WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING-I

ASSIGNMENT-I

KOYNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

GADALE SAIKUMAR
1005-17-732014
BE (III/IV) SEMESTER-V
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 KOYNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

KOYNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

The Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the biggest finished hydroelectric force plant
in India. It is an intricate undertaking with four dams including the biggest dam on the
Koyna River known as the Koyna Dam thus the name Koyna Hydroelectric Project. The
task site is in Satara region close Patan. The town Helwak close to the dam was later
known as Koyna nagar. The aggregate limit of the undertaking is 1,960 MW. The venture
comprises of four phases of force era. Every one of the generators is situated in
underground powerhouses unearthed profound inside the mountains of the Western
Ghats. A dam foot powerhouse additionally adds to the power era. Because of the task's
power creating potential the Koyna River is considered as the life line of Maharashtra.
The undertaking exploits the stature of Western Ghats. In this way an extensive
pressure driven head is accessible over a short separation yet a few restrictions ought to
be overcome by filling of fake water stores in questionable condition like tremor. Dam-
supply collaboration is broke down utilizinglimited component approach.

KOYNA DAM SHIVA SAGAR LAKE

Koyna Dam is a rubble solid dam 103.02 m high over the most profound
establishment level, and 85.35 m high above River Bed. It has an aggregate length of
807.22 m. It is built crosswise over stream Koyna, which is a noteworthy a tributary of
River Krishna. The dam is situated close town Deshmukhwadi in Patan Tahasil in Satara
District of Maharashtra State of India. The Dam is established on basalt rock. Koyna is
one of the major Hydro Electric Projects in the Country. The dam seizes 2980.34 MCum
water to produce 1960 MW power. With particular maintainable improvement
ecological comprise variables influencing to oversee perspectives like characteristic
assets, contamination control, versatility and dam security.
The project takes advantage of the height of Western Ghats. Thus a very
large hydraulic head is available over a very short distance.

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HISTORY
In the early 20th century, there was a survey of the Koyna River as a potential hydro-
electric source. After the First World War, a hydro-electric project on the Koyna river
was investigated by the Tata Group. The 1928 financial crisis caused the project to be
shelved. After the independence of India, it was taken over by the Government of
Maharashtra. In 1951 Koyna Dam division started to look into the project. The project
was approved in 1953 and work commenced in early 1954. The second stage of the
project was made using a World Bank loan.

DESCRIPTION
The project is composed of four dams with the major contributors being the
Koyna Dam and Kolkewadi Dam. The water from Shivasagar reservoir was formed by the
Koyna Dam and is used in the 1st, 2nd and 4th stages. This water is drawn from head
race tunnels situated below the reservoir. Then it travels through vertical pressure
shafts to the underground powerhouses. The discharged water from these stages is
collected and stored in Kolkewadi Dam situated near village of Alore. The water is drawn
from the penstocks of Kolkewadi Dam to an underground power station in the 3rd stage
and then discharged to the Arabian Sea.

The electricity generated in all the stages is delivered to the main electrical grid.
The project is run by the Maharashtra State Electricity Board.

Stage Unit number Installed capacity (MW) Date of commissioning Status

Stage I 1 70 1962 May Running [3]

Stage I 2 70 1962 August Running

Stage I 3 70 1963 January Running

Stage I 4 70 1963 February Running

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Stage Unit number Installed capacity (MW) Date of commissioning Status

Stage II 5 80 1967 June Running

Stage II 6 80 1966 November Running

Stage II 7 80 1966 June Running

Stage II 8 80 1966 March Running

Stage III 9 80 1975 July Running

Stage III 10 80 1976 January Running

Stage III 11 80 1977 May Running

Stage III 12 80 1977 Running

Stage IV 13 250 1981 Running

Stage IV 14 250 1981 Running

Stage IV 15 250 1981 Running

Stage IV 16 250 1981 Running [4]

Besides this dam foot powerhouse part of power plant also produces 40 MW
through two generating units of 20 MW each, totalling 1960 MW. Details of each stage
are given below.
Stage 1 and 2

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The first stage of the project was approved in late 1953 and construction began
in early 1954. Initially a two-stage construction was conceived. But the total generation
capacity of the two stages was too large for load forecasts of that time. So a time lag of
more than 10 years was proposed between the two stages. Within two years thereafter,
it came to be noticed that the 10 years time tag between these two stages will not be
affordable and to cope up with the power requirements, the two stages should be
merged and both the stages should be constructed simultaneously. Hence, it was
accepted that the two stages have to be executed as one.

HEAD RACE TUNNEL OUTDOOR SWITCH YARD

The 1st and 2nd stages share same powerhouse with total eight Pelton turbine
units. Each of the two stages has four turbines having capacity of 65 MW each for 1st
stage and 75 MW each for 2nd stage. The water from Shivasagar reservoir is taken
through an intake structure known as Navja tower near village of Navja into the head
race tunnel. Then it travels towards the surge tank. It is further divided into four
pressure shafts which run vertically downward delivering water to the turbines. Then
the water is discharged into the tail race tunnel.
A dam foot powerhouse was also constructed which is used to generate
electricity by the water which is discharged from the Koyna Dam for irrigation purpose.
It has two Francis turbine units of 20 MW each. This powerhouse is run according to the
irrigation requirements of the downstream areas. The combined installed capacity of
the two stages and the dam foot powerhouse is 600 MW.
Stage 3
Initially a weir was proposed to divert the water coming out of tail race tunnel of
Stage I and II. But it was later observed that the water still had a hydraulic head of about
120 m which could be used. To use this head, the Kolkewadi Dam was constructed at
this location. It forms a balancing reservoir and maintains the head. This dam impounds
the tail race water from Stage I and II. This water is drawn through penstocks and
electricity is generated by four Francis turbine units with a capacity of 80 MW each. The
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tail race water from these stages then flows through a channel and joins the Arabian Sea
near Chiplun. The installed generating capacity of this stage is 320 MW.
Stage 4
Later in the 1980s, the electricity demand of the Maharashtra increased
tremendously resulting in inadequate power supply. The Planning Commission accorded
approval to Stage IV with installation capacity of 4 × 250 MW. Thus, one more stage
called Stage IV was added to power system of Stages I and II, thus converting the Koyna
Power Station into a peaking power station complex with load factor of about 18.7%.
This scheme also draws water from the existing Shivasagar reservoir same as Stages I
and II.
A nonconventional intake system was created by piercing the lake from the
bottom by blasting the rock plug using dynamite. [5] This double lake tapping process
was the first of its kind in Asia. [6] The water in head race tunnel is directly drawn from
the reservoir and delivered to the head surge tank. Then four pressure shafts take the
water downward vertically. The four huge Francis turbine units of 250 MW each
generate electricity and tail race water is taken into the Kolkewadi Dam reservoir
through tail race tunnel. A revolutionary gas insulated switchgear system is used in the
underground powerhouse of this stage.
The installed capacity of this stage alone is 1000 MW. This stage is mostly used to
cater for the peak hour demands of the electric grid.

FEATURES
 This is the largest completed hydroelectric project in India.
 The water used for generation of electricity joins the Arabian Sea near Chiplun
while the water which discharges through the spillways of the dam in monsoon
season joins the Bay of Bengal through the Krishna River.
 The process of double lake tapping was the first of its kind in Asia.
 All the components of the project such as powerhouses, head race and tail race
tunnels, pressure shafts are constructed underground. The modern gas insulated
switchgear system is used in 4th stage of the project.

FUTURE PLANS
To utilise more water from the Shivasagar reservoir, another dam foot
powerhouse is being constructed on the left bank of the dam. This powerhouse will
employ a pumped storage scheme. Also lake tapping is proposed for the intake system

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TOURISM
The impounded water of the Koyna Dam though has submerged a significant
amount of rain forest of the Western Ghats, it has helped a lot to the surrounding forest
by supplying water all round the year. Hence a wide biodiversity of plants and animals is
observed in the evergreen forest surrounding the reservoir area.
WILD LIFE SANTUARY
Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary has dense forests with three major sections, Vasota,
Maharkhor and Indavli Met, and the sanctuary is endowed with natural protective
boundaries – Shivasagar Lake on one side, and the slopes of the Western Ghats on both
the sides. This protective cover has enabled the emergence of a diverse variety of flora
and fauna in the sanctuary. Some of the endangered species of trees found in the
sanctuary are Dhup (Boswellia serrata), Euphorbia longan, and Elaeocarpus spp., apart
from many other species of trees. The sanctuary has a diverse variety of fauna including
tigers and panthers; gaurs and sambars; barking and mouse deer; pythons and cobras;
common langurs and Indian giant squirrels. Many species of birds are found in the
sanctuary including brown capped woodpecker; Asian fairy bluebird; and crested
goshawk. Another attraction of the sanctuary is Vasota Fort which lies deep in the forest
and is located at a height of 1,120 m (3,675 ft) above sea level. The legend states that
the fort was constructed by Malwa king Raja Bhoja in 1170.

A PART OF EVERGREEN FOREST OZARDA FALLS

IN SURROUNDING AREA OF PROJECT
When the project work was almost nearing completion, on 10 April 1960, the
then Prime Minister of India Pdt. Jawaharlal Nehru visited Koyna Project. To
commemorate this event a tablow was unveiled at his gracious hands on the right flank
hillock of Koyna Dam. This project came up with an idea of immortalising this place and
this event by constructing a beautiful park and naming it as "Nehru Memorial Park". This

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park is a major attraction for tourists. An upstream side view of dam is visible from this
garden. There is an auditorium named 'Yashogatha' (meaning: story of success) which
reviles a small element of the tremendous efforts taken by the engineers and workers
associated with project. It is one of the most beauty in satara. & success of india.
NEHRU MEMORIAL PARK
When the project work was almost nearing completion, on 10 April 1960, the
then Prime Minister of India Pdt. Jawaharlal Nehru visited Koyna Project. To
commemorate this event a tablow was unveiled at his gracious hands on the right flank
hillock of Koyna Dam. This project came up with an idea of immortalising this place and
this event by constructing a beautiful park and naming it as "Nehru Memorial Park". This
park is a major attraction for tourists. An upstream side view of dam is visible from this
garden. There is an auditorium named 'Yashogatha' (meaning: story of success) which
reviles a small element of the tremendous efforts taken by the engineers and workers
associated with project. It is one of the most beauty in satara. & success of india.
OZORDO FALLS
Due to the large rainfall in the hilly region surrounding the reservoir, some beautiful falls
are generated in the monsoon season. The largest of them is the Ozarda falls near
Navaja village 10 km from Koyna. This is also a major attraction for tourists visiting in
monsoon season.

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