As per MSBTE’s ‘ I’ Scheme Revised syllabus w.e.f.

2017-18

Basic Mathematics
(BMS-22103)
For
First Year Diploma Course in Engineering
(Common for all branches)

SEMESTER – I

Dr. S. P. Pawar Prof. H. D. Jadhav

M.Sc., Ph.D. (Mathematics) M.Sc., M.Phil. (Mathematics)
Head Dept. of Applied Sciences Head Dept. of Applied Sciences
S.S.V.P.Sanstha’s. Bapusaheb Shivajirao Govt. Polytechnic, Miraj
Deore Polytechnic, Dhule. ‘I’ Scheme Committee Member
‘I’ Scheme Committee Member

Prof. Prashant K. Ahire Prof. Yogiraj P. Mahajan

M.Sc. Mathematics, M.Sc. Mathematics,
Guru Gobind Singh Polytechnic, Nashik HOD Science Department,
K.K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Prof. Thange T. K. Prof. Billade Satish Baburao
M.Sc. Mathematics, M.Sc. Mathematics, B.Ed. (Maths)
MVPS’s Rajashri Shahu Maharaj Sanjivani K. B. P. Polytechnic, Kopargaon,
Polytechnic College, Nashik Dist. Ahmadnagar

Gigatech Publishing House

Igniting Minds
 Basic Mathematics (22103)
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Phone No. 952 952 0952

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 Dedicated to
My beloved Father

Late
Appasaheb
Pandurang B. Pawar
&
My Mother

Late
Taisaheb
Venubai Pawar
who was the source of
my inspiration.
 IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS
 Mathematics is very important in our daily life. It finds application in vari-
ous types of professions.
 Mathematics is the language used in the understanding and deliverance of
scientific notions.
 Mathematics has a vital role in the engineering education.
 Mathematics equips pupils with uniquely powerful ways to describe, ana-
lyze and change the world.
 Mathematical thinking is important for all members of a modern society as
a habit of mind for its use in the workplace, business and finance; and for
personal decision-making.
 Generality and interconnection between subjects which can only be made
possible by the marriage between mathematics and engineering
knowledge.
 For the common man, knowledge of mathematics helps him in his personal
development and enhancing his mental abilities.
 Engineering is one of the most important professions for the mathematics
discipline.
 Engineering is a quantitative discipline, traditionally strongly based on
mathematics.


 Preface
With a great pleasure and satisfaction, we present the text book of
‘Basic Mathematics’ for the new curriculum (Semester pattern) ‘ I ’
scheme with effect from the academic year 2017-18 for First Year Diploma
Course in ‘Engineering and Technology’ (Semester-I). In presenting this
First Revised Edition, an utmost care has been taken to make the con-
tents precise, simple and perfect. From our long experience, we have con-
stantly kept in mind the requirements of the common student for under-
standing the subject Mathematics, as related to the technology. Hence, the
contents are presented in very simple & easy language. The special feature
is that we have included lot of exercises at the end of each chapter with an-
swers, which will certainly help to understand the subject.
We are very thankful to Shri. Harshal Potdar & Shri. Dnyaneshwar
Nagare and staff members of “ Gigatech Publishing House, Pune” for
their encouragement and co-operation to write this text book.
We are also thankful to Shri. Kaustubh S. Pawar who has taken untir-
ing wholeheartedly efforts and gave innumerable suggestions to make the
book effective especially for common students coming from the rural areas.
In spite of our best efforts to make the book unique and complete, it
may have some shortcomings. From bottom of our heart we earnestly and
sincerely request the Students, Professors and other Readers to inform us
any discrepancies observed in this book on the following e-mail address
which may be incorporated in the next edition.

Dr. S. P. Pawar Prof. H. D. Jadhav

[email protected] [email protected]
 SYLLABUS
The following topics/subtopics should be taught and assessed in order to develop LOs in
cognitive domain for achieving the COs to attain the identified competency.
Unit Major Learning Outcomes Topics and Sub-topics
Unit – I 1a. Solve the given simple prob- 1.1 Logarithm: Concept and
Algebra lem based on laws of loga- laws of logarithm
rithm. 1.2 Determinant and matrices
1b. Calculate the area of the given a. Value of determinant of
triangle by determinant order 3x3
method. b. Solutions of simultaneous
1c. Solve given system of linear equations in three un-
equations using matrix inver- knowns by Cramer’s rule.
sion method and by Cramer’s c. Matrices, algebra of matrices,
rule. transpose adjoint and in-
1d. Obtain the proper and im- verse of matrices. Solution
proper partial fraction for the of simultaneous equations
given simple rational func- by matrix inversion method.
tion. d. Types of partial fraction
based on nature of factors
and related problems.
Unit– II 2a. Apply the concept of Com- 2.1 Trigonometric ratios of
Trigonometry pound angle, allied angle, and Compound, allied, multiple
multiple angles to solve the and sub-multiple angles
given simple engineering (without proofs)
problem(s). 2.2 Factorization and de-
2b. Apply the concept of Sub- factorization formu-
multiple angle to solve the lae(without proofs)
given simple engineering re- 2.3 Inverse trigonometric ratios
lated problem(s) and related problem.
2c. Employ concept of factoriza- 2.4 Principle values and relation
tion and de-factorization for- between trigonometric and
mulae to solve the given sim- inverse trigonometric ratio.
ple engineering problem(s)
2d. Investigate given simple prob-
lems utilizing inverse trigo-
nometric ratios.
 Unit– III 3a. Calculate angle between given 3.1 Straight line and slope of
Coordinate two straight lines straight line
Geometry 3b. Formulate equation of straight a. Angle between two
lines related to given engineer- lines.
ing problems. b. Condition of parallel
3c. Identify perpendicular distance and perpendicular
from the given point to the line. lines.
3d. Calculate perpendicular dis- 3.2 Various forms of straight
tance between the given two lines.
parallel lines. a. Slope point form, two
point form.
b. Two points intercept
form.
c. General form.
d. Perpendicular distance
from a point on the
line.
e. Perpendicular distance
between two parallel
lines.
Unit-IV 4a. Calculate the area of given tri- 4.1 Area of regular closed fig-
Mensuration angle and circle. ures, Area of triangle,
4b. Determine the area of the given square, parallelogram,
square, parallelogram, rhombus rhombus, trapezium and
and trapezium. circle.
4c. Compute surface area of given 4.2 Volume of cuboids, cone,
cuboids, sphere, cone and cylin- cylinders and sphere.
der.
4d. Determine volume of given cu-
boids, sphere, cone and cylinder.
Unit –V 5a. Obtain the range and coefficient 5.1 Range, coefficient of range
Statistics of range of the given grouped of discrete and grouped
and ungrouped data. data.
5b. Calculate mean and standard 5.2 Mean deviation and
deviation of discrete and standard deviation from
grouped data related to the giv- mean of grouped and un-
en simple engineering problem. grouped data, weighted
5c. Determine the variance and co- means
efficient of variance of given 5.3 Variance and coefficient of
grouped and ungrouped data variance.
5d. Justify the consistency of given 5.4 Comparison of two sets of
simple sets of data. observation.
 Suggested Specification Table for Question Paper Design:
Distribution of Theory Marks
Unit Teaching
Unit Title R U A Total
No. Hours
Level Level Level Marks
I Algebra 20 02 08 10 20
II Trigonometry 18 02 08 10 20
III Coordinate Geometry 08 02 02 04 08
IV Mensuration 08 02 02 04 08
V Statistics 10 02 05 07 14
Total 64 10 25 35 70
Legends :
R=Remember, U=Understand, A=Apply and above (Bloom’s Revised taxonomy)
Note:
This specification table provides general guidelines to assist student for their learning and to
teachers to teach and assess students with respect to attainment of LOs. The actual distribu-
tion of marks at different taxonomy levels (of R, U and A) in the question paper may vary
from above table.
Recommended by MSBTE Text Books and Reference Books
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics – Grewal, B.S. Khanna Publiations,
New Deli 2015
ISBN:8174091955
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics- Krezig Ervin , Wiley Publications,
New Delhi 2014,
ISBN : 978-0-470-45836-5
3. Engineering Mathematics (third edition) – Croft, Anthony , Person Education, New Delhi
2014, ISBN, 9788131726051
4. Getting Started with MATLAB – 7 – Pratap Rudra Oxford University Press, New
Delhi, 2014, ISBN :
0199731241
5. Advanced Engineering Mathematics - Das, H.K. – S.Chand & Co. New Delhi
2008, ISBN -9788121903455
Software/Learning Websites
1. www.scilab.org. – SCI Lab
2. www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/ - MATLAB
3. www.dplot.com/ - DPlot
4. www.allmathcad.com/ - MathCAD
5. www.wolfram.com/mathematica/ - Mathematica
6. https : //www.khanacademy.org/math?gclid=CNqHuabCys4CFdOJaAoddHoPig.
7. www.easycalculation.com
8. www.math-magic.com


 CONTENTS
UNIT : I .
1. Logarithm 1.1 – 1.19
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Laws of Indices
1.3 Definition of Logarithm
1.4 Laws of Logarithm
1.5 Types of Logarithm
1.5 Relation between Common and Natural Logarithm
2. Determinant 2.1 – 2.20
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Determinant of Order Two
2.3 Determinant of Order Three
2.4 Value of Determinant
2.5 Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations (Cramer’s Rule)
2.6 Area of A Triangle
3. Matrices 3.1 – 3.50
3.1 Definition
3.2 Types of Matrices
3.3 Algebra of Matrices
3.4 Transpose of A Matrix
3.5 Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric Matrix
3.6 Orthogonal Matrix
3.7 Equal Matrices
3.8 Adjoint and Inverse of A Matrix
3.9 Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations
4. Partial Fractions 4.1 – 4.34
4.1 Fraction
4.2 Partial Fractions
UNIT : II .
5. Allied, Compound & Multiple Angles 5.1 – 5.48
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Measure of An Angle
5.3 Trigonometric Ratios
5.4 Reciprocal Relations
5.5 Signs of T–Ratios
5.6 T- Ratios of Standard / Special Angles
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Igniting Minds
First Year (Diploma) Basic Mathematics (Sem-I) 2 Contents

5.7 T – Ratios of Quadrantal Angles

5.8 Fundamental Identities
5.9 T – Ratios of (–θ)
5.10 Allied Angle
5.13 Multiple And Sub-Multiple Angles
5.14 Functions of 2A
5.15 Functions of (θ/2)
5.16 Functions of 3A
6. Factorisation and De- Factorisation formulae 6.1 – 6.17
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Product / Defactorisation Formulae
6.3 Factorisation Formulae
7. Inverse Trigonometric Ratios 7.1 – 7.17
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principle Values of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
7.3 Relations of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
UNIT : III .
8. Straight Line 8.1 – 8.33
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Slope of Line
8.3 Standard Forms of Equations of Straight Line
8.4 Different Important Formulae
UNIT : IV .
9. Mensuration 9.1 – 9.27
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Area of Plane Figures
9.3 Solid Figures
9.4 Volume and Surface Area of Solid Figures
UNIT : V .
10. Measures of Dispersion 10.1 – 10.33
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Important Measures of Dispersion



Gigatech Publishing House

Igniting Minds
 Unit – I
Algebra
Chapter No. Chapter Name
1. Logarithm
2. Determinant
3. Matrices
4. Partial fractions
 Unit I

Chapter 1
Logarithm

Syllabus :
 Logarithm : Concept and laws of logarithm

1.1 INTRODUCTION :
Logarithm is the reverse process of taking exponent, so we must have a
good grasp on exponents before we can hope to understand logarithms
properly.Now a day’s science as whole is advancing leaps and bounds. Logarithm
is an operation which plays a vital role in calculators and computers.It is
especially true in case of calculators. Computers whose latest generations have
made huge mathematical calculations so simple & astonishingly speedy.
In this article we discuss the fundamentals of logarithm. However, before
we can deal with logarithms we need to revise indices. This is because logarithms
and indices are closely related, and in order to understand logarithms, a good
knowledge of indices is required.
1.2 LAWS OF INDICES :
am
a) Product of power : am × an = am+n b) Quotient of power : = am−n
an

c) Power of a power : (am )n = amn d) Power of a product :(a ∙ b)n = an ∙ bn

a n an
e) Power of a quotient : ( ) Root of power : √am = am⁄n
n
= f)
b bn

1
g) Negative exponent : a−n = an h) Zero exponent : a0 = 1 ; (a ≠ 0 )
First Year (Diploma) Basic Mathematics (Sem-I) 1.2 Logarithm

1.3 DEFINITION OF LOGARITHM :

If ax = y then x = log a y; a , y ∈ R+ & x ∈ R is called logarithm of y to the base a

and is read as “ If a raise to x is equal to y then x is equal to log of y to the base a”.
Here a & y are both positive real numbers and x is any real number.

Note: i) Logarithm of positive numbers is defined.

ii) Logarithm of negative numbers is not defined.

iii) Logarithm of zero is not defined.

1.4 LAWS OF LOGARITHM :

1. log a x + log a y = log a (x. y)

We can extend this result as

log a x + log a y + log a z + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ = log a (x. y. z. ⋯ ⋯ )

x
2. log a x − log a y = log a ( )
y

3. log a (x)n = n log a x

log x
4. Change of base theorem. log y x = loga y
a

Deductions :

1. log a 1 = 0 ∵ a0 = 1

2. log a a = 1 ∵ a1 = a
1
3. log y x = log y ∴ log y x . log x y = 1
x

1 x x
4. log a ( ) = − log a x ∴ log a ( ) = − log a ( )
x y y

5. aloga x = x ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ by definition eloge x = x

6. If log a x = log a y then x = y

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First Year (Diploma) Basic Mathematics (Sem-I) 1.3 Logarithm

1.5 TYPES OF LOGARITHM :

There are two types of logarithm namely common and Natural or Naperian
logarithm.

a) Common logarithm :
The logarithm to the base 10 is called common logarithm i.e. log10 x is called as
common logarithm.
b) Natural/ Naperian logarithm :

The logarithm to the base ‘e’ is called Natural or Naperian logarithm and is noted
with special symbolln(x) = log e x. Here e = 2.718281

1.6 RELATION BETWEEN COMMON AND NATURAL LOGARITHM :

We can form the relation between common and natural logarithm as follows
log10 x
log e x = by change of base theorem
log10 e
log10 x log10 x
 log e x = =
log10 (2.718281) 0.4343

 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞 𝐱 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝐱

This is the required relation between common and natural logarithm

Gigatech Publishing House

Igniting Minds
 Basic Mathematics Semester I
(Common for all branches)

Author : S P Pawar, H D
Jadhav, Prashant K Ahire,
Publisher : Gigatech Publishing
ISBN : 9788193414088 Yogiraj P Mahajan, Thange
House
T K And Billade Satish
Baburao

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