SOLAS

(Safety Of Life At Sea)

SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA is an international maritime treaty which sets minimum safety
standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea Adalah perjanjian keselamatan maritim
internasional. Mensyaratkan negara bendera untuk memastikan bahwa kapal mereka
mematuhi standard keamanan minimum dalam konstruksi, peralatan dan operasi. Didalamnya
meliputi pasal-pasal kewajiban umum dan lain sebagainya, diikuti oleh tambahan (annex) dan
lain sebagainya, dibagi menjadi 12 bab

Konvensi Internasional untuk keselamatan kapal yang dihasilkan oleh IMO.

• SOLAS 1914.

• SOLAS 1929

• SOLAS 1948

• SOLAS 1960

• SOLAS 1974.

Solas 1974 disyahkan 1 Nopember 1974 dan enter into force pada 25 Mei 1980.Diratifikasi oleh
Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Keppres 65/1980 pada tanggal 9 Desember 1980.

Solas 1974 awalnya terdiri dari 8 Bab. Sesudah mengalami beberapa kali amendmen sekarang
menjadi 12 Bab

Susunan dari Solas

• Bab I : General Provision(ketentuan umum)

General Provisions. Surveying the various types of ships and certifying that they meet
the requirements of the convention.

• Bab II-1 : Construction- Structure,subdivisi and stability,machinery and electrical

installation. (konstruksi pembagian&stabilitas permesinan dan instalasi listrik)

Construction – Subdivision and stability,machinery and electrical installations The

subdivision of passenger ships into watertight compartments so that after damage to
its hull, a vessel will remain afloat and stable.

• Bab II-2 : Construction –fire protection,fire detection and fire extinction. (perlindungan
kebakaran , deteksi kebakaran & pemadam kebakaran)

Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinctionFire safety provisions for all ships with
detailed measures for passenger ships, cargo ships and tankers.
• Bab III : Life saving appliances and arrangements. ( perangkat pertolongan &
pengaturannya)

Life-saving appliances and arrangements Lifesaving appliances and arrangements, including

requirements for life boats, rescue boats and life jackets according to type of ship.

• Bab IV : Radio Communications ( komunikasi radio )

The Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) requires passenger and cargo ships
on international voyages to carry radio equipment, including satellite Emergency Position
Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) and Search and Rescue Transponders (SARTs).
• Bab V : Safety of Navigation ( keselamatan navigasi )

This chapter requires governments to ensure that all vessels are sufficiently and efficiently
manned from a safety point of view.

• Bab VI : Carriage of Cargoes ( muatan barang )

Requirements for the stowage and securing of all types of cargo and cargo containers except
liquids and gases in bulk.

• Bab VII :Carriage of Dangerous Goods ( muatan barang berbahaya )

Goods Requires the carriage of all kinds of dangerous goods to be in compliance with the
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).

• Baab VIII : Nuclear Ships. ( kapal nuklir )

Nuclear powered ships are required, particularly concerning radiation hazards, to conform to

the Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant Ships .

• Bab IX : Management for the safe operation. ( managemen keselamatan
operasi kapal)

Management for the Safe Operation of Ships. Requires every ship owner and any person
or company that has assumed responsibility for a ship to comply with the International
Safety Management Code (ISM)

• Bab X : Safety measure for high speed craft ( ketentuan keselamatan untuk kapal
cepat )

Makes mandatory the International Code of Safety for High- Speed Craft (HSC Code).

• Bab XI-1 : Special measure to enhance maritime safety. ( Upaya khusus untuk
meningkatkan keselamatan pelayaran )

Requirements relating to organizations responsible for carrying out surveys and inspections,
enhanced surveys, the ship identification number scheme, and operational requirements.

• Bab XI-2 : Special measures to enhance maritime security. ( Upaya khusus untuk
meningkatkan keamanan pelayaran )

Includes the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code). Confirms that the
role of the Master in maintaining the security of the ship is not, and cannot be, constrained by
the Company, the charterer or any other person.

• Bab XII : Addional safety measures for bulk carriers. ( aturan tambahan untuk kapal
curah )

Specific structural requirements for bulk carriers over 150 metres in length
STCW
(Standard of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers)

STCW = INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON STANDAR OF TRAINING, CERTIFICATION AND

WATCHKEEPING FOR THE SEAFARERS is the first to establish basic requirements on training,
certification and watchkeeping for seafarers on an international level

Dimaksudkan untuk menetapkan standard kualifikasi bagi Master/Nakhoda,Perwira-

perwira kapal dan personel yang
melaksanakan tugas jaga di laut pada kapal-kapal pelayaran niaga. STCW diadopsi pada
tahun 1978 oleh konferensi Organisasi Kemaritiman Internasinal (IMO) di London dan
ditetapkan sebagai keharusan mulai tahun 1984. Hasil Konvensi diamandement secara
signifikan pada thun 1995. Yang saat ini disebut STCW 95.
ISPS Code
(International Ship and Port Facility
Security Code)
International Code for the Security of
Ships and of Port Facilities
Code yang mengatur proteksi aktif terhadap
ancaman keamanan di kapal dan fasilitas
pelabuhan

• Bajak laut dan Perampokan

• Terorisme
Politik extrim/garis keras

Disponsori oleh negara

Agama dan suku (SARA)

Kepentingan tertentu atau kelompok protes

Etnis minoritas

Nasionalisme

ISPS Code Part A

Section 1 General
Section 10 Records
Section 3 Application
Section 3 Application
Section 4 Responsibilities of Contracting Governments
Section 5 Declaration of Security (DoS)
Section 6 Obligations of the Company
Section 7 Ship Security
Section 7 Ship Security
Section 8 Ship Security Assessment (SSA)
Section 9 Ship Security Plan (SSP)
Section 9 Ship Security Plan (9.4)
 Section 9 Ship Security Plan
Section 9 Ship Security Plan
Section 10 Records
Section 11 Company Security Officer (CSO)
ISM CODE
International Safety Management
Code
Merupakan suatu sistim manajemen untuk mengoperasikan
kapal dengan aman dan memiliki kepedulian terhadap
lingkungan yang diberlakukan secara internasional

Legalitas yang mendasari:

1. Resolusi IMO No. 741 (18) dan
Amandment MSC 104 (73)
2. SOLAS 1974 Chapter IX
68 Sasaran ISM Code
Menjamin keselamatan kapal dilaut
Mencegah terjadinya korban jiwa
Menghindari kerusakan lingkungan
Mencegah rusak/hilangnya kapal dan
Muatannya

Persamaan ISPS code dan ISM code

Sistem manajement
Sistim harus didokumentasikan
Sistim harus dapat dibuktikan
Diterapkan disetiap perusahaan dan setiap kapal
Sistim harus di internal audit dan direview oleh
manajemen
Melibatkan banyak orang
Berlaku internasional
Mandatory

Perbedaan ISPS code dan ISM code

ISPS code
Security
CSO, SSO & PFSO
SSA & SSP
Di kapal dan pelabuhan
19 Chapter
Ada kewajiban
pemerintah (CG), Flag
state, perusahaan & kapal

ISM code
Safety & environment
DPA
Safety Manual
Di kapal dan perusahaan
16 elemen
Hanya kewajiban
perusahaan dan kapal
PPE(PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT)
1) Protective Clothing: Protective clothing is a coverall which protects the body of the crew
member from hazardous substance like hot oil, water, welding spark etc. It is popularly known as
“dangri “or “boiler suit”.

2) Helmet: The most important part of the human body is the head. It needs utmost protection
which is provided by a hard plastic helmet on the ship. A chin strap is also provided with the helmet
which keeps the helmet on place when there is a trip or fall.

3) Safety Shoes: Maximum of the internal space of the ship is utilized by cargo and machinery,
which is made of hard metal and which make it clumsy for crew to walk around. Safety shoes ensure
that nothing happens to the crew member’s feet while working or walking onboard.

4) Safety Hand gloves: Different types of hand gloves are provided onboard ship. All these are
used in operations wherein it becomes imperative to protect ones hands. Some of the gloves
provided are heat resistant gloves to work on hot surface, cotton gloves for normal operation, welding
gloves, chemical gloves etc.

5) Goggles: Eyes are the most sensitive part of the human body and in daily operations on ship
chances are very high for having an eye injury. Protective glass or goggles are used for eye
protection, whereas welding goggles are used for welding operation which protects the eyes from high
intensity spark.

6) Ear Muff/plug: Engine room of the ship produces 110-120 db of sound which is very high for
human ears. Even few minutes of exposure can lead to head ache, irritation and sometimes partial or
full hearing loss. An ear muff or ear plug is used on board ship which dampens the noise to a
bearable decibel value.

7) Safety harness: Routine ship operation includes maintenance and painting of high and
elevated surfaces which require crew members to reach areas that are not easily accessible. To avoid
a fall from such heightened area, safety harness is used. Safety harness is donned by the operator at
one end and tied at a strong point on the other end.

8) Face mask: Working on insulation surface, painting or carbon cleaning involves minor
hazardous particles which are harmful for human body if inhaled directly. To avoid this, face mask are
provided which acts as shield from hazardous particle.

9) Chemical suit: Use of chemicals onboard ship is very frequent and some chemicals are very
dangerous when they come in direct contact with human skin. A chemical suit is worn to avoid such
situations.

10) Welding shield: Welding is a very common operation onboard ship for structural repairs. A welder
is provided with welding shield or mask which protects the eyes from coming in direct contact with
ultraviolet rays of the spark of the weld

1. PPE (PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT)

SAFETY EQUIPMENT FOR PERSONAL
-HELMET
-MASK
-GLASSES
-WEARPACK
-GLOVES
-SAFETY BELT
-SAFETY SHOES
-BREATHING APPARATUS

Life Saving Appliances(LSA)

1. Lifeboat (sekoci)
2. Davit (dewi-dewi)
3. Lifebuoy (pelampung)
4. Life jacket (baju pelampung)
5. Life raft (rakit)
6. Fire Appliances (alat pemadam)
7. Light and Sound Signal
8. smoke signals
9. IMMERSION SUITS

Navigational Instruments

Gyro Compass: It is used for finding the right direction. Unlike magnetic compass, gyro compass is
not affected by external magnetic field. It is used to find correct North Position, which is also the
earth’s rotational axis. Its repeater system must be present in the steering platform for emergency
steering.
Radar: It is used to determine the distance of the ship from land, other ships, or any floating object
out at sea.

Magnetic Compass: The magnetic compass works in conjunction with the magnetic field of the earth.
It is used to get planned direction for the voyage.

Auto Pilot: It is a combination of hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical system and is used to control
the ship’s steering system from a remote location (Navigation bridge).

ARPA: Automatic Radar Plotting Aid displays the position of a ship and other vessels nearby. The
radar displays the position of the ships in the vicinity and selects the course for the vessel by avoiding
any kind of collision.

Echo Sounder: This instrument is used to measure the depth of the water below the ship’s bottom
using sound waves.

GPS Receiver: A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver is a display system used to show the
ship’s location with the help of Global positioning satellite in the earth’s orbit.

Speed & Distance Log Device: The device is used to measure the speed and the distance traveled
by a ship from a set point. By calculating the same, ETA of the ship is adjusted or given to the port
authority and agent.
Electronic Chart Display Information System: The Electronic Chart Display and Information System
(ECDIS) is a development in the navigational chart system used in naval vessels and ships. With the
use of the electronic chart system, it has become easier for a ship’s navigating crew to pinpoint
locations, and attaining directions are easier than before.

Equipment of bridge, with uses and functions are,

1. Gyro Compass for course and direction indication.
2. Magnetic Compass for course and direction indication.
3. Auto pilot for automatic steering.
4. Echo Sounder to measure the depth of water, under the keel.
5. Radar/ARPA to detect the distance, bearing and movement of other objects.
6. GPS to indicate ship’s position (Latitude, Longitude), GMT time etc.
7. Telegraph to indicate required speed of ship from Bridge to Engine room.
8. Facsimile recorder for weather information.
9. VHF set for internal and external communication.
10. Fire detector to detect fire.
11. GMDSS, for sending massages (including distress massages).
12. SART used to send distressed ship’s position via the Radar of the rescue

13. EPIRB. used to send distressed ship’s position to the rescue team directly
or via coast station or satellite.
14. Electronic chart for doing chart-work with the help of computer.
15. Sextant used to measure the angular distances.

02. Define – Compass bearing, Relative bearing?

Compass bearing: - It is an angle, at observer, measured clockwise from
compass north to the object/target.
Relative bearing: - It is an angle at observer, measured clockwise, from
ship’s head to the object/target.
03. How to take compass bearing?
Place bearing circle on compass.
Look through the bearing circle’s hole to object.
Take reading from compass rose.
Report the reading as compass bearing.

04. How to take relative bearing?

Place bearing circle on compass.
Look through the bearing circle’s holes to object.
Take reading from compass rose.
Calculate the clockwise difference from ship’s heading to taken reading.
Report the difference as compass bearing.

05. How to report compass and relative bearing?

Report the entire digit separately, than tell compass or relative, as
required.
I.E.- For 124 compass bearing, have to report as one, two, four, degree,
compass –
Not one twenty-four degree compass.
Or
For 035 relative bearing, have to report as zero, three, five, and
degree, relative –
Not thirty-four degree relative.

06. Describe how to change over from automatic plot to hand

steering?
Switch on second steering motor (if not switched on), if required.
Wait (if possible); helm indicator to come to mid-ship.
Turn Auto to hand.
Do hand steering.
07. Describe – How to change over from hand string to autopilot?
Set weather control,
Set off-course alarm,
Set rudder limit,
Bring ship to required course,
Set pointer to required course,
Helm mid ship,
Turn switch from hand to auto,
Observe carefully to check autopilot is working properly, until full
satisfaction.
08. What will you do, after hearing helm order of “Heard a port” at the
time of Hand steering?
a. Report back/feedback the order.
b. Turn the hand steering wheel, until helm indictor comes to about
035 of portside.
c. Report- “wheel heard a port, sir.”
d. If required, every after 5/10, report ship’s heading.
09. What will you do, after hearing helm order of “Starboard ten” at the
time of Hand steering?
1. Report back/feedback the order.
2. Turn the hand steering wheel, until helm indictor comes to 10 of starboard
side.
3. Report- “wheel on starboard ten, sir”
4. If required, every after 5/10, report ship’s heading.
10. What will you do, after hearing helm order of “Mid-ship” at the time
of Hand steering?
.
4
1. Report back/feedback the order.
2. Turn the hand steering wheel, until helm indictor comes to mid-ship
position.
3. Report- “wheel on mid ship, sir”
4. If required, every after 5/10, report ship’s heading.
11. What will you do, after hearing helm order of “Ease to ten” at the
time of Hand steering?
1. Report back/feedback the order.
2. Turn the hand steering wheel, until helm indictor comes to 10 of same side.
3. Report- “wheel on ease to ten, sir.”
4. If required, every after 5/10, report ship’s heading.
12. What will you do, after hearing helm order of “Check her” at the time
of Hand steering?
1. Report back/feedback the order.
2. Turn the hand steering wheel, until helm indictor comes to opposite side,
so that ship’s turning is ceased.
3. Report- “checked her, sir”
4. If required, report ship’s heading.
13. What is the maximum time to turn the steering from Hard stbd to
Hard port/vice -versa?
28 sec.
14. What are the Meteorological Instruments used onboard?
1. Air thermometer.
2. Sea thermometer.
3. Mercury barometer.
4. Aneroid barometer.
5. Barograph.
6. Hygrometer.
7. Whirling psychrometer.
8. Facsimile recorder.
15. Why mercury is used in barometer?
1. Mercury has higher relative density, so it requires fewer amounts with
respect to other liquid, which makes the instrument smaller.
2. Mercury does not wet the glass surface.
3. Mercury is easily visible.
4. Mercury has uniform coefficient of expansion.
5. Mercury has low freezing point. (About –39 degree)
6. Mercury has high boiling point. (About 350 degree)
7. Mercury does not escape through leather washer.
16. What is the basic principle difference of Mercury barometer and
Aneroid barometer?
In Mercury barometer, liquid (mercury) is used.
In Aneroid barometer, a vacuum chamber is used but no liquid is used.
17. What are the main errors of Marine Sextant?
Three main errors,
1. Error of Perpendicularity.
2. Side Error.
3. Index Error.
􀀀 A fourth error can also be available on older Sextant,
That is “Collimation Error”.
18. What is the cause of Error of Perpendicularity?
It is caused, if the index-mirror not being perpendicular to the plane of
Instrument.
19. What is the cause of Side Error?
It is caused, if the horizon-mirror not being perpendicular to the plane of
Instrument.
20. What is the cause of Index-Error?
It is caused, if the index-mirror and the horizon-mirror not being parallel to
each other, when the Index-arm is set to Zero.

21. What is the cause of Collimation Error?

It is caused, if the axis of telescope and the plan of instrument not being
parallel to each other.
22. What is the Pulse length (PL) for a Radar Instrument?
It is the time required for a particular Pulse to leave its scanner,
I.e. it is the time taken by a pulse to be reached and passed-out at a fixed
point.
It is usually expressed in microsecond and sometimes also in meter, if
required.
23. What is the Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) for a Radar
Instrument?
The Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) for a Radar Instrument is the numbers
of pulses sent out through the Radar Scanner in one second.
24. As per Radar, what is the Shadow area?
The Shadow area is the area, where the targets are laying behind the
large targets, so that Radar cannot detect those targets.
25. As per Radar, what is the Shadow sector?
Sometimes Radar beams are obstructed by ship’s structures (such as mast,
Samson post, derrick, crane etc). For this reason, the targets directly behind
these obstructions do appear on the PPI, but with less than normal
detection ranges. This area of those targets is called Shadow sectors.
26. As per Radar, what is the Blind sector?
Sometimes Radar beams are obstructed completely by ship’s structures
(mainly ship’s funnel). For this reason, no echoes are received from any
targets directly behind these obstructions and not detected on PPI at all.
The area of those targets is called Blind sectors of the scanner.
27. How many types of display of Radar?
Mainly two,
1. Relative motion display.
2. 2. True motion displays.
a. Sea Stabilization.
 b. Ground Stabilization

28. What is Ramark, as per Radar?

It comes from the words “ Radar marker”.
It is a Radar beacon, which is always transmitting the signals in all
directions, covering the entire Marine Radar bands (9300 to 9500 MHz for X
band Ramark and 2900 to 3199 MHz for S band Ramark). So, when any
ship’s Radar scanner points to the Ramark beacon, than the signals from
the beacon is received and painted on the PPI, as a series of dots from PPI
center to edge.
It gives only bearing of Ramark, not distance. Normally it is fitted with
buoys, lighthouse, light vessel etc.
29. What is Racon, as per Radar?
It comes from the words “ Radar beacon”.
It is Radar responder beacon. When any ship’s Radar scanner points to
a Racon and pulses from the scanner arrives at the racon, than the racon
amplifies and returns those pulses to the scanner as a fairly strong signal of
same frequency. This creates a short bright line on the PPI. Due to a slight
pre-set time delay, the reacon signal arrives after the normal echo of the
beacon structure. So a dot, which represents the beacon structure on the
PPI, is the position, which to be used for range and bearing of the Racon. If
dot does not paint on PPI due to long distance, than the closer edge of the
short bright line to be taken as dot, for distance measurement.
It gives bearing and distance of Racon structure. Normally it is fitted with
buoys, lighthouse, light vessel etc.
30. What are the purpose and use of Telegraph & Telephone?
Morse codes at Telegraph and voice at Telephone are using for
communication purpose

31. Write down the 12nos. of shipboard Communication equipment?

(I) V.H.F (vii) Talk back system
(ii) Walky talky (viii) Signal Flags
(iii) Radio telegraph (ix) Flashing lights
(iv) Radio telephone (x) Voice pipe.
(v) Telephone (xi) Loudhailer
(vi) Telegraph (xii) GMDSS.
32. Write 10 nos. of shipboard alarms?
(i) Fire alarms (vi) Temperature Alarms
(ii) Emergency alarms (vii) Pressure alarms
(iii) Bilge alarms (viii) Over load alarms
(iv) Auto pilot failure alarms (ix) Two tone alarms
(v) Engineer’s alarms (x) Off-course alarms.
33. What is Electronic Chart Display and Information System
(ECDIS)?
It is a computer-based navigation information system, which comply the
regulations made by International Maritime Organization (IMO) and can be used
as an alternative to paper navigation charts.
It shows the information from electronic navigational charts and Global
Positioning System (GPS) and also from other navigational aids, such as radar,
fathometer and automatic identification systems (AIS). It may also display
additional navigation-related information, such as Sailing Directions.
34. What is the GMDSS?
The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is an international
system, which ensures that search and rescue authorities ashore, as well as
shipping in the immediate vicinity of the ship in distress, will be rapidly alerted
through satellite and terrestrial communication techniques, so that they can
assist in a coordinated search and rescue operation with the minimum of delay.
Under the GMDSS, all cargo ships of 300 gross registered tones and upwards
and all passenger ships engaged on international voyages must be equipped
with GMDSS equipment.
35. Do all ships have to have satellite communications?
No. If ships are traveling only in coastal areas served by VHF coast stations with
continuous digital selective calling (DSC) available, they need to carry VHF

equipment. But they may use satellite communication in addition to or instead of

terrestrial radio links.
36. As per GMDSS, what is Area A 1?
It is an area, within the radiotelephone coverage of at least one VHF coast
station, in which continuous digital selective calling (ch70) alerting and
radiotelephony services are available, as defined by the International Maritime
Organization.
Its radius is about 20-30 miles from that coast station.
37. As per GMDSS, what is Area A 2?
It is an area, excluding Sea Area Al, within the radiotelephone coverage of at
least one MF coast station in which continuous DSC (2187.5 kHz) alerting and
radiotelephony services are available, as defined by the International Maritime
Organization.
Its radius is about l50 miles from that coast station, but excluding Sea Area Al.
38. As per GMDSS, what is Area A3?
It is an area, beyond the Areas A1 & A2, but within coverage of geostationary
maritime communication satellites (in practice this means Inmarsat), in which
continuous alerting is available.
39. As per GMDSS, what is Area A4?
It is an area, beyond the Areas A1, A2 & A3. It mainly covers the sea around
North Pole (the area around the South Pole is mostly land).
40. What are the Minimum requirements for GMDSS instruments?
A VHF radio installation capable of transmitting DSC on channel 70 and
radiotelephony on channels 16, 13 and 6.
One SART if under 500 GRT, 2 SARTs if over 500 GRT.
Two portable VHF transceivers for use in survival craft if under 500 GRT, three if
over 500 GRT.
A NAVTEX receiver, if the ship is engaged on voyages in any area, where a
NAVTEX service is provided.
An Inmarsat EGC receiver, if the ship is engaged on voyages in any area of
Inmarsat coverage, where MSI services are not provided by NAVTEX or HF
NBDP. A 406 MHz or 1.6 GHz EPIRB
41. What are the Minimum requirements for GMDSS instruments at
Sea area Al?
VHF DSC on Channel 70
VHF radiotelephony on Channel 16
MF DSC on 2187.5KHz
Inmarsat
EPIRB
42. What are the Minimum requirements for GMDSS instruments at
Sea area A2?
MF DSC 0n 2187.5KHz
Inmarsat
VHF DSC on Channel 70
VHF radiotelephony on Channel 16
EPIRB
43. What are the Minimum requirements for GMDSS instruments at
Sea area A3?
Inmarsat
HF DSC on 8414.5KHz and all other HF DSC frequencies
MF DSC on 2185.7KHz
EPIRB
44. What are the Minimum requirements for GMDSS instruments at
Sea area A4?
HF DSC on 8414.5 KHz and all other HF DSC frequencies
HF DSC on other frequencies to alert coast stations
MF DSC on 2187.5 KHz
EPIRB
45. What is Automatic Identification System (AIS)?
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a system used by ships and Vessel
Traffic Services (VTS). Its purposes are to identification and locating vessels. It
provides a means for ships, to electronically exchange ship data including:
identification, position, course, and speed, with other nearby ships and VTS
stations. AIS is intended to assist the vessel's watch keeping officers and allow
maritime authorities to track and monitor vessel movements

46. What are the SOLAS requirements for SSAS Systems?

Provide a minimum of two alert activation points, one of which must be on the
bridge.
Allow covert activation, which transmits an alert signal from ship to shore,
indicating to a competent authority that the security of the ship is under threat or
has been compromised.
Not raise the alert on board ship, nor alert any other ships.
47. What is Flinders bar?
A Flinders bar is a vertical soft iron bar, placed in a tube on the foreword
side of a compass binnacle. It is used to counteract the vertical magnetism
created within a ship. It is calibrated by swinging the compass, along with
ship.
48. What is Pelorus?
In appearance and use, a pelorus looks like a compass or compass
repeater, with a sighting telescope attached, but it has no magnetism
properties. It remains at any relative direction, to which it is set. It is
generally used by setting 000°, at the lubber's line of compass. Relative
bearings are then observed. They can be converted to true or magnetic
bearings, by adding the appropriate heading.
49. What is Anemometer?
It is used for measuring wind speed and direction. This term is derived
from the Greek word “anemos”, means “wind”. Some Anemometers can
also measure the wind's pressure; as there is a close connection between
the pressure and the velocity.
Onboard ship, sometimes Anemometer’s readings can be incorrect, due to
obstructions (by derrick, mast, antenna etc) on wind passage to this
instrument. For that reason, it should be placed, as high as possible to
keep it outside of any obstructions.
50. What is astrolabe?
It is a historical astronomical instrument, was used by old days
astronomers, navigators and astrologers. It was used to locate and
predict the positions of the sun, moon, planets, and stars etc. In the medieval Islamic world, it was
also used for astronomical studies ,
surveying, timekeeping, Salah prayers etc.
51. What is Ecotracer?
Ecotracer is an acoustic locator, which was used to determine the
presence and position of ships in fog. Some instruments could detect
targets at distances up to 12 kilometers at sea.
52. What is Backstaff?
Backstaff is the name given to any instrument, which measures the altitude of the
sun by the projection of a shadow. When observing the sun, users keep the sun
to their back and observe the shadow cast by the upper vane on a horizon vane.
53. What is RINEX?
Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) is data interchange format for
raw satellite navigation system data. This allows the user to post-process the
received data (usually with other data unknown to the original receiver) to
produce a more accurate solution.
54. What is Fluxgate compass?
It is a simple electromagnetic device, which employs two or more small coils of
wire, around a core of highly permeable magnetic material. It reacts with the
direction of the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field. The
advantages of it are that the reading is in electronic form and can be digitized.
Reading can also be transmitted easily and displayed remotely.
55. What is mariner's astrolabe (sea astrolabe)?
It is an instrument used to measure vertical angles. In the sixteenth century, this
instrument was also called a ring.
56. What is torquetum or turquet?
It is a medieval astronomical instrument, designed to take and convert
measurements made in three sets of coordinates: Horizon, equatorial, and
ecliptic. In a sense, it is an analog computer.

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME DANGEROUS GOODS Code

PENGKLASIFIKASIAN BARANG BERBAHAYA DAN

PENGIDENTIFIKASIAN NAMA DAGANG

Kolom 3 – Kelas

Produk diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan jenis bahaya yang ditimbulkan, tidak berdasarkan tingkat bahaya

Klasifikasi dilakukan berdasarkan pengujian yang diuraikan dalam Bagian 2 Kode IMDG, dan dalam
UN Manual of Tests and Criteria

– Class 1 Explosives (Bab 2.1) – bahan peledak

– Class 2 Gases (Bab 2.2) – Gas-gas

– Class 3 Flammable liquids (Bab 2.3) – Cairan mudah terbakar

– Class 4 Other flammable substances (Bab 2.4) – Bahan mudah terbakar lainnya

– Class 5 Oxidisers and organic peroxides (Bab 2.5) – oxidiser dan peroksida organik

– Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances (Bab 2.6)- bahan beracun dan menular

– Class 7 Radioactive materials (Bab 2.7) – bahan radioaktif

 – Class 8 Corrosives (Bab 2.8) – bahan bersifat korosif

– Class 9 Miscellaneous items (Bab 2.9) – lain-lain

1 – Explosives (bahan peledak)

Bahan peledak dibagi menjadi enam divisi, yaitu:

1. Divisi 1.1 - bahan atau barang yang dapat menimbulkan bahaya mass explosion

2. Divisi 1.2 - bahan atau barang yang dapat menimbulkan bahaya lontaran tetapi bukan bahaya
mass explosion

3. Divisi 1.3 - bahan atau barang yang dapat menimbulkan bahaya kebakaran dan bahaya
ledakan kecil atau bahaya lontaran atau keduanya, namun bukan suatu bahaya mass explosion

4. Divisi 1.4 - bahan atau barang yang tidak menimbulkan bahaya signifikan

5. Divisi 1.5 - bahan tidak sensitive yang dapat menimbulkan bahaya mass explosion

6. Divisi 1.6 - barang yang sangat tidak sensitive yang tidak menimbulkan bahaya mass explosion

Bahan peledak juga menggunakan suatu kelompok huruf yang bersifat kompatibel –
pembahasan lebih lanjut belakangan

2 – Gases ( Gas – gas )

Gas-gas dikelompokkan menjadi tiga divisi, yaitu:

1. Kelas 2.1 Gas-gas mudah terbakar:

• Dapat dinyalakan dalam campuran dengan udara 13% volume atau

kurang

• Mempunyai kisaran mudah menyala dengan udara yang sedikitnya

mengandung 12 percentage points tanpa memandang batas
flammable rendah

2. Kelas 2.2 Tidak mudah menyala, gas tidak beracun

• Gas-gas asphyxiant – yang melarutkan atau menggantikan oksigen

yang umumnya ada di udara

• Merupakan gas pengoksidasi yang menghasilkan oksigen lebih dari

udara sehingga menyebabkan atau menjadi penyebab terjadinya
pembakaran bahan lain

• Tidak tercantum di kelas lain

3. Kelas 2.3 Gas-gas Beracun

• bersifat sangat beracun atau korosive sehingga berbahaya bagi

kesehatan
 • Dianggap beracun atau korosive bagi manusia karena mengandung
nilai LC50 sama dengan atau lebih kecil dari 5,000 ml/m3 (ppm)

3- Flammable Liquids ( Cairan mudah terbakar )

3.1 Titik nyala rendah ( lebih kurang 18 derajat )

3.2 Titik nyala sedang (18 derajat - 23 derajat )

3.3 Titik nyala tinggi ( 23 derajat – 60 derajat )

4- Flammable Solids ( Zat padat yang mudah menyala )

Kelas Empat dibagi menjadi tiga divisi, yaitu:

Kelas 4.1 Bahan padat mudah terbakar

• Bahan padat yang, dalam kondisi pengangkutan, siap terbakar atau

menyebabkan atau menimbulkan api melalui gesekan;

• Bahan padat dan cair self-reactive yang mudah menimbulkan reaksi

exothermic yang kuat;

• Bahan peledak padat yang dibuat tidak peka (desensitized) yang mungkin
meledak jika tidak cukup diencerkan;

2. Kelas 4.2 Bahan-bahan yang cenderung terbakar secara tiba-tiba

• Bahan (padat dan cair) yang cenderung panas sendiri dalam kondisi yang
normal selama pengangkutan, atau yang menjadi panas ketika terkena udara,
dan cenderung mudah terbakar;

3. Kelas 4.3 bahan-bahan, yang ketika terkena air, mengeluarkan gas yang mudah
terbakar

• bahan (padat dan cair) yang melalui interaksi dengan air cenderung menjadi
mudah terbakar atau menimbulkan gas yang mudah terbakar dalam jumlah
yang berbahaya.

5- Oxidising substances and organic peroxides.

Kelas 5 dibagi menjadi dua divisi, yaitu:

1. Kelas 5.1 Bahan pengoksidasi

Bahan-bahan yang, dalam keadaan sendiri tidak mudah terbakar, dapat, menghasilkan oksigen,
menyebabkan, atau mempercepat, pembakaran bahan lain. Bahan tersebut mungkin terkandung
didalam suatu barang

1. Kelas 5.2 Peroksida Organik

Bahan organik yang mengandung struktur -O-O- bivalent dan mungkin merupakan turunan (derivatives)
dari hydrogen peroksida, dimana satu atau dua atom hydrogennya digantikan oleh radikal organik.
Peroksida organik adalah bahan yang tidak stabil secara thermal yang dapat menimbulkan
dekomposisi exothermic self-accelerating. Tambahan pula, mereka dapat mempunyai satu atau lebih
sifat berikut :
 – Cenderung menimbulkan dekomposisi explosive;

– Cepat terbakar;

– Peka terhadap benturan atau gesekan;

– Bereaksi secara berbahaya dengan bahan lain;

– Menyebabkan kerusakan mata.

– 6 - Toxic and infectious substances (Bahan Beracun & Menular (Infectious))

Kelas 6 dibagi menjadi dua divisi, yaitu:

1. Kelas 6.1 Bahan beracun

Bahan yang cenderung menyebabkan kematian atau luka parah atau berbahaya bagi kesehatan
manusia jika tertelan atau terhisap, atau melalui kontak dengan kulit.

1. Kelas 6.2 Bahan Menular

Bahan yang diketahui atau diduga mengandung pathogens. Pathogens adalah micro-organisms
(termasuk bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites, jamur) dan agen lain seperti prions, yang dapat
menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia dan hewan.

7- Radioactive material ( Bahan – bahan Radio Aktif )

Bahan Radioactive adalah semua bahan yang mengandung radionuclide dimana konsentrasi aktifitas
dan aktifitas total pada pengiriman melebihi nilai yang ditentukan dalam Kode

Kelas 7 dibagi menjadi dua divisi, yaitu:

7- Radioactive material

Catagori I Radiasi cepat 0,5 m R/J

Catagori II Radiasi 0,5 – 10 m R/J

Catogori III Radiasi 10 – 200 m R/J

7E - Fissilematerial
(Bomb making kit)

( Bahan pembuat bom )

8- Corrosive substances ( Bahan yang merusak )

8 - Bahan Kelas Delapan (bahan korosif) adalah bahan-bahan yang, secara kimia, akan menyebabkan
kerusakan parah jika bersentuhan dengan jaringan hidup atau, bila terjadi kebocoran akan merusak,
atau bahkan menghancurkan bahan lain atau sarana pengangkutnya.

– Dapat bersifat asam atau basa (acidic or alkaline)

– Seringkali perlu dipisahkan dari bahan-bahan kelas delapan lainnya

– 9 - Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles ( Bermacam – macam bahan bahaya

dengan sifat lebih dari satu macam / campuran kandungan zat bahaya )

Bahan dan Barang Kelas Sembilan (Berbagai bahan dan barang berbahaya) adalah bahan dan barang
yang, pada saat diangkut, menimbulkan bahaya yang tidak dicakup oleh kelas lainnya.

– Bahan dan barang yang tidak dicakup oleh kelas lain yang, menurut pengalaman telah
menunjukkan, atau dapat menunjukkan, mempunyai sifat berbahaya.
 – Bahan yang tidak sesuai dengan definisi diatas, tetapi yang adalah Marine Pollutants
menurut Konvensi MARPOL.

– Bahan yang diangkut atau ditawarkan untuk diangkut pada suhu yang sama dengan,
atau melebihi, 100°C dalam kondisi cair, dan bahan padat yang diangkut atau
ditawarkan untuk diangkut pada suhu yang sama atau melebihi 240°C.

– GMMO dan GMO (Organisme dan Micro Organisme hasil rekayasa genetik) yang tidak
memenuhi definisi bahan menular tetapi yang dapat mengubah binatang, tumbuhan
atau bahan mikrobiologi bukan secara normal sebagai hasil dari reproduksi alami.

– 9- Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles ( bermacam – macam bahan

bahaya)

– - Marine pollutant ( yang dapat mencemari laut dan merusak biota laut )

MARPOL 73/78

-International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the
Protocol of 1978.

-Marpol 73/78 is one of the most important international marine environmental conventions.

-It was designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution.

sejarah singkat timbulnya MARPOL 1973 Protokol 1978 !

Sidang IMO mengenai “ International Conference On Marine Pollution ” tgl 8 Okt – 2 Nop
1973 yang menghasilkan “ International Convention for the Prevention of Oil Pollution on
from Ship tahun 1973 yang kemudian disempurnakan dg “ Tanker Safety and Pollution
Prevention Protokol 1978 yg dikenal MAPOL 1973 / 1978.

 Annex I - Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil

Entry into force: 2 October 1983

 Annex II - Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in

Bulk.

Entry into force: 6 April 1987

 Annex III - Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged

Form.

Entry into force: 1 July 1992

 Annex IV - Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships.

Entry into force: 27 September 2003

 Annex V - Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships.

Entry into force: 31 December 1988

 Annex VI - Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (adopted September 1997 - not yet in
force.
Entry into force: 19 May 2005

Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP)

Every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnage and above and every ship other than an oil tanker of
400 gross tonnage and above shall carry on board a shipboard oil pollution emergency plan
approved by the Administration.

Isi dari SOPEP (Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan) adalah :

Rencana darurat penanggulangan pencemaran minyak dari kapal yg di syahkan oleh administrasi
negaranya, berupa bagan/ buku yg merupakan petunjuk bagi nakhoda dan para awak kapal ttg
tindakan yg harus di lakukan oleh mereka di kapal utk mengurangi/ mengendalikan tumpahan minyak
akibat suatu kecelakaan.

The plan shall consist at least of:

1. the procedure to be followed by the master or other persons having charge of the ship to
report an oil pollution incident; .
2. the list of authorities or persons to be contacted in the event of an oil pollution incident
3. a detailed description of the action to be taken immediately by persons on board to reduce
or control the discharge of oil following the incident.
4 the procedures and point of contact on the ship for co-ordinating shipboard action with
national and local authorities in combating the pollution.

the special areas are defined as follows:

1. the Mediterranean Sea area; .
2. the Baltic Sea area;
3. the Black Sea area; .
4. the Red Sea area; .
5. the Gulfs area;
6. the Gulf of Aden area; .
7. the Antarctic area;
8. the North West European waters include the North Sea and its approaches,
theIrish Sea and its approaches, the Celtic Sea, the English Channel and its
approaches and part of the North East Atlantic immediately to the west of Ireland;
9. the Oman area of the Arabian Sea.
10. Southern South African waters

All oil tankers of 5,000 tons deadweight or more shall have prompt access to computerised,
shore-based damage stability and residual structural strength calculation programs
persiapan2 apa saja yang harus dilakukan pada waktu kapal sedang bunker.
- Menyiapkan perlengkapan “ SOPEP “
- Saw Dust.
- Oil Dispersant.
- Sea Over Plug (prop).
- Oil Boom.
- Fire Extinguisher.
- Absorbent.
- Fire Hydrant.
- Oil Spring Unit.
- Walky Talky.
- Bendera B (siang).
- Lampu merah (malam).
- Cotton Rag.
- Scope.
- Menutup lubang2.

utk penanggulangan pencemaran oleh minyak dan jelaskan kegunaan dari masing2 alat
tsb.
Jawab :
- OWS : untuk memisahkan air dg minyak.
- OFE : Oil Filter Equipment/ untuk mengatur pembuangan minyak di
laut sebanyak 15 ppm.
- Oil Boom : alat utk melokalisir tumpahan minyak.
- Absorbent : alat utk menyerap tumpahan minyak.
- Oil Bag : kantong minyak.
- Wilden pump : utk menyerap tumpahan minyak & dipompa di sludge tank.
- Spraying Unit : menyemprot tumpahan minyak di laut dg oil dispersant/ chemical

contoh bahan cair yang merusak kategori A, B,C, D !

- Kategori A : Acetan, Cyonohitrin – carbon disulphed, Campherl oil.
- Kategori B : Acrilonitrite, Akyl Alchohol, Benzel Clorida, Cloropom.
- Kategori C : Bensenes, Hydroxida, Cyclohexane.
- Kategori D : Butylene, Cyclohexanol.

1. Oil Disiharging Monitoring (ODM). Untuk mengontrol buangan air berminyak dari
cucian tanki muat, endapan residu dalam tanki muat, ballast kotor.
2. Oil Water Separator , Alat yg mampu memisahkan air berminyak dalam kadar
buangan ke laut sampai kurang dari 15 ppm.
3. Clean Ballast, Air ballast yang bersih dan tidak terlihat cerminan minyak di atas
permukaanya.
4. PPM ( Part Per Million), Kadar buangan air berminyak ke laut sampai kurang
dari 15 ppm.

Oil Record Book

- Mencatat semua kegiatan penanganan pembuangan sisa 2 minyak, campuran minyak,
air got (Bilge) dikamar mesin
- Kegiatan bongkar - muat minyak, pemindahan muatan.
- Pengisian dan pembuangan air ballast kotor.
- Pembersihan tanki muat.
- Pembuangan air dari tanki 2 limbah
pemeriksaan (Survey) untuk kapal tangki minyak yang berkaitan dengan penerbitan
Sertifikat IOPP ?
Survey Pertama, ialah survey pada kapal untuk memastikan bahwa struktur / sistem /
peralatan / penataan dan materialnya memuaskan memenuhi persyaratan dari peraturan –
peraturan dan dalam kondisi baik.
Survey Tahunan (Annual Survey) ialah survey yang dilaksanakan dalam kurun waktu
tiga bulan sebelum / sesudah tanggal ulang tahun dari sertifikat tersebut. Survey
dilaksanakan untuk memastikan bahwa perlengkapan dan peralatan tetap ada, sesuai
rincian yang tertulis dalam sertifikat dan bekerja secara effisien.
Survey Antara (Intermediate Survey) dilaksanakan dalam kurun waktu enam bulan
sebelum/ sesudah pertengahan tanggal periode berlakunya sertifikat. Survey ini lebih terinci
dari Survey Tahunan.

Oil adalah petroleum dalam setiap bentuk termasuk crude oil,fuel oil,sluge,minyak sisa (oil
refuse) refined products (sulingan ) tidak termasuk petro chemicals.
Oil mixture adalah: campuran yang mengadung minyak.
fuel oil (bahan baker)
Slop tank :tangki yang di rancang khusus untuk pengumpulan dari sisa-sisa pencucian
tangki dan campuran minyak.
Clean ballast : ballast dalam tangki yang sejak di muat dengan minyak terakhir telah
dibersihkan, sehingga apabila dipompa kelaut tidak menimbulkan sisa-sisa minyak.atau
apabila di buang melalui “approves discharge monitoring”tidak mengandung > 15 ppm.
segregated ballast : tolak bara yang diisi kedalam suatu tangki yang sama sekali terpisah
dari tangki muat dan system bahan bakar.(tangki permanent khusus ballast atau muatan lain
dari minyak atau zat cair beracun).
Existing ship (kapal lama) yaitu sebuah kapal bukan baru.
Nearest land : garis dasar yang terdekat dari mana perairan territorial dari setiap Negara,
diukur menurut konvensi Unclos 1982.
New ship
- sebuah kapal yang kontrak pembangunannya dipesan 31 desember 1975.
- lunas kapal diletakkan setelah 30 juni 1976.
- kapal diserahkan setelah 31 desember 1979.
- terjadi perubahan besar pada tanggal tersebut di atas.
- Special area : wilayah laut karena alasan teknis, sehubungan dengan oceanografi dan
ekologi serta sifat khusus lalu lintasnya dalam hal pencegahan pencemaran laut oleh
minyak.

Bendera Isyarat Visual Pelayaran, Ilmu Pelayaran Yang Perlu Diketahui,

Sebagai seorang pelaut, Maka mempelajari tentang Ilmu pelayaran tentunya adalah
sudah menjadi tanggung jawab kita semua. Apalagi yang Ambil jurusan Nautika,
Supaya kapal tidak karam, maka perlu mempelajari ilmu pasti teng pelayaran.
Sebelumnya juga kami telah memberikan beberpa ilmu pelayaran, yang tentunya
berguna bagi kita semua. Silahkan disimak:
EJAAN ALPHABET STANDARD INTERNATIONAL, ILMU PELAYARAN
Kode morse dalam Pelayaran, Contoh lengkap Kode morse dalam Pelayaran

Okelah, langsung saja kita bahas topik. Yatu mengenai Bendera Isyarat Visual
Pelayaran.Sebelum kami memberikanya, maka kita simak dulu apa artinya.
Pengertian Dari Bendera Isyarat Visual pelayaran ini Adalah,Kode isyarat-isyarat
internasional pada dasarnya dimaksudkan untuk memberikan cara-cara dan sarana-
sarana berkomunikasi dalam situasi yang ada hubungannya dengan keselamatan
pelayaran dan orang-orang, khususnya apabila terdapat kesulitan-kesuliatan dalam
bahasa, Maka digunakan Isyaarat Visual.
Berikut adalah Arti-arti Dari bendera tersebut, Pengisyaraan dan Arti armada.

BEND. ARTI INTERNASIONAL PENGISYARATAN ARTI ARMADA

1 2 3 4
A Saya mempunyai seorang Ditempat yang Jika sedang
(ALFA) penyelam di bawah air, mudah terlihat atau berkibar :
jauhilah saya dengan didekat juru selam Juru selam atau
kecepatan rendah
team demolisi
bawah air kawan
menyelam.
Jika operasi tidak
dapat dikerjakan
dengan
penglihatan
langsung,
kelompok angka
mengikuti,
menyatakan radius
dalam ratusan yard
dimana personil
sedang beroperasi.
"Kapal Kami sedang Dikibarkan ditempat Setengah :
B memasukkan, atau yang mudah terlihat membuka jarak
(BRAVO) mengeluarkan, atau atau pada sisi yang tembak
mengangkut bahan sesuai oleh kapal Penuh : tembakan
berbahaya." penembak. dimulai
a. Dikibarkan Turun : tembakan
ditempat yang selesai
mudah terlihat Penuh : sasaran
oleh kapal sasaran. siap jarak aman
b. Dikibarkan Setengah :
ditempat yang pengiriman/
mudah terlihat oleh pembekalan
dihentikan
penerima/pemberi
sementara
 c. Dikibarkan Penuh : pengisian/
ditempat yang pembekalan
mudah terlihat oleh Turun : selesai
sekoci pengisian/
pembekalan
-saya sedang
mengangkut bahan
bakar atau bahan
peledak

"Ya"(persetujuan atau Dikibarkan ditempat  Sebagai jawaban

C pengertian kelompok- yang mudah terlihat. ya atau
(CHARLIE) kelompok sebelumnya (Isyarat permohonan
harus diberikan makna
pengasahan) diizinkan
yang menyatakan
 Jika bendera C
persetujuan).
mendahului 4 atau
6 angka berarti :
menunjukan berita
itu ya atau
permohonan
diizinkan
 C tack (kelompok
isyarat) berarti ya
atau diizinkan
untuk
melaksanakan arti
dari kelompok
isyarat tersebut.
D Hati-hati terhadap kapal Dikibarkan ditempat Saya sedang
(DELTA) saya, Menjauhlah dari yang mudah terlihat mengadakan
saya,saya sedang diandang-andang DEGAUSSING
mengalami
kesulitan mengolah
gerak"
E Kapal saya berubah -
(ECHO) haluan ke lambung kanan
 F Mesin saya rusak, adakan Dikibarkan ditempat Setengah : saya
(FOXTROT) hubungan dengan saya yang mudah terlihat siap melaksanakan
operasi pesawat
terbang bila angin
mengijinkan .
Penuh : saya
sedang
melaksanakan
operasi pesawat
terbang.
Setengah dari
kibaran penuh :
operasi pesawat
terbang ditunda
sementara
untuk  10 menit.
Turun : selesai
operasi pesawat
terbang
G Saya membutuhkan Dikibarkan ditempat Bila sedang
(GOLF) pandu, kalau dikapal yang terlihat berkibar kapal ini
penangkap ikan adalah penjuru G
maksudnya : kapal saya tack NP berarti
sedang menghela/menarik kapal yang
jala dinyatakan menjadi
penjuru

I Kapal saya berubah ke Dipelabuhan. Setengah : saya

(INDIA) haluan lambung kiri Dikibarkan sedang dalam
diandang-andang persiapan untuk
oleh kapal yang menerima
dirapati pada sisi Penuh : Saya siap
dimana akan menerima anda
dirapati kapal ini Turun : tali pertama
sudah saya terima
Kapal yang akan
merapat :
Setengah : Saya
sedang dalam
persiapan untuk
merapat
Penuh : saya siap
merapat pada anda
 Turun : tali pertama
sudah saya berikan
J "Saya mengalami Dikibarkan ditempat Saya mempunyai
(JULIET) kebakaran dan mempunyai yang mudah terlihat berita yang dikirim
muatan berbahaya di (Dijawab oleh dengan isyarat
semaper J desing
kapal.menjauhlah dari semua alamat)
menujukan
saya"
perioritet berita
Turun : berita yang
dikirim dengan
semapore selesai
K Saya bermaksud Dikibarkan ditempat Sementara berkibar
(KILO) mengadakan hubungan yang mudah dilihat :
(Komunikasi)dengan Anda (Hanya di Personel bekerja
pelabuhan) diatas.

L Kapal Anda harus segera Dikibarkan ditempat Peringatan

(LIMA) berhenti yang mudah terlihat berbahaya, jangan
mendekat dari unit
ini (atau unit yang
dinyatakan tanpa
ada clearance yang
positive).
1 : 200 : 2:500 : 3 :
300
M Kapal saya berhenti dan Dikibarkan ditempat Sementara berkibar
(MIKE) tidak dapat yang mudah terlihat : Sedang bertugas
bergerak/meluncur diatas (berlayar/tidak jaga kesehatan.
air berlayar) - Abaikan gerakan
saya
N “Tidak”, artinya harus Dikibarkan ditempat - Gerakan anda
(NOVEMBER) diberikan makna yang yang mudah terlihat, tidak dimengerti
menyatakan penolakan diulangi oleh semua - Dikapal tidak ada
atau ingkar. Isyarat ini
alamat. optis jaga.
hanya boleh diberikan
Dikibarkan ditempat
secara visual atau dengan
yang mudah terlihat
bunyi. Untuk pemancaran
radio atau penggunaan (di pelabuhan)
suara, isyarat ini
diucapkan sebagai “NO”.
O Orang jatuh di laut Dikibarkan di tempat Sementara berkibar
(OSCAR) yang mudah terlihat. : orang jatuh di laut
 P DI PELABUHAN : "Semua Dikibarkan ditempat - Sementara
(PAPA) orang harus melaporkan yang mudah terlihat berkibar : semua
diri ke kapal, sebab tak (dipelabuhan). anggota
lama lagi kapal Dikibarkan ditempat penumpang kapal
akan bertolak menuju ke yang mudah terlihat ini segera kembali
laut"
kekapal.
DI LAUT : Isyarat ini
dapat digunakan oleh - Penunjuk posisi
kapal nelayan yang berarti
“Jaring saya
tersangkut pada suatu
rintangan"
Q Kapal saya dalam keadaan Dikibarkan ditempat - Sementara
(QUEBEC) sehat, saya mohon diberi yang mudah terlihat berkibar : semua
surat bebas kesehatan sekoci kapal ini
atau yang
dialamatkan segera
kembali kekapal

R Kapal ini Tidak bergerak Dikibarkan pada Setengah : saya

(ROMEO) (berhenti) sisi/ lambung utk dalam persiapan
pembekalan/ menerima anda
pemindahan oleh
pada lambung
kapal pemberi.
dimana bendera R
Dikibarkan pada
dikibarkan
sisi/lambung. Untuk
Penuh : saya siap
pembekalan oleh
untuk pendekatan
kapal penerima.
kapal anda
Dikibarkan pada sisi
Turun : tali pertama
dimana pita akan
sudah diberikan
diterima oleh kapal
Setengah : saya
penerima.
dalam persiapan
Dikibarkan ditempat
untuk mendekat
yang mudah
pada lambu anada.
Penuh : saya mulai
mendekat.
Turun : tali pertama
sudah diterima.
Penuh : saya mulai
mendekat
 Turun : pipa sudah
mulai diterima
diatas geladak.
Sementara bekibar
:
Saya adalah kapal
jaga
S Kapal saya dengan Dikibarkan ditempat Sementara berkibar
(SIERRA) keadaan mesin mundur yang mudah terlihat :
Isyarat–isyarat
bendera yang
sedang berkibar
adalah hanya untuk
latihan isyarat
bendera.
T "Mejauhlah dari saya,saya Ditempat yang Isyarat petunjuk
(TANGO) sedang memukat secara mudah terlihat waktu.
berpasangan". Sementara berkibar
dengan didahului
dan atau diikuti
kelompok angka-
angka menyatakan
waktu dimulai atau
waktu selesai
sebagai dinyatakan
oleh angka-angka
yang menujukan
jam dan menit.
U Anda menuju haluan yang Dikibarkan ditempat Setengah : Jangkar
(UNIFORM) berbahaya yang mudah lego
terlihat/sisi yang Penuh : rantai
dinyatakan (Isyarat jangkar diarea
berlabu) hingga panjang
Dikibarkan ditempat yang dikehendaki.
yang mudah terlihat Turun : rantai
atau sisi yang jangkar aman.
dinyatakan (Isyarat Setengah : jangkar
angkat jangkar ) lego port atau stbd
dapat digunakan
untuk menyatakan
sisi.
Penuh : rantai
jangkar setengah
 Turun : rantai
jangkar aman.
Setengah :
Saya sedang
angkat jangkar.
Penuh : jangkar
terangkat lepas
jangkar
Turun : Siap untuk
maju.
V Saya Membutuhkan Dikirim ditempat Towed ponie
(VICTOR) pertolongan. yang mudah dilihat devices

W Saya menghendaki Dikibarkan Sementara

(WHISKEY) pertolongan kesehatan diandang-andang berkibar dengan
(medis) diikuti NP
menyatakan bahwa
berikut adalah
alamat untuk info.

X "Hentikanlah maksud anda Dikibarkan - Latihan selesai.

(Xray) dan perhatikanlah isyarat- diandang-andang
isyarat saya" diulangi oleh
alamat-alamat

Y "Jankar saya Dikibarkan ditempat- X Tack ----

(YANKEE) tersangkut/menggaruk" yang mudah terlihat, (isyarat ):
diulangi oleh laksanakan arti
alamat-alamat (Isy isyarat berikut
latihan) sebagai latihan.
Dikibarkan di - ---(isyarat ) Tack
andang- y berarti
andang diulangi dibutuhkan
oleh alamat-alamat penegasan.
(Isy penegasan) - Y tack ---(isyarat)
Dikibarkan ditempat berarti isyarat
yang mudah terlihat berikut adalah
(berlayar). paham.
- Sementara
berkibar :
 Dikibarkan ditempat Saya adalah OTC
yang mudah terlihat (digunakan untuk
(dipelabuhan). menyatakan
kedudukan OTC
pada waktu
pesawat terbang
patroli kawan
mendekat)
- Sementara
berkibar : saya
sedang bertugas
sebagai kapal jaga
optis
Z Saya menghendaki kapal
(ZULU) tunda
Dikapal ikan dengan
maksud : saya sedang
memasang pokat
setengah.

MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

At the end of World War Il many countries found their aids to navigation destroyed and the process
of rehabilitation had to be undertaken urgently. In the absence of anything better, the Geneva rules
were adopted with or without variation to suit local conditions and the equipment available. This led
to wide and sometimes conflicting differences particularEy in the crowded waters of North Western
Europe.

Much of the North and South American continents and some countries of the Pacific continued to
favour "red to starboard" and used only a Lateral system of buoyage

LATERAL MARKS
Following the sense of a 'conventional direction of buoyage', Lateral marks in Region A utilize
red and green colours by day and night to denote the port and starboard sides of channels
respectively. However, in Region 8 these colours are reversed with red to starboard and
green to port.

CARDINAL MARKS
Cardinal marks indicate that the deepest water in the area lies to the named side of the
mark. This convention is necessary even though for example, a North mark may have
navigable water not only to the North but also East and West of it. The mariner will know he
is safe to the North, but must consult his chart for further guidance.
ISOLATED DANGER MARK
The isolated Danger mark is placed on a danger of small area which has navigable water all around
it. Distinctive double black spherical topmarks and Group flashing (2) white lights, serve to associate
Isolated Danger marks with Cardinal marks.

SAFE WATER MARKS

The Safe Water mark has navigable water all around it but does not mark a danger. Safe Water
marks can be used, for example, as mid-channel or landfall marks.

2. ATURAN 5 SAMPAI DENGAN 17

- RULE 5
LOOK OUT
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look out by sight and hearing as well as by
all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make
a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
- RULE 6
SAFE SPEED
The Rule describes the factors which should be taken into account in determining safe
speed
- RULE 7
RISK OF COLLISION
which warns that "assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information,
especially scanty radar information"
- RULE 8
COVER ACTION TO BE TAKEN TO AVOID COLLISION

-ATURAN 13
PENYUSULAN
OVERTAKING
- SETIAP KAPAL YANG SEDANG MENYUSUL SETIAP KAPAL LAIN HARUS
MENGHINDARI KAPAL LAIN YANG SEDANG DISUSUL IYU
- EVERY VESSEL WANT TO OVERTAKING THE OTHER VESSEL SHOULD
AVOID THAT OVERTAKING VESSEL
- KAPAL DIANGGAP MENYUSUL BILAMANA SEDANG MENDEKATI KAPAL
LAIN DARI ARAH LEBIH BESAR 22,5 DERAJAT DI BELAKANG ARAH
MELINTANG
- VESSEL CONSIDERED OVERTAKING IF APPROACHING THE OTHER
VESSEL FROM WAY MORE THAN 22,5 DEGREE BEHIND LATTITUDE
- KAPAL YANG MENYUSUL KECEPATANNYA LEBIH TINGGI DARI YANG
DISUSUL
- THE SPEED OF VESSEL THAT OVERTAKING MORE THAN OVERTAKN
VESSEL

-ATURAN 14
SITUASI BERHADAPAN
HEAD TO HEAD SITUATION
 - KAPAL SALING BERTEMU DENGAN HALUAN BERLAWANAN/HAMPIR
BERLAWANAN YANG MENGAKIBATKAN TUBRUKAN, MASING – MASING
HARUS MENGUBAH HALUAN KE KANAN
- RED TO RED
- TIDAK BOLEH RAGU – RAGU
- WHEN IN HEAD TO HEAD SITUATION BUT NOT CAUSING THE COLLISION
SO TAKE ACTION RULE NUMBER 16

-ATURAN 15
SITUASI SILANG/MEMOTONG
CROSSING SITUATION
- WHEN 2 VESSEL IN CROSSING SITUATION AND CAUSE THE COLLISION SO VESSEL THAT SEE
THE RED LIGHT (PORT SIDE) OTHER VESSEL SHOULD TAKE RIGHT BOW AND CROSS A BOW
- WHEN 2 VESSEL IN CROSSING SITUATION BUT NOT CAUSING A COLLISION SO TAKE A RULE
16

ATURAN 16
TINDAKAN KAPAL YANG MEMBERI JALAN
ACTION OF VESSEL GIVE A WAY
SETIAP KAPAL YANG DIWAJIBKAN MENGHINDARI KAPAL LAIN SEDAPAT MUNGKIN
MELAKUKAN TINDAKAN SECARA DINI DAN TEGAS UNTUK TETAP BEBAS SAMA SEKALI

-ATURAN 17
TINDAKAN KAPAL YANG BERTAHAN
ACTION OF STAND ON VESSEL
- SALAH SATU DARI 2 KAPAL DIWAJIBKAN MENGHINDAR MAKA KAPAL
LAINNYA HARUS MEMPERTAHANKAN HALUAN DAN KECEPATAN
- INI TIDAK BERLAKU DALAM KEADAAN PENGLIHATAN TERBATAS

3. TUGAS MUALIM 1,2,3,4

I. TUGAS MUALIM 1
CHIEF OFFICER JOB
- MUAT BONGKAR MUATAN DI PALKA-PALKA DLL
- PEKERJAAN-PEKERJAAN ADMINISTRASI YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PENGANGKUTAN
MUATAN, BAGASI POS DLL
II. TUGAS MUALIM 2
SECOND OFFICER JOB
- MEMELIHARA DAN MENYIAPKAN PETA-PETA LAUT DAN BUKU-BUKU
PETUNJUK PELAYARAN
- MEMELIHARA ALAT BANTU NAVIGASI NON ELEKTRONIK
- SETIAP HARI MENENTUKAN CHRONOMETER ERROR BERDASARKAN
TIME SIGNAL
- BERTANGGUNG JAWAB ATAS BEKERJANYA PESAWAT PEMBANTU
NAVIGASI ELEKTRONIK (RADAR)
- MEMELIHARA GYRO KOMPAS
- SEBAGAI PERWIRA KESEHATAN

III. TUGAS MUALIM 3

THIRD OFFICER JOB
- MEMPERSIAPKAN, MENJAGA, SAFETY EQUIPMENT ATAU ALAT
KESELAMATAN
- Seluruh sarana penyelamatan diri (SPD) dan sekoci penolong
- Perlengkapan deteksi kebakaran dan sarana pemadaman kebakaran (PK)
- Perlengkapan manual isyarat kabut
- Sarana dan perlengkapan komunikasi visual dan menyelenggarakan catatan mengenai
hal tersebut di atas
- Tugas jaga navigasi
- Pemutakhiran publikasi seperti Daftar Suar, Isyarat Kabut dan Petunjuk Pelayaran
- Pengetesan perlengkapan navigasi, mesin kemudi, kendali dan telegraph anjungan,
perlengkapan komunikasi, peluit dan sirene sebelum kapal bertolak. Mencatat
pengujian danmemberitahu nakhoda sesudahnya
- Membantu Mualim II dalam mengoreksi peta dan publikasi dan dan pemeliharaan
perlengkapan anjungan dan paham dengan tugas dan tanggung jawab Mualim II.

10. IMO = A SPECIALIZED AGENCY OF THE UNITED NATION THAT RESPONSIBLE FOR MEASURE TO
IMPROVE THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF INTERNASIONALSHIPPING
11. IMO PURPOSE TO DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN A COMPREHANSIVE REGULATORYFRAMEWORK FOR
SHIPPING
12. SCBA = SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (NOT USE IN EMERGENCY SITUATION, USE
FOR 30 MINUTES)
13. EEBD = EMERGENCY ESCAPE BREATHING DEVICE ( USE IN EMERGENCY SITUATION, USE FOR 15
MINUTES)
14. TRIANGLE OF FIRE
HEAT FUEL

15. CLASS OF FIRE

A. SOLID MATERIAL : WOOD PUT OUT WITH WATER, FOAM, POWDER
B. LIQUID : OIL, PAINT PUT OUT WITH FOAM, POWDER, CO2
OXYGEN
C. ELECTRICAL FIRE PUT OUT WITH CO2, POWDER
17. 1 FATHOM = 1,8 METER
10 FATHOM = 18 METER
1 FEET = 30 CM
1 FATHOM = 6 FEET
5 FATHOM = 30 FEET
30 FEET = 900 CM
1 MIL = 1852 M = 1,852 KM
1 SEGEL = 27,5 METER
1 CABLE = 0,1 MIL
1 CABLE = 185,2 METER
1 MIL = 10 CABLE
1’ = 1 MENIT
1 = 60 MENIT

18. ESTIMATED TIME ARRIVAL ------

EXAMPLE :
VESSEL SAIL FROM PORT A (GMT -1) TO PORT B (GMT+2) 08.00 AM IN 20 FEBRUARI 2018 DISTANCE
2315 AND SPEED 10 KNOTS, FIND THE ETA
ANSWER: DISTANCE
DISTANCE = 2315 = 231,5 *GMT -1 -> GMT +2 = + 3 HOURS SPEED
SPEED 10

231,5 X 24 = 9, 645 DAY

0,645 X 24 =15, 48 HOURS
0,48 X 60 = 28, 8 MINUTE
 (9 DAY 15 + 3 HOURS 28 MINUTE) + 20 FEBRUARI 2018 08.00 AM
2 MARCH 2018 02.28 AM

16. – LOA LENGTH OVER ALL PANJANG KESELURUHAN KAPAL DIUKUR DARI UJUNG BURITAN SAMPAI
UJUNG HALUAN
- LPB LENGTH BETWEEN PERPENDICULAR JARAK ANTARA GARIS TEGAK BURITAN DAN GARIS TEGAK
HALUAN DIUKUR PADA GARIS AIR MUAT
- LWL LENGTH ON THE WATERLINE JARAK GARIS MUAT, DIUKUR DARI TITIK POTONG DENGAN
LINGGI HALUAN SAMPAI TITIK POTONG DENGAN LINGGI BURITAN DIUKUR PADA BAGIAN LUAR
LINGGI DEPAN DAN BELAKANG