ft) (psi) (psi)

Avacaga Soapaaaioa Taap«citaca: 21.44 *C
20.00 0.0 5.6 3 0.504 0.0904 0.095 0.207 11.9a 24.14 0.45 C.97 4.55X10*
20.54 0.0 6.25 0.590 0.1091 0 . 105 0.240 10.97 2 5 . 16 0.40 0.4 1 5.13X10*
23.33 0.0 6.42 0.708 0.1273 0 . 133 0.291 11.92 26.12 0.42 0.93 5.97X10*
17.22 0.0 7.41 0.854 0.1510 0 . 173 0.34 1 13.13 27.33 0.45 0.93 5.74X10*
24.44 0.0 7.45 0.173 0.1430 0 . 137 0.339 9.59 23.79 0.35 0.4* 6.44X10*
23.33 0.0 8.40 1.032 0.1824 0.207 0.434 12.99 27.19 0.44 0.91 7.35110*
Avacago S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 4. 35 X
Avacaga Sospaa&ioo Taapacataca: 14.54 *C
15.54 4.4 4.11 0.299 0.0514 0.047 0.131 14.84 29.04 0.55 1.08 2.98110*
13.04 4.5 4.75 0.394 0.0444 0.005 0 . 170 1 * . 19 24.39 0.53 1.05 3.22110*
13.33 4.4 5.05 0.574 0.1014 0.110 0.243 13.26 27.44 0.48 1.00 3.9911U*
13.33 4.3 4.99 0.790 0.1384 0 . 17 1 0.343 1 * . 12 28.32 0.4 9 0.99 4.74110*
14.4* 4.8 0.40 1.142 0.1954 0.259 0.502 15.18 29.37 0.51 1.00 5.90110*
15.83 4.0 9.IS 1.314 0.2232 0.307 0.544 15.75 29.95 0.52 0.98 4.44110*
14.39 3.9 9.23 1.304 0.2210 0.303 0.579 15.44 29.** 0.50 0.95 4.03X10*
Avacaga S o l i d s CoacaatcaUoa: 10. 10 X

Avacag* Suspaasioa Taapacataca: 15.9 3 *C
19.72 9.4 3.09 0.192 0.0317 0.0»9 0.088 17.63 31.83 0.67 l.-l 2.49110*
15.54 10.1 3.55 0.23 8 0.0394 0.(6 9 0.109 17. 19 31.J9 0.62 1 . \i 2.57110*
15.00 10.4 4.43 0.358 0.0585 0.09 3 0 . 14* 18.20 32.40 0.62 1 . 11 3 . 15110*
13.89 10. 1 4.77 0.410 0.0687 0 . 108 0.193 17.91 32.11 0.62 1 . 11 3.30110*
14.47 10.0 5.41 0.521 0.0843 0 . 140 0.245 19.0 3 33.23 0.63 1.09 4.03110*
15.00 11.0 7.03 0.800 0.1440 0.229 0.408 18.20 32.40 0.61 1.04 5.01110*
14.11 9.3 7.00 1.004 0.1492 0.2*2 0.452 16.33 30.53 0.52 0.97 5.73110*
14.39 10.3 0.49 1.214 0.2035 0.294 0.549 16.65 30.85 0.54 1.00 6.27110*
15.00 10.2 10.13 1.344 0.2314 0.319 0.407 15.77 29.97 0.4 1 0.77 7.22110*
Avacaga Solida CoacaatcaUoa: 26.5v X

13.33 1.85 0.083 0 . 0 131 J . 023 0.04 0 20.22 34.41 0.75 1.27 1.26110*
26.2
13.33 26.4 2.01 0 . 102 0.0159 0.030 0.050 21.5a 35.76 0.81 1.34 1.37X10*
13.89 27.0 3.89 0.374 0.0588 0 . 108 0 . 18 1 21.05 35.25 0.78 1.31 2.6VX1U*
13.89 27.0 4.91 0.53 4 0.0*26 0.141 0.244 22.30 36.50 0.73 1.20 3.4UX10*
14.44 26.9 5.75 0.750 0.1212 0.20 2 0.353 19.08 33.28 0.67 1. !• 4.04X10*
15.00 26.0 8.51 1.475 0.2434 0.374 0.677 17.57 31.77 0.56 1.02 6.06X10*
159
' a b l e A.31 E x p e r i m e n t a l D a t a f o r 1-in R=12.5" E l l with

-200+325 Mesh G l a s s Beads
T C T -AP« -ABs/L -APa -API (L/B)a (L/B)l la Ki Ba

(•C) (ft) ( f t / s a c ) (psi) (pai/ft) (psi) (psi)
Avacaga Solida Coac«*tcatioa: 0.0 ft

Avocago Soapaaaios Toapocituca: 14.53 *C
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.093 0.0144 0.028 0.0*4 22.38 34.50 0.83 1.36 1.72X10*
17.70 0.0 2.47 0 . 12 9 0.0197 0.04 0 0.044 22.93 37.13 0.82 1.33 2.05X10*
18.33 0.0 3.37 0 . 195 0.0293 0.042 0.099 24.31 34.51 0.81 1.29 2.62X10*
10.33 0.0 4.27 0.290 0.0440 0.094 0.151 24.44 38.64 0.78 1.23 3.32X10*
10.33 0.0 5.03 0.400 0.0611 0.131 0.207 24.40 38.00 0.77 1.22 3.91X10*
19.17 0.0 4.19 0.602 0.0899 0 . 195 0.307 24.85 39.05 0.74 1 . 19 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 4.70 0.710 0.1059 3.231 0.343 24.98 39.17 0.75 1.17 5.49X10*
Avacag* Solid* Coacaatcatioa: 7.94 X

Avacaga Suspaasioa Toapacatuco: 16.07 *C
14.11 0.0 2.34 0.00 5 0.0129 0.024 0.042 23.04 37.24 0.44 1.04 1.71X10*
14. 11 7.4 2.82 0 . 14 1 0.0249 0.048 0.079 22.21 34.41 0.41 1.34 2.07X10*
14.11 0.4 3.34 0.22 7 0.0350 0.069 0.112 22.50 34.70 0.42 1.33 2.47X10*
14.17 7.9 3.94 0.310 0.0470 0.09 7 0 . 156 23.48 37.88 0.83 1.33 2.91X10*
14. 11 8.5 4.84 0.459 0.0407 0.148 0.234 24.40 34.48 0.84 1.32 3.57X10*
15.03 7.4 5.83 0.430 0.0953 0.207 0.324 24.88 39.08 0.82 1.29 4.25110*
Avocago S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 22.7* X

Avacago Sospaaaioa Taapacataca: 17.73 *C
23.4 2.39 0 . 135 0.0204 0.043 0.044 2 4 . 13 38.33 0.84 1.34 1.11X10*
17.22
17.22 22.7 2.71 0 . 174 0.0242 0.058 0.090 25. 11 39.31 0.49 1.40 2.04X10*
17.70 22.8 3.09 0.232 0.0344 0.075 0.114 24.75 34.95 0.89 1.4l 2.36X10*
17.70 23.4 4.00 0.352 0.0514 0 . 120 0.183 26.59 40.79 0.82 1.25 3.13X10*
10.33 22.0 4.81 0.530 0.0774 0 . 179 0.275 26.40 40.40 0.84 1.35 3.73X10*
10.04 22.2 5.77 0.710 0.1044 0.245 0.375 24.80 40.99 0.84 1.28 4.45X10*
Avocago S o l i d s CoacaatcaUoa: 29.35 X

Avocago Soapaaaioa T*ap<icataca: 20.17 *C
0 . 140 0.0224 0.0*6 0.074 22.22 37.52 0.90 1.45 1.69X10*
20.00 29.7 2.34
20.00 29.5 2.74 0 . 19 4 0.0291 0.064 0.100 25.04 39.24 0.89 1.40 2.23X1U*
20.21 29.0 3.97 0.34 2 0.0559 0 . 129 0 . 199 26.49 40.69 0.88 1.35 3.23X10*
2 1 . 11 29.2 4.89 0.570 0.0838 0 . 192 0.29* 26.16 40.35 0.85 1.31 4.07X10*
19.44 29.3 5.78 0.77 9 0.1140 0.26 3 0.405 26.4 3 40.63 0.84 1.29 4.62X10*
t60
Table A. 32 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 1-in 180° Close P a t t e r n

Return Bend with -325 Mesh Glass Beads
T C T ' t f -.APs/L -APa -APi (L/0) a (L/0)i la 11 •a

(•C) (ft) (ft/aac) (psi) (psi/ft) (psi) (psi)
Avacaga Sospassiea T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 0 . 8 1 *C
20.00 0.0 5.43 0.435 0.0905 0.224 0.252 24.31 31.85 1.05 1.10 4.55X10*
20.5* 0.0 4.25 0.514 0.1091 0.241 0.295 27.37 35.45 0.99 1.12 5 . 13X10*
23.33 0.0 4.82 0.611 0.1273 0.314 0.354 28.22 31.81 1.00 1.13 5.97X10*
17.22 0.0 7.41 0.703 0.1510 0.351 0.390 24.59 30.15 C.90 1.02 S.74X10*
24.44 0.0 7.45 0 . 72S 0.1430 0.345 0.395 24.21 27.72 0.88 1.01 4.84X10*
23.33 0.0 0.40 0.859 0.1024 0.433 0.490 27.14 30.73 0.91 1.03 7.35X10*
Avacago S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 1 0 . 0 2 X
Avacago Sospwasioa T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 5 . 6 2 *C
19.72 9.4 3.09 0.130 0.0317 0.044 0.074 23.21 24.77 0.80 1.01 2.49X10*
15.54 10.1 3.55 0 . 171 0.0394 0.070 0.09 1 22.* 3 24.18 0.81 0.9* 2.57X10*
13.89 10.0 3.91 0.213 0.0404 0.100 0.115 23.43 26.99 0.85 0.9* 2.71X10*
15.00 10.4 4.43 0.24 3 0.0505 0. 124 0 . 144 24.48 28.23 0.84 0.94 3.15110*
13.89 10.1 4.77 0.305 0.0407 0.144 0.144 24.03 27.59 0.83 0.95 3.30X10*
14.47 10.0 5.4 1 0.374 0.0443 0. 140 0.204 24.39 27.94 0.80 0.92 4.03X10*
10.4* 9.9 S.83 0.450 0.100* 0.214 0.247 24.59 28.14 0.83 0.95 4.09X10*
15.83 9.4 4.44 0.54 1 0.1185 0.244 0.301 25.:>2 29.07 0.83 0.95 4.69X10*
15.00 11.0 7.03 0.44 8 0.1440 0.312 0.354 24.75 28.31 0.83 0.94 5.01X10*
14.11 9.3 7.80 0.74 7 0.1492 0.372 0.425 25.15 28.70 0.40 0.91 5.73X10*
14.39 10.3 0.49 0.892 0.2035 0.417 0.481 23.4* 27.01 0.74 0.17 4.27X10*
15.00 10.1 9.10 0.993 0.2244 0.449 0.539 23.9 2 27.40 0.7* 0.85 4.44X10*
Avocago S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 1 4 . 5 3 ft
Avocago Sospoasioo T o a p a c a t u c o : 1 4 . 4 1 ' C
1.55 0.044 0.0091 0.023 0.024 29.15 32.70 1.10 1.3;I 1.09X10*
14.44
13.09 2.00 0.071 0.0151 0.034 0.041 27.38 30.94 1.01 1 . 1<( 1.44X10*
2.42 0.09* 0.0210 0.045 0.051 24.44 28.02 0.93 i.o:r 1.68X10*
13.09
0 . 12 5 0.0247 0.042 0.071 26.75 30.31 C.97 I . U) 2.02X10*
15.5* 2.79
14.33 3.9* 0.22 9 0.0520 0 . 107 0.124 23.62 27.18 0.84 0-9" 1 2.76X10*
0.43 0.970 0.2244 0.455 0.524 23.17 26.73 0.74 O.al i 6.24X10*
15.5*
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c v o t c a U o a : ^2.^2 X
Avacag* Suspaasioa r * a p * c a t a c * : 1 3 . 9 4 »€
0. 024 0.027 2 7 . 15 30.71 0.V9 1 . 12 1. 12X10*

13.33 25.3 0. 0*7 0.0101
25.3 0 . 06 9 0 . 0 134 0 . d38 0.0*2 32.27 35.43 1.09 1.21 1.34110*
13.33
0 . 096 0.0208 0. 048 0.054 26.22 29.74 1.00 1 . 13 1.55X10*
12.78 24.3
0 . 124 0.0278 0.05 9 0.068 24.32 27.47 0.92 1.05 1.81110*
12.78 23.4
0 . 248 0.0550 0 . 120 0 . 137 24.84 28.43 0.8* 0.99 2.77X10*
14.44 23.2
0. 35* 0.0800 0 . 16 7 0.192 22. Hi 27.44 0.42 0 . 94 3.36X 10*
14.44 23.8
0 . 514 0 . 1 163 0.24 2 0.279 23.4 3 27.39 0.81 0.93 4.07X10*
14.4* 22.7
1.039 0.2333 0.495 0.560 24.24 27.43 0.75 U. 66 6.32X10*
1 * . 11 23.1
Avacaga S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 2 6 . * 4 ft
Avocago s u s p a a s i o a T o a p o c a t u c a : 1 3 . 6 5 *C
0.040 31.54 35.11 1.16 1.29 1.2411u*

13.33 24.2 0.04 7 0.0131 0.034 1.37X1J*
0.050 0.055 35.83 39.39 1.34 1.47
13.33 24.4 0.047 0.0159 1.6^110*
0.044 0.053 23.4 1 24.^7 0.49 1.03
13.33 24.5 0.099 0.0224 1.88110*
0.0*0 0.049 22.3 3 25.89 0.45 0.99
13.33 24.5 0 . 131 0.0305 2.49X10*
0. 120 0.139 23.4 5 27.00 0.87 1.00
13.89 27.0 0.250 0.0540 3.40110*
0.200 0.224 27.49 31.25 0.91 1.02
13.89 27.0 0.39 3 0.0624 4.04X10*
0.259 0.297 24.4 3 27.99 0.45 0.94
14.44 24.9 0.5*2 0.1212
161
Table A. 33 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 1-in 180° Close P a t t e r n
R e t u r n Bend with -200+325 Mesh Glass ?eads
T C f -APa -APs/l -tAPa -API (1/0) a (1/0)1 Ka 11 Bo

(•C) (5) (ft/soc) (pai) (^.ai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0 . 0 ft
Avacaga Saspaasioa Taapacatoco: 1 4 .. 8 1 4C
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.043 0.0144 0.029 0.034 23.12 24.68 0.84 1.00 1.72X10*
17.70 0.0 2.47 0 . 005 0.0197 0.039 0.045 22.4 1 24.34 0.82 0.94 2.05X10*
10.04 0.0 2.90 0 . 103 0.0241 0.0*7 0.054 22.22 25.78 0.78 0.91 2.30X10*
10.33 0.0 3.37 0.12 7 0.0293 0.059 0.040 22.93 24.48 0.77 0.49 2.42X10*
18.33 0.0 4.27 0 . 198 0.04*0 0.093 0.107 23.84 27.40 0.74 0.87 2.22110»
18.33 0.0 5.03 0.271 0.0611 0.120 0.147 24.01 27.57 0.75 0.84 3.91X10*
19.17 0.0 6.19 0.402 0.0899 0 . 193 0.221 24.51 28.06 0.75 0.84 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 6.70 0.474 0.1059 0.229 0.242 24.70 24.26 0.74 0.44 5.49X10*
20.00 0.0 8.29 0.707 0.1570 0.3*1 0.390 24.6 7 24.42 0.74 0.44 4.71X10*
20.20 0.0 8.99 0.823 0.1735 0.410 0.472 27.53 31.09 0.77 0.47 7.22li0»
Avacago S o l i O s C o a c a o t c a t i o a : 7 . 4 7 ft
Avacaga Suspaa&ioa Taat««cataca: 16. 17 *C
15.83 7.2 2.44 0.00 5 0.0184 0.042 0.04 7 25.30 29.04 0.93 1.06 1.79X10*
14.11 7.4 2.82 0 . 100 0.0249 0.050 0.058 22. 16 24.72 C.85 0.99 2.07X10*
14.47 7.0 3.20 0.133 0.0290 0.065 0.074 25.66 29.22 0.82 0.93 2.44X10*
14.11 8.4 2.2A 0. 15* 0.0350 0.072 0.083 23.61 27.14 0.86 0.99 2.*7X10*
14.11 4.5 0.54 0.854 0.1903 0.393 0.455 22.64 24.24 0.72 0.84 6.28X10*
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a U o a : 1 4 . 5 0 ft
Avocago S u a p a a s i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 7 . 3 8 *C
0.0131 0.033 0.037 28.53 32.04 1.00 1 . 13 1.53X10*

17.50 13.8 2.01 0.043
17.22 14.4 2.42 0.000 0 . 0 192 0.0*3 0.04 9 25.44 29.20 0.92 1.04 1.83X10*
17.50 15.0 2.78 0.111 0.0254 0.052 0.0*0 23.24 24.82 0.83 0.96 2.11X10*
14.47 14. 1 3.12 0 . 139 0.0323 0 . 044 0.074 22.73 26.28 0.82 0.95 2.32X10*
14.94 14.3 3.94 0.219 0.0*94 0.104 0.119 23.92 27.4* 0.82 0.94 2.97X10*
17.70 15.2 5.02 0.318 0.0715 0 . 151 0.174 24.22 27.78 0.75 0.84 3.44X10*
10.04 14.5 0.74 0.937 0.2052 0.458 0.522 25.52 29.07 0.74 0.84 4.74110*
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 2 2 . 6 3 ft
Avacago S u a p a a s i o a T o a p o c a t u c a : 1 7 . 7 * • €
17.22 23.4 2.39 0.09 1 0.0204 0.0*3 0.050 24.^7 27.42 0.4. 0.99 '--'JJO:
17.22 22.7 2.71 0.116 0.0262 0.055 0.063 24.13 27.64 0.86 0.9* ^•'^'•''O*
17.78 11:1 2.09 0.150 0.0346 0.069 O.uaO 22.94 .6.50 0.43 0.9* 2.3.10
17.70 23.4 4.00 0.230 0.0514 0.110 0.126 24.50 26.05 C.75 0.86 ^-JJJ J ,
18 06 22 2 5 77 0.477 0.10*4 0.233 0.265 25.47 29.03 O.dO 0.9 1 4.•5110
\\:l\ 2U? 8155 0.576 0.2151 0.474 0.^41 25.23 28.78 0.74 0.44 6.64110*
Avocago Suspaasioa T a a p a c a t a c a : 2 0 . 2 4 *C
20.00 29.7 2.34 0.099 0.0226 0 0** 0.053 22.26 2..93 C.90 1 04 ,89,10*
20.00 29.5 2-74 0.12 9 0.0291 0.061 0.071 24.12 .7.47 0.46 0.99 ^ - ^ J J J^
"-^? ^.I'l
21.1129.2 I'll
4.89 I'M'
0.301 I'ilW
0.0830 l:\ll
0.185 S:J;? 2l:lt 11:'^ - " "U Ji^^no*
"•" 2 7 :. 7 8 :. 4 7
19.44
20.83
29.3 5.70
1•
0.500
.035 0:
0.1140
.2244 iiil
0.234
0.504 S:I5? UM lUil SrJI tti lîl^
162
Table A.34 : x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 1-in Gate Valve with
•325 Mesh Glass Beads
T c 9 %i Pa -APs/L -APa -APi (1/0)0 (1/0)1 lo 11 ••

(•C) (5) (ft/S4 (pai) (psi/Ct) (PU) (psi)
Avocago S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 0.0 X

Avacaga Soapaaaioa Taapacataca: I * . 8 2 *C
20.00 0.0 5.43 0.238 0.0905 0.0*4 0.045 5.82 8.22 0.22 0.31 4.55110*
20.54 0.0 4.25 0.274 0.1091 0.0»2 0.045 4.«0 4.82 0.14 0.25 5.13110*
24.44 0.0 7.45 0.415 0.1630 0.040 0.103 4.77 7.23 0.17 0.26 6.86110*
23.33 0.0 4.40 0.445 0.1024 0.077 0.115 4.83 7.21 0.14 0.24 7.35110*
Avocago S o l i d a Coacaatcatioa: 4. 17 X
Avocago Saapaaaioa Toapocatuca: 14.7 2 4c
13.33 4.* S.05 0.244 0.1014 0.029 0.050 3.26 5.65 0.12 0.21 3.99110*
13.33 4.3 4.99 0.317 0.1304 0.022 0.051 1.84 4.23 C.06 0.15 4.76110*
15.83 4.0 9.15 0.514 0.2232 0.0*4 0.090 2.25 4.64 0.07 0 . 15 6.60IIO*
16.39 3.9 9.23 0.504 0.2210 O.032 0.07 8 1.46 4.g5 0.05 0.13 6.83110*
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a U o a : l o . 01 X
Avacaga S o a p a a a i o a T * a p a c a t u c a : 15 . 6 8 *C
19.73 9.4 0.001 0.0317 0.014 0.020 4.99 7.37 0.19 0.24 2.49110*
15.54 10.1 0 . 100 0.0394 0.014 0.02* 4.44 7.04 0.17 0.25 2.57110*
13.89 10.0 0 . 119 0.0484 0.014 0.026 3.48 6.07 0.13 0.22 2.71110*
15.00 10.4 0 . 144 0.0585 0.019 0.031 3.74 6.14 0.13 0.21 3.15110*
13.89 10.1 0.14 9 0.0487 0.02 3 0.030 3.87 6.25 0.13 0.22 3.30110*
14.47 10.0 0.204 0.08*3 0.025 0.0*3 3.43 5.82 0.11 0 . 19 4.03110*
14.44 9.9 0.24 5 0.1004 0.032 0.052 3.60 5.98 0.12 0.20 4.09110*
15.83 9.4 0.200 0.1185 0.029 0.053 2.74 5.15 0.09 0 . 17 4.69X10*
15.00 11.0 0.34 4 0.1440 0.04 0 0.070 3.21 5.59 0.11 0 . 19 5.01110*
14.11 9.3 0.392 0.1492 0.033 0.068 2.21 4.59 0.07 0.15 5.73110*
14.39 10.3 0.479 0.2035 0.046 0.088 2.59 4.97 0.08 0.16 6.27110*
Avacago S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 14.53 ft

Avacago Suapaoaioo Toapocatuco: 14.4 1 4C
0.0091 0.000 0.010 9.74 12.13 0.39 0.49 1.09110*

14.44 14.5 1.55 0.027 1.44110*
0.0151 0.010 0.014 7.97 10.34 0.29 0.38
13.89 17.2 2.00 0.04 3 0.33 1.68110*
0.054 0.0210 0.012 0.014 4.34 8.74 0.24
13.89 14.7 2.42 0.19 0.28 2.02X10*
2.79 0.04 9 0.0247 0.012 0.010 5.31 7.70
15.54 17.1 4.59 0.15 0.23 2.74X10*
14.33 3.94 0. 130 0.052 0 0.019 0.030 4.21
14.4 0.2244 0.044 3.25 5.63 0.10 0.18 *.24110*
15.54 17.1 8.43 0.5*1 0. no
Av*cago S o l i d s CoscaatcaUoa: 26.59 ft
Avocago Sospoasioo T * * p * c a t a c o : 13.52 *C
0.000 0.011 4.81 9.20 0.25 0.34 1.26110*

13.33 24.2 1.85 0.034 0.0131 0.22 0.31 1.37110*
24.4 2.01 0.04 2 0.0159 0.000 0.012 5.97 8.35
13.33 5.53 0.12 0.21 1.*2110*
13.33 24.5 2.30 0.054 0.0224 0.004 0.011 3.14
0.004 0.013 2.34 4.77 0.09 0. 18 1.88X10*
13.33 24.5 2.74 0.071 0.0305 0.12 0.20 2.69X10*
3.89 0. 14 1 0.0580 0.014 0.024 3. 11 5.49
13.89 27.0 4.05 0.12 0.20 3.40110*
13.89 27.0 4.91 0.202 0.0424 0.027 0.044 3.*7
163
âble A.35 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data f o r l--'n Gate Valve with
T C 7 -AP* -APs/L -APa t^^x (L/D)o (L/0)i lo 11 Ba

(•C) («) itt/B* :) (Psi) (psi/ft) (paa.) (psi)
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 0.0 S
Avocago S a a p a a a i o a T o o p a c a t a c o : 18.82 'C
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.034 0.01*4 0.004 0.009 4.44 4.85 0.17 0.24 1.72110*
17.78 0.0 2.47 0.0*7 0.0197 0.005 0.010 3.19 5.57 0.11 0.20 2.05110*
18.06 0.0 2.90 0.057 0.0241 0.006 0.011 2.72 5.11 0.10 0.14 2.30110*
10.33 0.0 5.03 0 . 130 0.0411 0.000 0.021 1.55 3.93 0.05 0 . 12 3.91110*
19.17 0.0 4.19 0.202 0.0899 0.010 0.029 1.32 3.71 0.04 0.11 4.91110*
20.00 0.0 4.70 0.230 0.1059 0.013 0.035 1.39 3.77 0.04 0 . 11 5.49110*
20.00 0.0 0.29 0.3*7 0.1570 0.014 0.044 1.00 3.38 0.03 0 . 10 4.71110*
19.44 0.0 9.45 0.4*2 0.2001 0.019 0.043 1.04 3.45 0.03 0 . 10 7.70110*
Avacaga S o l i d s Cos c o o t c a t i o a : 7 . 5 9 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T o a p o c a t u c a : 14. 14 4 c
14.11 2.34 0.03 4 0.0129 0.009 0.011 7.54 9.94 0.21 0.28 1.71110*
15.83 2.44 0.04 9 0.0184 0.009 0.013 5.60 7.99 0.20 0.29 1.79110*
14. 11 2.82 0.04 2 0.02*9 0.009 0.015 4.36 6.74 0.16 0.25 2.07110*
14.11 3.34 0.084 0.0350 0.012 0.019 3.94 6.32 0.14 0.23 2.47110*
14.47 3.94 0 . 113 0.0470 0.013 0.023 3.17 5.55 0.11 0.20 2.95110*
14.11 0.54 0.470 0.1943 0.0*0 0.090 2.79 5.17 0.09 0.16 4.24110*
Avacago S o l i d s C o o c * * t c a U o o : 1*. 43 ft
Avacago S a s p o o a i o o T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 7 . 4 2 *C
17.50 13.0 2.01 0.037 0.0131 0.009 0.012 7.79 10.17 0.27 0.36 1.53110*
17.22 14.4 2.42 0.05 1 0.0192 0.010 0.014 5.94 4.35 0.21 0.30 1.83110*
16.6 7 14. 1 3.12 0.08 1 0.0323 0.013 0.019 4.44 6.86 0.16 0.25 2.32X10*
16.94 14.3 3.94 0 . 122 0.0*94 0.017 0.027 3.4 1 4 . 19 0.13 0.21 2.97X10*
17.70 15.2 5.02 0.177 0.0715 0.02 5 0.J40 4.07 6.45 0.13 0.20 3.84X10*
17.70 14.5 5.87 0.255 0. 104* 0.033 0.055 3.59 5.98 0.12 0.20 4.50X10*
14.04 14.5 8.74 0.502 0.2052 0.044 0.109 3.70 6.08 0.11 0 . 18 4.74X1U*
Avacaga S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 2 9 . 3 3 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T o a p o c a t a c o : 2 0 . 1 4 4c
29.7 2.34 0.059 0.0224 0.011 0.015 5.44 7.84 0.21 0.30 1.89X10*
20.00
20.00 29.5 2.74 0.077 0.0291 0.014 0.022 4.09 8.48 0.22 0.30 2.23X10*
20.00 29.2 3.14 0.094 0.0374 0.017 0.024 5.11 7.49 0.18 0.24 2.54X10*
20.20 29.0 3.97 0 . 142 0.0559 0.023 0.035 4.73 7.11 0.16 0.24 3.23X10*
2 1 . 11 29.2 4.89 0.204 0.0A3O 0.028 0.0*5 3.80 4.14 0.12 0.20 4.07X10*
19.44 29.3 5.70 0.270 0.11*0 0.035 0.059 3.55 5.93 0.11 0 . 19 4.62X10*
164
Table A. 36 Experimental Data for 1-in Globe Valve with
T C V -APa -APs/L -Ai^• -lAPl (1/0) o (1/0)1 to 11 •«

(•C) (» (Ct/soc) (psi) (psi/ft) (pai) (PSl)
Avacaga S o l i d a C o o c o o t c a t i o a : 0 . 0 ft
Avocago S o s p o s a i o a T o o p o c a t s c o : 21 . 4 8 ^C
20.00 0.0 5.43 2.52 5 0.090* 2.334 2.344 295.22 294.7* 10.97 11.03 4.55110*
20.54 0.0 4.2S 3.040 0.1091 2.809 2.823 294.4 2 295.93 10.70 10.75 5.13X10*
23.33 0.0 4.02 3.54 9 0.1273 3.200 3.297 294.04 294.30 10.50 10.55 5.97110*
17.22 0.0 7.41 4.414 0.1510 4.095 4 . 115 310.25 311.74 10.53 10.58 5.74110*
24.4* 0.0 7.45 4.459 0.1630 4.115 4.134 200.a2 290.33 10.47 10.52 4.84X10*
23.33 0.0 8.40 5.279 0.1824 4.893 4.917 304.82 300.34 10.32 10.37 7.35110*
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 4 . 3 5 ft
Avocago S o a p a a a i o a T o a p o c a t u c o : 1 4 . 7 7 4c
15.54 4.4 4.11 1.570 0.0514 1.442 1.444 324.99 324.51 12.11 12.17 2.98X10*
13.04 4.5 4.75 2.093 0.0684 1.949 1.958 325.78 327.30 12.10 12. 16 3.22X10*
13.33 4.3 4.99 4.209 0.1386 3.914 3.934 3 2 3 . 19 324.71 11.25 11.30 4.76X10*
14. 44 4.4 8.40 5.62 4 0.1954 5.211 5.237 305.12 304.43 10.35 10.40 5.90X10*
15.83 4.0 9.15 6.735 0.2232 4.243 4.292 320.94 322.46 10.50 10.55 6.66X10*
14.39 3.5 9.23 4.405 0.2210 4.214 4.245 320.40 222.12 10.23 10.20 6.83X10*
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c o o t c a u o a : 1 0 . 0 1 ft
Avocago Saopoaaioo T o a p o c a t u c o : 1 5 . 6 3 *C
0.0317 0.010 0.823 295.03 294.55 11.10 11.24 2.49X10*

19.72 9.4 3.09 0.805
10.47 10.53 2.71X10*
10.0 3.91 1.327 0.0404 1.225 1.231 244.34 289.84
13.89 10.49 3.15X10*
1.754 0.0545 1.«30 1.630 318.65 320.17 10.94
15.00 10.4 4.43 10.44 3.30X10*
4.77 1.943 0.0*87 1.818 1.427 302.65 304.17 10.50
13.89 10.1 10.39 4.03X10*
5.4 1 2.503 0.0843 2.324 2.334 315.35 316.87 10.44
16.67 10.0 10.91 4.09X10*
3.044 0.1004 2.a32 2.445 322.77 324.29 10.96
14.44 9.9 5.83
324.48 10.55 10.60 4.69X10*
3.595 0.1185 3.344 3.340 322.96
15.83 9.4 6.44
325.35 324.47 10.85 10.90 5.01X10*
7.03 4.400 0.1440 4.094 4.115
15.00 11.0 324.78 10.34 10.39 5.73X10*
5 . 149 0.1492 4.811 4.834 325.24
16. 1 1 9.3 7.80 322.08 10.36 6.27X10*
4 . 134 0.2035 5.704 5.731 320.54 10.41
16.39 10.3 8.49 333.94 10.31 6.41X10*
4.994 0.2244 4.522 4.552 332.44 10.36
15.00 10.1 9.10
Avocago Sospooaioa T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 4 . 6 1 *C
282.25 283.77 1 1.42 11.48 1.09X10*

1.55 0.244 0.0091 0.225 0.224
14.44 14.5 347.J4 348.8* 12.84 12.89 1.44X10*
0.409 0.0151 0.450 0.440
13.89 17.2 2.00 297.94 11.27 11.33 1.64X10*
0.50 9 0.0210 0.54 5 0.547 296.42
13.09 14.7 2.42 0.769 324.4 1 329.93 11.95 12.00 2.02X10*
0.822 0.0247 0.764
15.54 17.1 2.79 1.398 305.85 307.37 10.87 10.92 2.76X10*
1.501 0.0520 1.39 1
14.33 14.4 3.94 6.600 335.34 336.4* 10.72 10.77 6.24X1U*
7.053 0.2244 6.579
15.54 17.1 8.43
A v * c a 9 * S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 2 * . 19 X
337.J4 i3d.o7 12.30 12.35 1.12X1U*

0.318 0.0101 0.29 7 0.290
13.33 25.3 1.44 365.-3 366.95 12.35 12.40 1.34X10*
0.456 0.0134 0. 42* 0.430
13.33 25.3 1.97 324.59 330.10 12.47 12.53 1.55X10*
0.44 1 0.0200 0.597 0.400
12.78 24.3 2.31 336.00 337.52 12.64 12.70 1.81X10*
0.876 0.0270 0.817 0.821
12.78 23.4 2.69 331.69 222.2\ 11.33 11.3* 3.36X10*
2.48 9 0.0800 2.320 2.331
14.44 23.0 4.79 336.62 11.37 11.42 4.07X10*
0 . 1 143 3.401 3.423 335.10
14.4* 22.7 5.79 3.454
Avocago s o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 2 6 . 5 8 X
Avocago Susposaioo T o a p o c a t a c o : 1 3 . 6 1 •C
339.29 12.45 12.51 1.26X10*
0.0131 0.380 0.390 337.77
13.33 24.2 1.05 0.414 3 36.80 12.54 12.59 1.37X10*
0.445 0.467 335.29
13.33 26.4 2.01 0.498 0.0159 317.79 12.05 12. 11 1.62X10*
0.424 0.627 316.27
13.33 24.5 2.30 0.472 0.0224 321.48 12.2* 12.30 1.46X10*
0.854 0.858 319.94
13.33 24.5 2.74 0.910 0.0305 330.03 1..21 12.27 2.^9X10*
1.*«8 1.696 324.51
13.19 27.0 3.89 1.812 0.0588 348.81 12.16 12.21 • .0«X10*
3.600 3.496 347.29
14.44 24.9 5.75 3.934 0.1212
165
Table A.37 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 1-in Globe Valve with

T C T 'tf -APo/l -APe -APi (L/0) (1/0)i lo li Bo

(•C) (1) ((t/ooc) (psi) (pai/ft) (pai) (pax)
Avacaga S o l i d s C o s c o o t c a t i o o : 0 . 0 ft
Avacaga Soapaaaioa T o a p o c a t a c o : 1 0 . 8 1 *C
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.44 7 0.0144 0.417 0.419 330.33 331.84 12.32 12.38 1.72X10*
17.70 0.0 2.47 0.44 2 0.0197 0.600 0.603 348.20 349.72 12.48 12. 5« 2.05X10*
10.04 0.0 2.90 0.771 0.0241 0.720 0.723 342.30 343.82 12.09 12.14 2.30X10*
10.33 0.0 3.37 0.975 0.0293 0.913 0.917 355.97 357.49 1 1.93 11.98 2.62X10*
10.33 0.0 4.27 1.5*4 0.0*40 1.451 1.457 370.80 372.39 1 1.82 11.86 3.32X10*
10.33 0.0 5.03 2.121 0.0411 1.991 1.999 3 72.74 374.24 1 1.60 11.73 3.91X10*
19.17 0.0 6.19 3 . 190 0.0899 3.000 3.012 381.57 3(33.09 11.63 11.68 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 6.78 3.777 0.1059 3.553 3.547 383.91 3a5.43 1 1.»8 11.52 5.49X10*
20.00 0.0 8.29 5.597 0.1570 5.265 5.284 383.68 3a5.20 1 1.39 11.43 6.71X10*
20.20 0.0 8.99 4.521 0.1735 4.154 4.177 405.65 4 0 7 . 17 11.31 11.35 7.33X10*
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 7.42 X
Avocago Suspooaioo T o a p o c a t u c a : 1 4 . 1 1 *C
15.83 7.2 2.44 0.405 0.01M4 0.544 0.548 347.33 348.85 12.43 12.69 1.79X10*
14.11 7.4 2.82 0.771 0.0249 0.719 0.722 330.45 332.17 12.10 1 2.22 2.07X10*
14.11 0.4 3.34 1 . 100 0.0350 1.026 1.031 335.45 334.94 12.23 12 . 2 9 2.47X10*
14.47 7.9 3.94 1.490 0.0470 1.391 1.397 338.35 339.87 11.97 1 2.02 2.95X10*
14. 11 4.5 4.84 2.264 0.0*87 2.121 2.130 353.04 354.58 12.07 12. 12 3.57X10*
15.83 7.4 5.83 3.217 0.0953 3.016 3.028 341.91 343.43 11.95 112.00 4.25X10*
14.11 4.5 0.54 4.003 0.1903 6.30* 4.410 344.33 349.45 11.74 1 1.79 6.24X10*
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a U o a : 1 4 . 5 0 X
Avocago Suapaoaioo T o a p o c a t u c o : 1 7 . 3 4 *C
0.410 0.412 357.17 358.48 12.54 12.63 1.53X10*

17.50 13.0 2.01 0.43 8 0.0131 1.43X10*
0.0192 0.542 0.565 334.29 JJ5.81 1 1.95 12.00
17.22 14.4 2.42 0.403 2.11X10*
0.750 0.754 337.57 339.08 12.07 12. 12
17.50 15.0 2.70 0.80 4 0.0254 2.3.<X10*
0.94 7 0.^71 342.54 J4<..U8 12.34 12.42
14.47 14.1 3.12 1.035 0.0323 2.»7X10*
1.515 1.52 1 349.45 350.97 I 1.99 12.04
14.94 14.3 3.94 1.620 0.0496 3.44X10*
2.261 2.270 361.62 3 6 3 . 14 1 1.17 11.21
17.78 15.2 5.02 2.412 0.0715 4.50X10*
3.34 2 344.80 36S.32 12.00 12.05
17.78 14.5 5.87 3.54 9 0.1044 3.329
Av«cag* S o l i d s C o a c a a t c a U o a : 2 2 . 7 * X
Avacag* S u s p * a s i o o T * a p * c a t a c a : 1 7 . 7 3 ' C
0.639 356.49 J54.01 2.65 12.71 1.41X10*

2.39 0.680 0.0204 0.637
17.22 23.4 0.813 353.11 354.63 2.54 12.59 ^.04X10*
2.71 0.86 5 0.0242 0.809
17.22 22.7 1.051 345.48 J47.00 2-47 12.53 2.34X10*
3.09 1 . 120 0.0344 1.046
17.78 22.8 1.650 365.3 4 J60.d5 1.21 11..<6 3.13X10*
4.08 1.752 0.0514 1.643
17.78 23.4 2.508 368.43 369.95 2.27 12.32 3.73X10*
4.81 2.66 2 0.0774 2.49 8 4.45X10*
18.33 22.0 3.*29 373.44 374.96 1.44 11.71
5.77 3.634 0.1044 3.415
10.04 22.2
irocago Solids coacaatcatioa: 29.33 X
Avocago Suspooaioo T o o p o c a t a c a : 2 0 , 1 4 *C
331.89 333.40 12.79 12.84 1.89X10*

0.703 0.0224 0.455 0.450
20.00 29.7 2.34 344.07 12.22 12.27 2.23X10*
0.0291 0.873 0.877 342.55
20.00 29.5 2.74 0.93 5 334.01 11.87 11.93 2.54X10*
0.0374 1 . 100 1.105 334.49
20.00 29.2 3.14 1.179 11.64 11.69 3.23X10*
0.0559 1.720 1.727 351.89 353.41
20.20 29.0 3.97 1.13 8 1 1.96 12.01 4.07X10*
0.0830 2.694 2.705 347.91 369.43
2 1 . 11 29.2 4.89 2.871 11.75 11.40 4.«2X10*
0.1140 3.495 3.710 370.75 372.27
19.44 29.3 5.78 3.93 6
166
Table A.38 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 1-in x 2 - i n Sudden

Enlargement with -325 Mesh Glass Beads
T C f -APa -APS/L -APa -APl (VO)a (1/0)1 Xo ll lo

(4C) (ft) ( f t / s a c ) (pai) (pai/ft) (psi) (psi)
Avacago S o l i d s Coocootcatioa: 0.0 X

Avacaga Suapaaaioo Toapocataco: 20.89 »C
20.00 0.0 5.43 0.009 0.0904 -0.100 -0.180 2.38 2.38 0.09 0.U9 4.55X10*
20.54 0.0 4.25 0.005 0.1091 -0.224 -0.224 2.2* 2.24 0.04 0.04 5.13X10*
23.33 0.0 4.02 0.005 0.1273 -0.241 -0.241 2.74 2.74 0.10 0 . 10 5.97X10*
17.22 0.0 7.61 0.011 0.1510 -0.304 -0.304 4.37 4.37 0.15 0.15 5.74X10*
23.33 0.0 0.40 0.000 0.1024 -0.374 -0.374 4.31 4.31 0.15 0 . 15 7.35X10*
Avocago S o l i d s Coacaatcatioa: 10.02 X

Avocaga Suapaasioa Taapacataca: 15.6 2 *C
19.72 9.4 0.013 0.0317 -0.054 -0.054 5.27 5.27 0.20 0.20 2.49X10*
15.54 10.1 0.011 0.0394 -0.07 2 -0.072 5.11 5.11 0.18 0 . 18 2.57X10*
13.89 10.0 0.011 0.0444 -0.091 -0.091 4.24 4.24 0.15 0 . 15 2.71110*
15.00 10.4 0.014 0.0505 - 0 . 109 - 0 . 109 6.02 6.02 0.21 0.21 3.15X10*
13.89 10.1 0.011 0.0407 -0.133 -0.133 4.91 4.91 0.17 0.17 3.30110*
14.47 10.0 0.009 0.0043 - 0 . 147 -0.167 5.67 5.67 0.19 0 . 19 4.03110*
14.44 9.9 0.014 0.100* -0.194 -0.194 5.20 5.24 0.10 0 . 18 4.09110*
15.43 9.4 0.010 0.1105 -0.230 -0.230 6.33 6.33 0.21 0.21 4.69110*
15.00 11.0 0.019 0.144 0 -0.283 -0.283 5.56 5.54 0.19 0 . 19 5.01110*
14.11 9.3 0.017 0.1492 -0.337 -0.337 6.40 6.60 0.21 0.21 5.73110*
14.39 10.3 0.02 0 0.2035 - 0.404 -0.404 6.07 6.07 0.20 0.20 6.27110*
15.00 10.1 0.014 0.224* -0.454 -0.454 6.90 6.90 0.22 0.22 6.48110*
Avacaga S o l i d a Coocootcatioa: 22. 74 ft

Avocago Soapaasioo Taopocatoco: 14.05 *C
13.33 0.025 0.013* -0.003 -0.003 25.05 25.05 0.85 0.85 1.34110*
25.3
12.70 24.3 0.022 0.0200 -0.021 -0.021 12.90 12.90 0.4 9 0.49 1.55110*
12.70 23.4 0.015 0.0270 -0.0*3 -0.043 4.99 4.99 0.26 0.26 1.61110*
14.44 23.2 0.009 0.0550 - 0 . 104 - 0 . 104 4.87 4.87 0.17 0.17 2.77110*
10.44 23.0 0.000 0.0*00 -0.159 -0.159 4.4 1 4.41 0.15 0 . IS 3.36110*
14.44 22.7 0.009 0.1143 -0.234 -0.234 4.34 4.34 0.15 0. 15 4.07110*
14. 11 23.1 0.014 a.2222 -0.475 -0.475 4.88 6.88 0.21 0.21 •.32X10*
Avocago S o l i d a Coacaatcatioa: 26.50 X

Avocaga Soapaaaioa Taapacatoco: 13.4 1 *C
0.027 0.0131 -0.000 -0.000 24.94 24.94 0.92 0.92 1.26X10*
13.33 1.85
13.33 2.01 0.027 0.0159 - 0 . 006 -0.006 20.53 20.53 0.77 0.77 1.37X10*
13.33 2.38 0.030 0 . 0 2 2 4. -0.017 -0.017 15.63 15.63 0.60 U.60 1.62X10*
13.33 2.76 0.018 0.0305 - 0 . 0*6 -0.044 7. 13 7.13 0.27 0.2 7 1.8MX10*
13.89 3.89 0.013 0.05*0 -0.110 -0.110 3.73 3.73 0.14 0 . 14 2.69X10*
14.44 5.75 0.013 0.1212 -0.24 1 -0.24 1 3.90 3.90 0.14 0 . 14 4 . 04X10*
0.011 0.2*34 -0.499 -0.499 5.50 5.54 0.10 0 . 14 6.06X10*
15.00 0.51
167
Table A. 39 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data f o r l - i n x 2 - i n Sudden

Enlargement with -200+325 Mesh Glass Beads
T c T -.APO -APs/L -APa -APi (L/0)o (1/0)1 lo ll lo

(•C) (S) (ft/sac) (pai) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avocago S o l i d a C o o c o o t c a t i o a : 0.0 X
Avacago S o a p a a a i o o T o o p o c a t o c o : 1 0 . 7 2 4c
17.70 0.0 2.24 0.003 0.0144 •0.027 -0.027 3.44 3.66 0.14 0.14 1.72X10*
17.70 0.0 2.47 0.002 0.0197 -0.039 -0.039 3.52 3.52 0.13 0 . 13 2.05X10*
10.04 0.0 2.98 0.001 0.0241 -0.04 9 -0.049 3.13 3.13 0.11 0 . 11 2.30X10*
10.33 0.0 3.37 0.0 0.0293 -0.06 1 -0.04 1 3.92 3.92 0.13 0.13 2.62X10*
10.33 0.0 4.27 -0.005 0.04*4 -0.099 -0.099 3.97 3.97 0.13 0 . 13 3.32X10*
10.33 0.0 5.03 -0.009 0.0*11 - 0 . 137 - 0 . 137 4.04 4.08 0.13 0.13 3.91X10*
19. 17 0.0 4.19 -0.018 0.0899 -0.204 -0.206 4.40 4.40 0.13 0 . 13 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 6.78 -0.021 0.1059 -0.24 3 -0.243 4.97 4.97 CIS 0. 15 5.49X10*
20.00 0.0 8.29 -0.037 0.1570 -0.344 -0.344 4.79 4.79 0.14 0 . 14 6.71X10*
19.44 0.0 9.45 -0.053 0.2001 -0.409 -0.409 5.24 5.26 0.15 0.15 7.70X10*
Avocago S o l i d a C o a c a a t c a t i o a : 7.6a X
Avocago S o a p a a a i o a T o o p o c a t o c o t 14.11 'C
14.11 0.0 2.34 0.025 0.0129 -0.002 -0.002 31.50 31.58 C.80 0.88 1.71X10*
15.03 7.2 2.44 0.021 0.0184 -0.010 -0.010 14.54 14.54 0.53 0.53 1.79X10*
14.11 7.4 2.82 0.017 0.0249 -0.035 -0.035 9.40 9.40 0.35 0.35 2.07X10*
14. 11 0.4 3.34 0.008 0.0350 -0.045 -0.045 4.33 4.33 0.14 0 . 16 2.47X10*
14.47 7.9 3.94 0.004 0.0470 -0.095 -0.095 3.31 3.31 0.12 0.12 2.95X10*
14. 11 4.5 4.84 -0.005 0.0487 -0.149 -0.149 2.54 2.54 0.09 0.09 3.57X10*
15.03 7.4 5.43 -0.012 0.0953 -0.212 -0.212 2.85 2.85 0.09 0.09 4.25X10*
14.11 4.5 0.5* -0.04 0 0.1943 -0.455 -0.455 3.00 3.00 0.10 0 . 10 6.28X10*
Avacago S o l i d a C a a c o o t c a u o o : 1 4 . 4 0 ft
Avacaga S a a p a a a i o a T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 7 . 4 5 "C
0.027 0.0131 -0.001 -0.001 25.09 25.89 0.91 0.91 1.53X10*

17.50 13.0 2.01
0.0192 -0.017 -0.017 14.15 14.15 0.58 0.58 1.83X10*
17.22 14.4 2.42 0.02 4
0.0254 -0.034 -0.034 10.79 10.79 0.39 0.39 2.11110*
17.50 15.0 2.70 0.019
-0.055 -0.055 4.31 6.31 0.23 0.23 2.32X10*
14.67 14.1 3.12 0.012 0.0323
- 0 . 231 -0.231 3.04 3.08 0.10 0 . 10 4.50X10*
17.78 14.5 5.07 -0.012 0.1044
-0.477 -0.477 5.50 5.50 0.16 0 . 16 6.76X10*
18.04 14.5 8.74 -0.047 0.2052
Avocago S o l i d s C o o c o a c c a t i o a : 2 2 . 3 7 X
Avocaga Suspaasioa T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 7 . a 7 *C
- 0 . 01 7 -0.017 16.65 16.65 0.59 0.59 1.81X10*

17.22 23.4 2.39 0.026 0.0204
-0.034 11.21 11.21 0.4 0 0.40 2.04X10*
22.7 2.7 1 0.021 0.0262 -0.034
17.22 -0.055 7.61 7.61 0.28 0.24 2.36X10*
3.09 0.018 0.0346 -0.055
17.78 22. S - 0 . 16 1 4 . 18 4 . 18 0.14 0 . 14 3.73110*
4.81 0.00 1 0.0776 - 0 . 161
18.33 22.0 -0.224 5.32 5.32 0.17 0 . 17 4.45X10*
5.77 -0.005 0.1046 -0.224
18.04 22.2 -0.4*7 5.91 5.91 0.17 0.17 6.64X10*
-0.037 0.2151 -0.407
10.4 1 21.1 8.55
Avacag* S o l i d s C o a c o a t c i u o a : 2 9 . 10 X
Avocaga Soopoooioo T o a p o c a t a c o : 2 0 . 2 4 *C
16.01 0.62 0.62 1.69X10*

0.0224 -0.014 -0.014 14.01
20.00 29.7 2.34 0.031 0.29 0.29 2.23X10*
-0.044 -0.044 8.02 8.02
20.00 29.5 2.74 0.015 0.0291 0.29 0.29 2.54X10*
-0.059 -0.059 4.33 a. 33
20.00 29.2 3.14 0.019 0.0374 0.20 0.30 3.23X10*
-0.108 -0.100 5.99 5.99
20.28 29.0 3.97 0.009 0.0559 0.16 0 . 16 •.07X10*
- 0 . 174 -0.174 4.88 4.88
21.11 29.2 4.09 0.001 0.0830 0.17 0 . 17 •.62X10*
-0.240 -0.240 5.30 5.30
19.44 29.3 5.74 -0.001 0.1140 -0.497 0.20 0.20 6.9VX1U*
-0.497 4.44 4.66
20.03 27.7 8.47 -0.022 0.2240
168
Table A. 40 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 2 - i n x 1-in Sudden

C o n t r a c t i o n with -325 Mesh Glass Beads
T C f -APa -APs/L -APo -APi (1/0)0 (1/0)1 xo XI 40

(4Ci (S) (ft/soc) (psi) (psi/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avacaga S o l i d a C o o c o o t c a t i o a : 0 . 0 ft
Avacaga S u a p a a a i o o T o a p o c a t a c o : 2 0 . 8 9 4c
20.00 0.0 S.43 0.34* 0.0904 0.100 0.180 -2.41 -2.41 -0.09 -0.09 4.55X10*
20.54 0.0 4.25 0.44 4 0.1091 0.219 0.219 -2.79 -2.79 -0.10 - 0 . 10 5.13X10*
23.33 0.0 4.02 0.52 4 0.1273 0.264 0.264 •2.53 -2.53 -0.09 -O.J 9 5.97X10*
17.22 0.0 7.41 0.44 1 0.1510 0.3*9 0.349 -U07 -1.07 -0.04 -0.04 5.74X10*
23.33 0.0 0.40 0.810 0.182* 0.434 0.434 -0.56 -0.54 -0.02 -0.02 7.35X10*
Avocago S o l i d s C o o c o a t c a t i o o : 4.35 4
15.54 4.4 4.1 0.211 0.0514 0.105 0.105 -1.67 -1.67 •0.06 -0.04 2.98X10*
13.04 4.5 4.7 0.204 0.0484 0 . 14 3 0 . 143 -1.18 -1.14 •0.04 -0.04 3.22X10*
13.33 4.3 4.9 0.577 0.1384 0.292 0.292 -2.74 -2.74 •0.10 - 0 . 10 4.74X10*
14.44 4.0 4.4 0.070 0.1954 0.44 7 0.46 7 -0.15 -0.15 •0.01 -0.01 5.90X10*
15.83 4.0 9.1 1.019 0.2232 0.559 0.559 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 6.66X10*
14.39 3.9 9.2 1.015 0.2210 0.557 0.557 -0.51 -0.51 •0.02 -0.02 6.03X10*
Avocago S o l i d s C o o c o a t c a t i o o : 9.99 S
Avocago Suspoasioa T o a p « c a t u c a : 1 5 . 1 2 *C
15.5* 10.1 3.55 0 . 14 4 0.0394 0.042 0.012 -2.15 -2.15 -0.00 -0.04 2.57X10*
13.49 10.0 3.91 0.204 0.0404 0.104 0.104 -0.70 -0.70 -0.03 -0.03 2.71X10*
15.00 10.4 4.43 0.240 0.0505 0 . 139 0 . 139 -0.07 -0.07 -0.00 -0.00 3.15X10*
13.09 4.77 0.302 0.0487 0 . 16 1 0.14 1 -0.33 -0.33 -0.01 -0.01 3.30X10*
10. 1
14.44 5.03 0.454 0.1004 0.24 9 0.249 0.41 0.81 0.03 0.03 4.09X10*
9.9
4.4* 0.533 0.1105 0.289 0.209 -0.66 -0.66 -0.02 -0.02 4.69X10*
15.03 9.4
0.1492 0.445 0.44 5 0.73 0.73 0.02 0.02 5.73X10*
14.11 9.3 7.80 0.794
0.2035 0.516 0.514 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.00 6.27X10*
1*.39 10.3 8.49 0.934
0.590 0.590 -0.02 -0.02 -0.00 -0.00 6.40110*
15.00 10.1 9.10 1.053 0.2244
Avocaga S o l i d s C o o c o a t c a U o o : 1 4 . 4 1 ft
Avocago Saspooaioa T o a p o c a t a c o : 1 4 . 4 2 ' C
0.019 0.019 1.34 1.34 0.05 0.05 1.09110*

14.44 14.5 1.55 0.03 0 0.0091
13.49 17.2 2.00 0.04 1 0.0151 0.030 0.030 -2.54 -2.54 -0.09 -0.09 1.44 X10*
13.89 14.7 2.42 0.08 0 0.0210 0.037 0.037 -4.i»8 -4.48 - 0 . 17 - 0 . 17 1.68X10*
14.* 3.94 0.222 0.0520 0 . 115 0.115 -1.02 -1.02 -0.04 - 0 . 04 2.7»X10*
14.33
17.1 8.43 1.02 0 0.2244 0.557 0.557 -0.79 -0.79 -0.03 -0.03 6.24X10*
15.54
Avocago S o l i d * C o o c o o t c a t i o a : 2 4 . 3 9 X
Avocago Sospoasioo T a a p a c a t a c a : 1 4 . 0 0 *C
0.012 -12.34 -12.34 •0.45 -0.45 1. 12X10*

13.33 25.3 1.44 0.032 0.0101 0.012
0.021 -9.66 -9.66 •0.22 -0.33 1.34X10*
13.33 25.3 1.97 0.04 9 0.0134 0.021
0.031 -7.84 -7.84 •0.30 • 0 . 30 1.55X10*
12.78 24.3 2.31 0.073 0.0200 0.031
0.107 -0.71 -0.71 0.02 -0.02 3.36X10*
23.0 4.79 0.352 0.0800 0 . 187
14.44 0.90 0.03 4.32X10*
23.1 1.119 0.2333 0.430 0.430 0.90 0.03
1 * . 11 8.41
Avocaga S o l i d s C o o c o o t c a t i o a : 2 6 . 6 4 X
Avocago Soapaaaioa T o a p o c a t u c o : 13.7 5 *C
0.028 -0.41 -0.61 -0.02 -0.02 1.24X10*

24.2 1.85 0.054 0.0131 0.02 8
13.33 -O.Jv l.aaXlO*
0.059 0.059 -2.24 -2.24 -0.09
13.33 24.5 2.74 0.122 0.0305 0.0* 2.69X10*
0 . 134 0 . 134 1.04 1.S4 0.0^
13.09 27.0 3.89 0.254 0.0580 0 . 10 4.04X10*
0.313 0.313 2.44 2. •4 0.10
14.44 24.9 5.75 0.5*3 0.1212
169
Table A. 41 E x p e r i m e n t a l Data for 2 - i n x 1-in Sudden

C o n t r a c t i o n with -200+325 Mesh Glass Beads
T C T -AP* -APa/L -APo -APi (V0)a (1/0)1 lo 11 ao

(*C) (ft) (ft/sac) (pai) (pai/ft) (pai) (pai)
Avocago Solids Coacoatcatioo: 0.0 ft

Avacago Soapaaaioo Toapocataco: 10.81 *C
17.78 0.0 2.24 0.07 9 0.0144 0.04 9 0.0*9 13.45 13.45 0.51 0.S1 1.72X10*
17.78 0.0 2.47 0.09 1 0.0197 0.050 0.050 3.00 3.00 0.11 0 . 11 2.05X10*
10.04 0.0 2.90 0 . 100 0.0241 0.058 0.050 1.19 1.19 0.04 0.04 2.30X10*
10.33 0.0 3.37 0 . 137 0.0293 0.074 0.074 1.44 1.84 0.04 0.06 2.62X10*
10.33 0.0 4.27 0.215 0.044 4 0.123 0.123 2.13 2.13 0.07 0.07 3.32X10*
10.33 0.0 5.03 0.297 0.0411 0 . 171 0.171 2.13 2.13 0.07 0.07 3.91X10*
19.17 0.0 4 . 19 0.44 3 0.0899 0.257 0.257 2.11 2.11 0.04 0.06 4.91X10*
20.00 0.0 6.78 0.52 7 0.1059 0.308 0.308 2 . 10 2.10 0.06 0.06 5.49X10*
20.0 0 0.0 8.29 0.790 0.1570 0.46* 0.466 2.50 2.50 0.07 0.07 6.71X10*
20.20 0.0 8.99 0.898 0.1735 0.5*0 0.540 2.11 2.11 0.06 0.06 7.33X10*
Avocago Solida Coocoaccatioa: 7.81 X

Avocago Saopoaaioo Taopocatuco: 14.23 'C
14.11 0.0 2.34 0.053 0.0129 0.024 0.024 -10.44 -10.64 -0.30 -0.30 1.71X10*
14.47 7.8 3.20 0.123 0.0290 0.063 0.043 -4.4 9 -4.49 •0.14 - 0 . 14 2.44X10*
14.11 0.4 3.34 0. 139 0.0350 0.04 7 0.047 -3.45 -3.65 •0.13 -0.13 2.47X10*
16.67 7.9 3.94 0. 19 3 0.0470 0.096 0.094 -2.99 -2.99 •0.11 - 0 . 11 2.95X10*
16. 11 8.5 4.84 0.302 0.0687 0. 160 0. 160 -0.69 -0.69 •0.02 -0.02 3.57X10*
15.03 7.4 5.43 0.434 0.0953 0.24 1 0.241 0.60 0.60 0.02 4.25X10*
14.11 0.40 0.40 0.02
0.01 0.01 6.20110*
4.5 0.54 0.925 0.1903 0.514 0.514
Avocago S o l i d a Coocoatcauoo: 14.40 X

Avocago Soopooaioo Toopacataco: 17.34 •€
17.50 13.8 2.01 0.04 9 0.0131 0.04 1 0.041 9.43 9.43 0.34 0.34 1.53110*
17.22 2.42 0.043 0.0192 0.043 0.043 -0.58 -0.58 •0.02 -0.02 1.83110*
14.4 •0.22 2.11110*
17.50 15.0 2.70 0.097 0.0254 0.044 0.044 -4.19 -4.19 -0.22
14.67 14. 1 3.12 0. 127 0.0323 0.04 1 0.04 1 -4.34 -4.34 -0.14 - 0 . 16 2.32110*
14.94 3.94 0.204 0.0494 0. 104 0.104 -3.29 •0.11 - 0 . 11 2.97X10*
14.3 -3.29 0.01 0.01 4.50X10*
17.74 14.5 5.07 0.474 0.1044 0.26 3 0.243 0. • • 0.44
1.004 0.2052 0.580 0.54O 0.25 0.01 0.01 6.76X10*
18.04 14.5 0.74 0.25
Avacago Solids Coacaatcatioa: 29. 10 X
Avocag* Suspaasioa Taapacataca: 20.24 *C
0.0224 0.044 -1.36 -1.94 -0.08 -0.0* 1.89X10*

20.00 29.7 2.34 0.090 0.044 2.23X10*
0. 118 0.0291 0.058 -3.»7 -3.47 •0.12 -0.12
20.00 29.5 2.74 0.058 -0. 17 2.54X10*
3. 14 0. 148 0.0374 0.070 0.071 -4.83 -4.83 •0.17
20.00 29.2 -3.99 •C.13 - 0 . 13 3.23X10*
20.24 2 9.0 3.97 0.23 3 0.0559 0. 118 0. 110 -3-99
0.193 -2.31 -2.31 •0.08 -0.04 4.07X10*
2 1 . 11 29.2 4.89 0.34 4 0.0830 0.193 4.62X10*
0.519 0.1140 0.204 -0.94 -0.94 •0.03 -0.03
19.44 29.3 5.70 0.284 -0.78 -0.02 6.99X1U*
4.47 1.001 0.2244 0.413 0.413 -0.78 -0.02
20.83 27.7

31295002382256

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

31295002382256

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

31295002382256

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FLOW OF FINE-PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS IN BENDS,

FITTINGS AND VALVES

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty

The author wishes to express his deep appreciation and

The author wishes also to thank Dr. H. R. Heichelheim,

Financial support provided by NSF grant #ENG78-27000 is

The results of extensive experimental studies to

4.29 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-ln 90°R=12.5" Ell • . 82

4.31 Loss Coefficient Ke for 1-ln 180° Return Bend . 84

4.32 Loss Coefficient Ki for 1-ln 180° Return Bend • 85

The transport of solid-liquid mixtures by pipeline has

Much has been published on the flow of settling

Pipeline Solid Distance Dianeter ^Capacity

Black Mesa, Arizona Coal 270 18. 12 5.8

A principal objective of the present work is to

1. To collect experimental pressure drop-flow rate data

3. To examine the effect of slurry concentration,

Pressure losses in a piping system result from the

1. Pipe friction, which depends on the roughness of the

2. Changes in direction of flow path; or

3. Obstructions in flow path; or

4. Sudden or gradual changes in cross-section ani shape

Equation (2.1) is applicable to a system with one inlet and

The macroscopic mechanical-energy balance represented

The presence of a valve or an obstruction in a straight pipe

Upstream Obstruction Downstream

Figure 2.2 Diagram of a Typical Hydraulic Gradient

2. The pressure drop within the obstruction itself which

3. The pressure drop in the piping downstream of the

Accordingly, the total pressure drop (-AP)^ chargeable

(-AP)^ = (-AP)^ ^ ^-AP^o"" ^-^^^d ^ ^'^ ^

The quantity (-AP^-^ is shown in Figure 2.2.

It is not easy to measure each of these pressure drops

In general, there are two methods to express the

(-AP)e = (-AP)i - (-AP)2 ( 2.4 )

The subscript "e" in the quantity (-AP)e indicates that this

(-AP)t = (-AP)e ^ ^'^^^m ^ ^'^ ^

Figure 2.3 Pressure Drop through Obstruction and

where (-AP)m is the Moody loss due to the axial length of

In the second method^ the pressure loss attributable to

^-AP)i = (-AP)i - (-AP)2 ( 2.6 )

where (-AP)^ is the pressure loss for a section of pipe of

(-AP^t = (-^)i ( 2.7 )

Losses in bends, fittings and valves are usually

<v>V2g <v>'^/2g iP<v>^

where hTii= (-AP)/pg is the head loss through the obstruction.

^i (-AP) /og (-AP)i

An alternate procedure for reporting pressure losses in

where (-AP) is the pressure drop through the obstruction.

^^^ (-^^) (-AP)/pg pgh.

where the abbreviation (L/D) was used to represent (L^ /D)

It can be shown through dimensional analysis that, for

maintained equal for all sizes, and all the fittings or

For the flow of solid-liquid suspensions, the

and suspensions through fittings and valves. A small number

3.1 DESCRIPTION OP EQUIPMENT

3.1.1 Feed Tank and Weigh Tank

3.1.2 Pump, Motor, and Control

3,1.3 Test Flow Loops

Table 3.1 Properties of Pipes Used in the Construction of

902 OZ.T 9e*I OO'I