which at least one part conforms is denoted as E1.

Then,

The event in which both parts do not conform, denoted as E2, contains only the single outcome, E2 =
{nn}. Other examples of events are E3 = Ø, the null set, and E4 = S, the sample space. If E5 = {yn, ny, nn},

ENGG   319  
Practical Assignment  
Interpretation: Eventsoare
ne  used
  to define outcomes of interest from a random experiment. One is
often interested in the probabilities of specified events.
To   be  hConsider
2-101. anded  in  
theaendothermic
t  the  beginning  
reactions of  in
your  lecture  
Exercise 2-50. o n  O
Let A ctober  
denote the 3  event that a reaction final
temperature is 271 K or less. Let B denote the event that the heat absorbed is above target.
  Determine the following probabilities.
2-24. In light-dependent photosynthesis, light quality refers to the wavelengths of light that are
important. The wavelength of a sample of photosynthetically active radiations (PAR) is measured
(a) P(A|B)
to the nearest nanometer. The red range is 675–700 nm and the blue range is 450–500 nm. Let A
EXAMPLE
denote(b)the
P(A!|B)
2-7
event that PAR occurs in the red range and let B denote the event that PAR occurs in the
(c) P(A|B!)
blue range. Describe the sample space and indicate each of the following events:
Measurements of the thickness of a plastic connector might be modeled with the sample space S = R+,
(d) P(B|A)
(a) A
the set of positive real numbers. Let
(b) B
Answer:
(c) A ! B
Then, (a) 0.6087
(d) A B
(b) 0.3913  
  (c) 0.5
2-25.
and In control replication, cells are replicated over a period of two days. Not until mitosis is completed
  can freshly
(d) 0.5synthesized DNA be replicated again. Two control mechanisms have been identified—
  one positive and one negative. Suppose that a replication is observed in three cells. Let A denote
Also, the event that all cells are identified as positive and let B denote the event that all cells are negative.
2-102. Consider the hospital emergency room data in Example 2-8. Let A denote the event that a visit is
Describe the sample space graphically and display each of the following events:
to Hospital 4 and let B denote the event that a visit results in LWBS (at any hospital). Determine
the
(a)following
A probabilities.
and
(b)(a)B P(A|B)
(c)(b)A P(A!|B)
!B
(d)(c)A P(A|B!)
B

(d) P(B|A)
Answer:  
 
2-103.Let P denotethe
Consider being
wellpositive
failure and
datalet
in N denote 2-53.
Exercise being negative. The sample space is {PPP, PPN, PNP,
EXAMPLE
NPP, PNN,2-8
NPN,Hospital
NNP, NNN}.Emergency Visits
(a) What is the probability of a failure given there are more than 1000 wells in a geological
(a) A table
The following = {PPP}
summarizes visits to emergency departments at four hospitals in Arizona. People
formation?
may leave (b)without being seen by a physician, and those visits are denoted as LWBS. The remaining visits
B = {NNN}
are serviced(b)at What is the probability
the emergency of aand
department, failure
the given
visitorthere aremay
may or fewer
notthan 500 wells
be admitted forinaastay
geological
in the
hospital. (c) ABformation?
!B=∅
(d) A B = {PPP, NNN}
Answer:
Hospital
2-26. Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch and shock resistance. The
(a) 0.0987
results from 100 disks are summarized below:
(b) 0.0650
1 2 3 4 Total
shock resistance
2-104. An article in the The Canadian Entomologist1 (Harcourt
2 et al.,4 1977,Total
3 22,252 Vol. 109, pp. 1521–1534) studied
Total 5292 6991 5640 4329high low
the life of the alfalfa weevil from eggs to adulthood. The following table shows the number of
larvae that survived Total
LWBS at
195each stage
scratch
5292 6991 5640
270 of development
246high 242 70
4329 to22,252
from eggs
9539 adults.
LWBS resistance 195 low270 16 246 2425 953
Admitted Eggs 1277 Early
Admitted
1558
Larvae 666
Late 984
Larvae 4485
Pre-pupae
1277 1558 666 984 Late
4485Pupae Adults
Let A denote the event that a disk has high shock resistance, and let B denote the event that a disk
Not
has highadmitted 421 3820
scratch resistance. 5163 the
412
Not admitted
Determine 4728 306 3103
3820number
5163 of472816,814
disks
453103
in 16,814
A ! B,
35
A", and A B.
31

2-27. Samples of a cast aluminum part are classified on the basis of surface finish (in microinches) and
et A denote the eventLet A denote
that a visit
(a)
the
is event that a visit
to Hospital
What 1 is to Hospital
and let 1 and let
B survives
denote B denote
the event the event
that thethat the result
result of theof the visit
visit is is
LWBS.edge finish.
Calculate the is
The the probability
results
number of
of100 an
parts
outcomes egg
are
in summarized to
A ! B, A", andan
as adult?
Afollows:
B.
WBS. Calculate the number of(b)outcomes
What is the inprobability
A ! B, A",ofand A toB.adult given survival to the late larvae stage?
survival
The event (c)
A!B consists
What stageofhas
thethe
195lowest
visits to Hospital 1of
probability that edge finish
result
survival in LWBS.
to the nextThe event A" consists of the
stage?
he event A ! B consists of to
visits the 195 visits
Hospitals 2, 3, to
andHospital 1 that
4 and contains result
6991 + 5640in+ LWBS. The visits.
4329 = 16,690
excellent good
eventTheA"event
consists
A Bof the of
consists
sits to Hospitals 2, 3,the
and visits to Hospital
4 and contains1 or6991
the visits that result
+ 5640 + 4329in LWBS,
= 16,690or both, andThe
visits. contains
event5292A+ 270B +consists
246 + 242of=
6050 visits. Notice that the last resultsurface
can also excellent
be calculated as
80the number
2 of visits in A plus the number
e visits to Hospital 1 oforvisits
the invisits that result in LWBS, or both, and contains 5292 + 270 + 246 + 242 =
B minus the number of visits A ! B (that would otherwise be counted twice) = 5292 + 953 - 195
50 visits. Notice that=the last result can also be calculated finish good
as the number 10 of visits
8 in A plus the number
6050.
visits in B minus the number of visits A ! B (that would otherwise be counted twice) = 5292 + 953 - 195
6050. Practical Interpretation: Hospitals track visits that result in LWBS to understand resource needs and to
improve patient services.
 
actical Interpretation: Hospitals track visits that result in LWBS to understand resource needs and to
mprove patient services.
Diagrams are often used to portray relationships between sets, and these diagrams are also used to describe
relationships between events. We can use Venn diagrams to represent a sample space and events in a sample
space. For example, in Fig. 2-8(a) the sample space of the random experiment is represented as the points in the
rectangle S. The events A and B are the subsets of points in the indicated regions. Figs. 2-8(b), 2-8(c), 2-8(d)
 (a) Determine the probability that a failure is due to induced substance.
(b) Determine the probability that a failure is due to disease or infection.

2-113. A batch of 25 injection-molded parts contains five that have suffered excessive shrinkage.

(a) If two parts are selected at random, and without replacement, what is the probability that
the second part selected is one with excessive shrinkage?
  (b) If three parts are selected at random, and without replacement, what is the probability that
the third part selected is one with excessive shrinkage?
 
  Answer:
  (a) 0.2
  (b) 0.2
 
2-114. A lot of 100 semiconductor chips contains 20 that are defective.

(a) Two are selected, at random, without replacement, from the lot. Determine the probability
that the second chip selected is defective.
(b) Three are selected, at random, without replacement, from the lot. Determine the
probability that all are defective.
 
  2-115. An article in the British Medical Journal [“Com parison of Treatment of Renal Calculi by Operative
  Surgery, Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy” (1986, Vol.
82, pp. 879–892)] provided the following discussion of success rates in kidney stone removals.
  Open surgery had a success rate of 78% (273/350) while a newer method, percutaneous
  nephrolithotomy (PN), had a success rate of 83% (289/350). This newer method looked better, but
  the results changed when stone diameter was considered. For stones with diameters less than two
centimeters, 93% (81/87) of cases of open surgery were successful compared with only 83%
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Answer:
  (a) 0.00003
  (b) 0.00024
  (c) 0.00107
 
2-136. The following circuit operates if and only if there is a path of functional devices from left to right.
The probability that each device functions is as shown. Assume that the probability that a device
is functional does not depend on whether or not other devices are functional. What is the
probability that the circuit operates?

 
  2-137. The following circuit operates if and only if there is a path of functional devices from left to right.
  The probability each device functions is as shown. Assume that the probability that a device
functions does not depend on whether or not other devices are functional. What is the probability
  that the circuit operates?
 
 
 
 
 
 
Answer:
 
0.9702
2-138. Consider the endothermic reactions in Exercise 2-50. Let A denote the event that a reaction final
temperature is 271 K or less. Let B denote the event that the heat absorbed is above target. Are
these events independent?
2-139. Consider the hospital emergency room data in Example 2-8. Let A denote the event that a visit is
to Hospital 4 and let B denote the event that a visit results in LWBS (at any hospital). Are these
 visit is to Hospital 1 and let B denote the event that a visit results in admittance to any hospital.
Determine the number of persons in each of the following events.

(a) A ! B
(b) A"
(c) Answer:
A B
  (d) 0.2540
A B"
(e) Consider
2-152. A" ! B" the well failure data in Exercise 2-53. Use Bayes' Theorem to calculate the probability
that a randomly selected well is in the gneiss group given that the well is failed.
2-53. 2-153.
An article
Twoin Thecolors
Web Journal areofused
DataforScience [“A StatisticalIfAnalysis
a site advertisement. of Well
a site visitor Failures
arrives from an inaffiliate,
Baltimore the
County” Answer:
probabilities
(2009, Vol. of 7,
thepp.
blue or green provided
111–127)] colors are 0.8
theand 0.2, respectively.
following If thefailures
table of well site visitor
for arrives
differentfrom
a search
geological(a) site,
formation the blue and green colors are 0.4 and 0.6, respectively. The proportions of visitors
0.18143 groups in Baltimore County.
from affiliates and search sites are 0.3 and 0.7, respectively. What is the probability that a visitor is
from(b) 0.005976
a search site given that the blue ad was viewed?
(c) 0.86494
Wells
Answer:
2-166. Samples of a cast aluminum part are classified on the basis of surface finish (in microinches) and
0.5 Geological Formation Group Failed Total
length mea surements. The results of 100 parts are summarized as follows:
Gneiss 170 1685
length
Granite 2 28
excellent good
Loch raven schist 443 3733
surface excellent 80 2
Mafic 14 363
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.good
finish 10 8
Marble 29 309
Let A denote the event that a sample has excellent surface finish, and let B denote the event that a
Prettyboy
sample has excellent length. Are schist
events A and B independent?60 1403
2-167. An optical storage device Other schists
uses an error recovery procedure46 933 an immediate
that requires
satisfactory readback of any written data. If the readback is not successful after three writing
Serpentine 3 39
operations, that sector of the disk is eliminated as unacceptable for data storage. On an acceptable
portion the
Let A denote of the disk,that
event thethe
probability of aformation
geological satisfactory readback
has is 0.98.
more than Assume
1000 wells the
andreadbacks are the
let B denote
independent. What is the probability that an acceptable portion of the disk
event that a well failed. Determine the number of wells in each of the following events. is eliminated as
unacceptable for data storage?  
  (a) Answer:
A!B
  (b) A"
  0.000008
(c) A B
2-168. Semiconductor lasers used in optical storage products require higher power levels for write
(d) A B"
operations than for read operations. High-power-level operations lower the useful life of the laser.
(e) A" ! B"
Lasers in products used for backup of higher-speed magnetic disks primarily write, and the
Answer:
probability that the useful life exceeds five years is 0.95. Lasers that are in products that are used
for main storage spend approximately an equal amount of time reading and writing, and the
(a) probability
673 that the useful life exceeds five years is 0.995. Now, 25% of the products from a
(b) manufacturer
1672 are used for backup and 75% of the products are used for main storage.
(c) Let
6915
A denote the event that a laser's useful life exceeds five years, and let B denote the event that a
(d) laser
8399is in a product that is used for backup.
(e) Use
1578a tree diagram to determine the following:

(a) P(B)
(b) P(A|B)
(c) P(A|B")
(d) P(A ! B)
(e) P(A ! B")
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.
(f) P(A)
(g) What is the probability that the useful life of a laser exceeds five years?
(h) What is the probability that a laser that failed before five years came from a product used
for backup?
 
2-169. Energy released from three cells breaks the molecular bond and converts ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) into ADP (adenosine diphosphate). Storage of ATP in muscle cells (even for an