LABORATORY REPORT

SKO 3013: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

ID NUMBER AND NAME 1. MOHD HAFIZ AIMAN BIN ABDULLAH

2. MUHAMMAD FAIRUZ BIN MOHAMAD HANAFI

LECTURER PROFESOR MADYA DR. SARIPAH SALBIAH BINTI

TITLE Solubility Tests

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science and Mathematics
UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS
Experiment 3: Solubility Tests

Objective

Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to:

1. Classify the unknown compound as acid, base and neutral.

Introduction

The solubility of a solute (a dissolved substance) in a solvent (the dissolving medium) is the

most important chemical principle underlying three major techniques you will study in the

organic chemistry laboratory: crystallization, extraction, and chromatography. In this

experiment on solubility you will gain an understanding of the structural features of a

substance that determine its solubility in various solvents. This understanding will help you to

predict solubility behavior and to understand the techniques that are based on this property.

In one part of this experiment, you will determine whether a solid organic compound is soluble

or insoluble in a given solvent. You should keep in mind that this is actually an over

simplification since some solids may be partially soluble in a given solvent. If the organic

compound being dissolved in a solvent is a liquid, then it is sometimes more appropriate to

say that the compound and the solvent are miscible (mix homogeneously in all proportions).

Likewise, if the liquid organic compound is insoluble in the solvent, then they are immiscible

(do not mix, and form two liquid phases).

A major goal of this experiment is to learn how to make predictions about whether or not a

substance will be soluble in a given solvent. This is not always easy to do, even for an

experienced chemist. However there are some guidelines which will often make it possible for

you to make a good guess about the solubilities of compounds in specific solvents.

Chemicals

Distilled water
5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

5% sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)

5% hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Concentrated sulphuric acid 3M

Amine, phenol, carboxylic acid, alkane, alkene, aldehyde

Sample X

Apparatus

Test tubes

Result

Solubility (soluble or Insoluble)

Alkane Alkene Phenol Carboxylic Aldehyde Amine Sample Alcohol

acid X

Water Insoluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Insoluble Soluble Soluble Soluble

NaOH Insoluble Insoluble Soluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

H2SO4 Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

HCl Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

Questions

1. Why is it unnecessary to determine the pH of the remaining acid-base solubility tests?

If we test solution with pH paper, we can confirmed of its property either its belong to

acid or base but by conducting solubility test, we can identify acid and base based on

their solubility.
 2. Write a general chemical reaction(s) for any positive solubility tests result(s) that you

obtain for your unknown compound. Your reaction should demonstrate how any

organic compound with a specific functional group can dissolved/react in an aqueous

solution.

Sample X are able to dissolve in both basic and acidic solution. Sodium Hydroxide is

a strong that ionizes or weak acids. Carboxylic acid and phenol are converted into the

salts and dissolve in aqueous solution. The compound that is not acidic are not able to

dissolve.

Discussion

The solubility test was performed by dissolving different types of alcohols in four different

solutions. Alcohols are generally soluble in water, due to their polar characteristic. The polarity

is the result of the presence of the hydroxyl group, which makes hydrogen bonding between

other molecules possible. Due to the presence of the hydroxyl group, two regions are identified

in the alcohol. The hydrophilic region is where the hydroxyl group is located. Being polar, it is

attracted to water, which is also polar. The non-polar side of the alcohol is considered as the

hydrophobic region. Short chained alcohols are generally soluble (and miscible in water)

because of the short area of the hydrophobic region. As the length of the non-polar side

increases, the alcohols miscibility in water also decreases due to the increase in the

hydrophobic area. The alcohol will have difficulty mixing with water, due to the large area of

the hydrophobic region. Alcohols with 4 or less carbon atoms are generally soluble, while

longers chains are not.

The alkane not soluble in water because alkanes have relatively predictable physical

properties and undergo relatively few chemical reactions other than combustion, they serve

as a basis of comparison for the properties of many other organic compound families. Alkane

molecules are nonpolar, they are insoluble in water, which is a polar solvent, but are soluble

in nonpolar and slightly polar solvents. Consequently, alkanes themselves are commonly used

as solvents for organic substances of low polarity, such as fats, oils, and waxes. Nearly all
alkanes have densities less than 1.0 g/mL and are therefore less dense than water (the density

of H2O is 1.00 g/mL at 20°C). These properties explain why oil and grease do not mix with

water but rather float on its surface.

The solubility of an aldehyde or ketone is a competition between its polar "head" and

its nonpolar "tail". Small aldehydes and ketones are miscible with water in all proportions,

because they can form hydrogen bonds with water. However, solubility decreases with chain

length, because the hydrocarbon "tails" of the molecules have to force themselves between

water molecules. They have to break the strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules

without replacing them with anything as good. This makes the process energetically less

favourable, so solubility decreases. If you define "soluble" as "greater than 1 g/100 mL", the

dividing line is between five and six carbon atoms.

Conclusion

The results obtained from this procedure were used to make a solubility table. This is important

in order to know which solvent can be classify as compound acid, base and neutral. The

solubility of the solutes was specifically found by recording how much solvent it took to dissolve

that particular solute. This is important to know how much solvent was needed for the

particular fraction of solute in the mixture to be dissolved.

1. Acidity and basicity

http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/useful/acidbase.html

2. Functional group

http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/WebContent/orgnom/functional/func.html