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Sampling: Introduction To Digital Data Acquisition

The document discusses digital data acquisition through analog-to-digital conversion. It explains that the physical world is analog, while digital systems require measuring and controlling analog quantities. This is done through analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The document then discusses sampling rates, with higher sampling rates allowing waveforms to be more accurately represented digitally. It also covers the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, which states that the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency component of the analog signal to avoid aliasing.

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Aneek Biswas
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views9 pages

Sampling: Introduction To Digital Data Acquisition

The document discusses digital data acquisition through analog-to-digital conversion. It explains that the physical world is analog, while digital systems require measuring and controlling analog quantities. This is done through analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The document then discusses sampling rates, with higher sampling rates allowing waveforms to be more accurately represented digitally. It also covers the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, which states that the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency component of the analog signal to avoid aliasing.

Uploaded by

Aneek Biswas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Digital Data Acquisition:

Sampling

Physical world is analog

n  Digital systems need to


q  Measure analog quantities
n  Switch inputs, speech waveforms, etc
q  Control analog systems
n  Computer monitors, automotive engine control, etc
n  Analog-to-digital: A/D converter (ADC)
q  Example: CD recording
n  Digital-to-analog: D/A converter (DAC)
q  Example: CD playback

CSE466 1
A little background

n  For periodic waveforms, the duration of the waveform


before it repeats is called the period of the waveform

Frequency

n  the rate at which a regular vibration pattern repeats itself


(frequency = 1/period)

CSE466 2
Frequency of a Waveform

n  The unit for frequency is cycles/second, also called Hertz


(Hz).
n  The frequency of a waveform is equal to the reciprocal of
the period.

Frequency of a Waveform

n  Examples:
frequency = 10 Hz
period = .1 (1/10) seconds

frequency = 100 Hz
period = .01 (1/100) seconds

frequency = 261.6 Hz (middle C)


period = .0038226 (1/ 261.6) seconds

CSE466 3
Waveform Sampling
n  To represent waveforms in digital systems, we
need to digitize or sample the waveform.

•  side effects of digitization:


•  introduces some noise
•  limits the maximum upper frequency range

Sampling Rate

n  The sampling rate (SR) is the rate at which amplitude


values are digitized from the original waveform.

q  CD sampling rate (high-quality):


SR = 44,100 samples/second
q  medium-quality sampling rate:
SR = 22,050 samples/second
q  phone sampling rate (low-quality):
SR = 8,192 samples/second

CSE466 4
Sampling Rate

n  Higher sampling rates


allow the waveform to be
more accurately
represented

Digital Data Acquisition

n  Data Representation - Digital vs. Analog


n  Analog-to-Digital Conversion
n  Number Systems
q  Binary Numbers
q  Binary Arithmetic
n  Sampling & Aliasing

CSE466 5
Analog-to-Digital Conversion

n  Converts analog voltages to binary integers.


Sampling
Binary
Analog
ADC Integers
Voltage
(0s & 1s)
1.5

0.5
Voltage

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

•  ADC calibration
Integer
Code 7
6
5
4
Calibration
Curve 3
( 3 bit ADC) 2
1
0 Analog
Voltage
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

CSE466 6
Analog-to-Digital Conversion

n  Input Range


q  Unipolar: ( 0, VADCMAX )
q  Bipolar: ( -VADCMAX , +VADCMAX ) (Nominal Range)
q  Clipping:
If |VIN| > |VADCMAX|, then |VOUT| = |VADCMAX|

VADCMAX
time

-VADCMAX

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

n  Quantization Interval (Q)


q  n bit ADC, the input range is divided into 2n-1 intervals.

q  3 bit ADC: VADCMAX − VADC min


Q=
2n − 1
Integer Integer
Code 7 Code 7
6 6
5 5
4 4

3 3
2 2
1 1
0 Analog 0 Analog
Voltage Voltage
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 -2 -1.5 -1.0 -.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

CSE466 7
Analog-to-Digital Conversion

n  Voltage to Integer Code


q  n bit ADC
Q VIN
Voltage: VADCmin VADCMAX

Code: 0 2n-1
-2n-1 2n-1-1
Positive Coding: Positive and Negative Coding:
⎡ V − VADC min ⎤ ⎡ V ⎤
Code = Round ⎢ IN ⎥ Code = Round ⎢ IN ⎥
⎣ Q ⎦ ⎣ Q ⎦

Why A/D-conversion?

Analog Analog
Analog signal ADC DAC signal Analog
input processing Processing output

Digital signal processing


Single chip

n  Signals are analog by nature •  ADC bottle necks:


n  ADC necessary for DSP •  Dynamic range
n  Digital signal processing •  Conversion speed
provides: •  Power consumption
q  Close to infinite SNR

q  Low system cost

q  Repetitive system

CSE466 8
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem

n  The sampling rate must be equal to, or


greater than, twice the highest frequency
component in the analog signal.

n  Stated differently:


n  The highest frequency which can be
accurately represented is one-half of the
sampling rate.

Nyquist Theorem and Aliasing

n  Nyquist Theorem:


We can digitally represent only frequencies up
to half the sampling rate.

q  Example:
CD: SR=44,100 Hz
Nyquist Frequency = SR/2 = 22,050 Hz

q  Example:
SR=22,050 Hz
Nyquist Frequency = SR/2 = 11,025 Hz

CSE466 17

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