Unidad 2: Lectura de Textos en Inglés II
Unidad 2: Lectura de Textos en Inglés II
reconocerá la estructura del párrafo, así como las características del tema,
idea principal, ideas secundarias y de apoyo.
Unidad 2
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Lección 1
I.- Realiza una lectura rápida (skimming) y completa el ejerció de la siguiente página.
Molecules that are foreign to your body are called antigens. Antigens can be separate
molecules, or they can be attached to the surface of pathogens. When your immune
system recognizes antigens in your body, it releases special kinds of white blood cells that
fight infection. White blood cells that fight infections are called lymphocytes.
The first lymphocytes to respond to an antigen are the T cells. There are two kinds of T
cells, killer T cells* and helper T cells*. Killer T cells release enzymes that help destroy
foreign matter. Helper T cells cause the body to produce another kind of lymphocyte,
called a B cell.
B cells form antibodies to specific antigens. An antibody is a protein your body makes to
fight a specific antigen. The antibody can attach to the antigen and make the antigen
harmless. The antibody can also make it easier for a killer T cell to destroy the antigen.
Other lymphocytes, called memory B cells, also have antibodies against specific
pathogens. Memory B cells stay in the blood ready to destroy that same pathogen if it
invades your body again (The response of your immune system to a pathogen is
summarized in the figure above).
Antibodies help your body build defenses in two ways —actively and passively. In active
immunity, your body makes its own antibodies in response to an antigen. In passive
immunity, the antibodies have been produced in another animal and put into your body.
Vaccines are antigens produced in another organism and then placed in your body to build
immunity against a disease. Passive immunity does not last as long as active immunity
does.
*Células T citotóxicas y células T auxiliares
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1.- Los antígenos son ___________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________
II.- Realiza una lectura de búsqueda (search reading) y relaciona las columnas.
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Definición, clasificación y descripción
Ants vary in length from about 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) to nearly 2 inches (5
cm). Ants, like other insects, have six legs. Their bodies are divided into
three distinct segments: head, thorax, and abdomen.
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III.- Lee las siguientes ideas extraídas del texto “What are Antigens?” y menciona si
se trata de una definición, clasificación o descripción.
1.- Molecules that are foreign to your body are called antigens. _______________.
2.- When your immune system recognizes antigens in your body, it releases special kinds
of white blood cells that fight infection. _______________.
3.- White blood cells that fight infections are called lymphocytes. _______________.
4.- There are two kinds of T cells, killer T cells and helper T cells. _______________.
5.- Killer T cells release enzymes that help destroy foreign matter. _______________.
6.- Helper T cells cause the body to produce another kind of lymphocyte, called a B cell.
_______________.
8.- The antibody can attach to the antigen and make the antigen harmless.
_______________.
9.- Other lymphocytes, called memory B cells, also have antibodies against specific
pathogens. _______________.
10.- Memory B cells stay in the blood ready to destroy that same pathogen if it invades
your body again. _______________.
11.- Antibodies help your body build defenses in two ways —actively and passively.
_______________.
12.- In active immunity, your body makes its own antibodies in response to an antigen.
_______________.
13.- In passive immunity, the antibodies have been produced in another animal and put
into your body. _______________.
14.- Vaccines are antigens produced in another organism and then placed in your body to
build immunity against a disease. _______________.
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Lección 2
La estructura del párrafo
Los textos escritos están estructurados en párrafos. Un párrafo consiste en una serie
de oraciones relacionadas entre sí, que giran alrededor del mismo tema. Cada párrafo
desarrolla una idea principal apoyada por oraciones que la amplían o detallan.
Las ideas secundarias expresan detalles o aspectos derivados del tema principal. A
menudo, estas ideas sirven para ampliar, demostrar o ejemplificar una idea principal.
Earthquakes are caused when the plates of the Earth's crust move. Earthquakes
happen along "fault lines" in the earth’s crust. When the plates in the Earth suddenly
shift, the Earth will begin to shift, shake or tremble.
Tema
Los terremotos
Idea principal
Los terremotos ocurren cuando las placas
tectónicas de la tierra se mueven.
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También existen ideas de apoyo. Estas ideas nos dan más información de lo
expresado en las ideas secundarias y usualmente están después de ellas.
There are several key elements that make a great leader in business. First,
you must have good leadership skills. Good leaders are good listeners and have
excellent communication skills. They know how to read people and inspire them. An
important feature in good leaders is that they are dedicated to learning their business.
The best business leaders constantly look for new ways of doing things to gain new
customers while continuing to maintain their present ones. Also, good leaders in
business have specific goals. They know what they want to accomplish and how they
are going to do it within a specific time frame.
Tema
Buenos líderes
Idea principal
Existen muchos elementos clave que hacen
a un excelente líder en los negocios.
Ideas de apoyo
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I.- Elimina la oración que NO amplia, ejemplifica o demuestra la idea principal.
1)
Idea principal: Learning a foreign language has many advantages. (El aprender una
lengua extranjera tiene muchas ventajas)
b) Being able to read in another language enables you to learn more about other
people’s cultures.
2)
Idea Principal: Airplanes get their power from engines. (Los aviones obtienen su
potencia de los motores)
d) These engines expel great amounts of air that thrust them forward and up.
3)
Idea principal: Most people struck by lightning do not die. (La mayoría de las
personas que son alcanzadas por un rayo no mueren)
a) Lightning always takes the shortest route to Earth, so avoid being near tall
things.
b) If lightning does not pass through a person’s heart, brain, or spinal cord that
person usually survives.
c) Survivors often have burn marks on their skin and clothes, especially where the
lightning has entered and left their bodies.
d) Being struck by lightning can be lethal, but some people can be very lucky: they
survive.
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II.- A continuación se presentan cuatro párrafos con distintos temas. Localiza el tema
y la idea principal.
____________________________________________________________________.
2) The physical complaints of neurotics – people who are overly anxious, pessimistic,
hostile, or tense —were once largely ignored by physicians. Many doctors believed
that the frequent complaint of neurotic were exaggerations. However, new research
shows that neurotics are, in fact, more likely to have physical problems. Specifically,
researchers found neurotics stand a greater chance of having five particular ailments:
arthritis, asthma, ulcers, headaches, and heart disease. In addition, there is evidence
that people who are pessimistic in their teens and twenties are more likely to become
ill or die in their forties.
Tema: ______________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
3) Some countries require warnings on cigarette packs much stronger than the
warnings in other counties. New warnings adopted by Australia now show pictures of
cancerous lungs and bloody brains with text that cautions, "Smoking doubles your risk
of stroke.” England for years has had packages that feature large, blunt messages, such
as "Smoking kills". The messages span at least a third of the box in large lettering. In
Canada, a pack of smokes comes with stark labels of decayed teeth.
Tema: ______________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
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4) A study at one prison shows that owning a pet can change a hardened prison
inmate into a more caring person. Another study discovered that senior citizens, both
those living alone and those in nursing homes, became more interested in life when
they were given pets to care for. Even emotionally disturbed children have been
observed to smile and react with interest if there is a cuddly kitten or puppy to hold.
Animals, then, can be a means of therapy for many kinds of individuals.
Tema: ______________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
III.- En los siguientes párrafos localiza el tema, sombrea la idea principal y escríbela
en español, subraya las ideas secundarias.
1) There are many factors that contribute to student success in college. The first factor for
success is having a goal in mind before establishing a course of study. The goal may be as
general as wanting to better educate oneself for the future. A more specific goal would be to
earn a teaching credential. A second factor related to student success is self-motivation and
commitment. A student who wants to succeed and works toward that desire will find success
easily as a college student. A third factor linked to student success is using college services.
Most beginning college students fail to realize how important it can be to see a counselor or
consult with a librarian or financial aid officer.
Tema: ______________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
2) There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada
has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a
reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by
well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's
cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for
people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.
Tema: ______________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
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3) Studies reveal that people’s first names can have an influence on them. Some names reflect
on people in a positive way. For example, one survey showed that American men consider the
name Susan to be very sexy. And participants in a British study thought Tony to be the name
of someone very friendly. However, other names can have a negative impact. In one study, for
instance, teachers gave lower grades to essays supposedly written by boys named Hubert and
Elmer than to the very same essay when they credited to boys with more popular names.
Another study found girls with unpopular names did worse on IQ and achievement tests than
girls with more appealing names.
Tema: ______________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
4) Before you throw away that aluminum can or plastic bottle, think again. Recycling has
many advantages that affect all of us. For one, it creates new industries, and it can also lead to
the evolution of new products from old ones. Used tires, for instance, often become the
material used as ground cover to prevent erosion. Another advantage in recycling is that it
reduces the amount of trash transported to landfills, many of which have surpassed their
original expected capacity and currently need to be capped.
Tema: ______________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
Organizadores Gráficos
Los organizadores gráficos son una forma de representación visual que ayudan
a comprender mejor un texto ya que nos dan un panorama general del tema
mediante la presentación jerarquizada de las ideas o conceptos centrales. Es una
síntesis lógica y grafica que enfatiza relaciones y dependencias entre ideas y
conceptos clave de dicho texto. Facilitan la visión de la estructura textual.
Como ya te habrás dado cuenta en los dos cursos de esta asignatura, existen
varios tipos de organizadores gráficos con formas físicas diferentes y cada uno de
ellos resulta apropiado para representar un tipo particular de información.
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IV.- Completa el esquema del párrafo 1 del ejercicio anterior.
Tema
Idea principal
Ideas de apoyo
V.- Selecciona uno de los párrafos del ejercicio III y en tu cuaderno realiza un
esquema donde identifiques todos los elementos del párrafo.
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Lección 3
II.- Realiza una lectura rápida (skimming) del texto de la página siguiente y contesta
las siguientes preguntas.
____________________________________________________________________.
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The String Family
The string family consists of four instruments,
the Violin, the Viola, the Cello, and the Bass.
The strings are the largest family of
instruments in the orchestra. Sound is made by
each instrument in the family by plucking with
the fingers or rubbing the horse hair bow
across a string. Each instrument also comes in
a variety of sizes, to fit the size of each
individual person. Despite these similarities,
there are a few fundamental differences between each member of the family:
Violin
The violin is by far the most common orchestral instrument. It is also the
smallest out of all the strings and has the highest pitch. This is usually the
first choice of musicians who want to learn a string instrument.
Viola
The viola is slightly larger than the violin and has a deeper pitch in
comparison. It is also in the "middle register" of the string family. Although
not as popular as the violin, it is still a vital part of the orchestra.
Cello
The cello is still bigger than the violin and viola. It has a beautiful, mellow
sound. The cello must rest on the floor because it is too big to be held like
the violin or viola.
Bass
The bass is the biggest instrument in the string section. It also plays the
widest assortment of music from classical to Broadway to jazz. Although it
appears the same size as the cello in the picture, it is actually about 1 ½ to
2 times taller.
Recuerda que los adjetivos son las palabras que utilizamos para describir lo que
nos rodea, ya sean personas, animales, objetos, situaciones, etc.
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Grados de comparación
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III.- En el texto “The Family String” aparecen los siguientes ejemplos que utilizan
comparaciones. Escribe el equivalente en español.
1.- The strings are the largest family of instruments in the orchestra.
____________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
3.- Although not as popular as the violin, the viola is still a vital part of the orchestra.
____________________________________________________________________.
4.- The cello is still bigger than the violin and viola.
____________________________________________________________________.
IV.- Realiza una lectura de búsqueda (search reading) y contesta el siguiente ejercicio.
____________________________________________________________________.
3.- ¿Cuáles son las características del violín en cuanto a tamaño y sonido?
____________________________________________________________________.
5.- ¿Cómo se describe al sonido del cello y dónde se coloca para ser tocado?
____________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
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Ejercicio integrador
I.- A continuación se presentan pares de adjetivos antónimos. Escribe sobre las líneas
su equivalente en español.
Inglés Español
1.- area’s latitude and elevation
III.- Realiza una lectura rápida (skimming) del texto de la página 40 y completa lo
siguiente:
I The temperature of a region depends partly on the amount of sunlight it gets. The amount
of sunlight depends on the area’s latitude and elevation.
III A region’s elevation, or distance above sea level, affects its temperature. Earth’s
atmosphere traps the Sun’s heat. At higher elevations, the atmosphere is thinner than at
lower elevations. Air becomes warmer when sunlight heats the air molecules. Because
there are fewer air molecules at higher elevations, the air temperature at higher elevations
tends to be cooler.
IV Trees at higher elevations are usually shorter. The timberline is the elevation above
which trees do not grow. Only low-growing plants exist above the timberline. The tops of
some mountains are so cold that no plants grow there.
Climate
V In Fairbanks, Alaska, winter temperatures may be as low as -52°C. More than one meter
of snow might fall in one month. In Key West, Florida, winter temperatures rarely go below
5°C. Snow never falls. These two cities have different climates. The climate of an area is
its average weather conditions over time. Climate includes temperature, rainfall or other
precipitation, and wind.
IV Temperature and precipitation are the two most important parts of climate for most
living things. They affect the kinds of organisms that live in an area. For example, an area
that has an average temperature of 25°C and gets less than 25 cm of rain per year
probably has cactus plants growing there. An area with the same average temperature
and more than 300 cm of rain every year is probably a tropical rain forest.
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1.- La cantidad de luz solar depende de __________________ y _________________
del área.
____________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
6.- En las regiones más altas los árboles son ____________________ y por encima
del límite de la región arbórea sólo crecen __________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________.
9.- ¿Qué factores incluye el clima y cuáles son los más importantes para los seres
vivos?
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
1.- Places farther from the equator generally have colder temperatures than places
at latitudes nearer to the equator.
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2.- At higher elevations, the atmosphere is thinner than at lower elevations.
3.- Air becomes warmer when sunlight heats the air molecules.
El aire se vuelve ____________________ cuando la luz del sol calienta las moléculas
del aire.
4.- Because there are fewer air molecules at higher elevations, the air temperature
at higher elevations tends to be cooler.
6.- In Fairbanks, Alaska, winter temperatures may be as low as -52°C. More than
one meter of snow might fall in one month.
7.- Temperature and precipitation are the two most important parts of climate for
most living things.
8.- For example, an area that has an average temperature of 25°C and gets less than
25 cm of rain per year probably has cactus plants growing there.
Por ejemplo, en un área que tiene una temperatura promedio de 25°C y tiene
_________________ 25 cm de lluvia por año probablemente hay cactus creciendo allí.
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Glosario “What are antigens?”
Sustantivos
Adjetivos
Own - propio
Verbos
Otros
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Adjetivos
Verbos
Otros
Verbos
Otros
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Glosario “Lección 2 ejercicio III”
Sustantivos
Adjetivos
Verbos
Otros
Adjetivos
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Verbos
Otros
Adjetivos
Short - bajo
Verbos
Otros
Partly - parcialmente Above – por encima, arriba Below – debajo de, abajo
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Adjetivos
Short - bajo
Verbos
Otros
Partly - parcialmente Above – por encima, arriba Below – debajo de, abajo
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