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Mango, Orange and Mandarin Peels Oleoresins to Prepare Natural and Healthy
Instant Flavor Drinks

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DOI: 10.21608/scuj.2017.6653

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 Journal of Food Sciences; Suez Canal University, 2017

Mango, Orange and Mandarin Peels Oleoresins to Prepare Natural and Healthy
Instant Flavor Drinks
Mohamed R. Masoud and Eshak M. El-Hadidy*
Food Technol. Research Inst., Agric. Research Center, Giza-Egypt
Received: 7/5/2017

Abstract: Mango and citrus are major processed fruits in Egypt that results in large quantities of wastes and by-
products rich in various bioactive components such as water soluble and insoluble antioxidants and essential oils.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to produce instant flavor drinks from oleoresins which obtained from fruit
industry wastes (mango, orange and mandarin peels). Fruit peels are natural sources for dietary antioxidants and flavor.
Mango, orange and mandarin peels industrial by-products contains many nutritionally and economically valuable
components. These by-products from juice processing industries have significant exploitation potential. Therefore, the
present study carried out on different instant flavor drinks which were prepared as mango, orange and mandarin peels
oleoresin in 20, 40 60, 80 and 100 mg/100 g formulas to produce natural and healthy instant fruit peels flavor drinks
compared to commercial products. These formulas evaluated for physico-chemical properties, antioxidants contents and
their activities, volatile oil fractions and sensory evaluation. The obtained results indicated that antioxidant activity of
mandarin peels oleoresin due to it is high phenolic compounds content (50.51±2.41mg/g) and vitamin C (1.30±0.06
mg/g). While, total flavonoids contents (5.66±0.21 mg/g) for mango peels oleoresin showed the second level for tested
peels oleoresin antioxidant activity, also mango oleoresin has high content of in carotenoids (12.53±0.43 mg/g).
Mandarin peels which have the significant content of volatile oil (1.92±0.23g/100g), comparing to orange and mango
oleoresin peels. Mango peels oleoresin has higher content in α-pienene, terpinolene, myrcene and β-pienene than other
fractions (12.82, 3.14, 2.30 and 1.54%, respectively) Also, the major compound in orange then mandarin peels oleoresin
was limonene (85.80 and 52.67%, respectively). Camphor content has highest content in orange peels oleoresin
(3.62%). The most important aroma characteristic in mandarin peels oleoresin were 1,8-cineol (13.31%) followed by γ-
terpinene (11.02%) then E-β-ocimene (6.52%). Orange peels oleoresin has the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH
method (from 54.20 to 73.00%) in gradual concentrations followed by mango peels oleoresin (from 46.24 to 55.82%)
then mandarin peels oleoresin (from 33.92 to 52.02%). These data are due to that orange peels oleoresin is rich in
limonene and camphor, as well as carotenoids, flavonoids and vitamin C. Aroma in mandarin formula showed the
highest one and that was due to the quantity of volatile oil and quality of some volatile oil compounds. Mango and
orange peels oleoresin formulas gave also the highest evaluation in sensory acceptability which has been shown for the
aroma and flavor results may be due to the highest contents in flavonoids and carotenoids and volatile oil components.
Therefore, the use of mango, orange and mandarin oleoresins as natural flavors is better than commercial synthetic
flavorings.
Keywords: Fruit peels, oleoresin, physico-chemical properties, natural flavor, antioxidants content, sensory evaluation

INTRODUCTION Agroindustrial residue, such as seeds and peels

represents about 50% of the raw process fruit (Orozco et
Oleoresins are the concentrated liquids form
al., 2014). Orange peel represents approximately 30-40
plants containing volatile oil. They are obtained from
g/100g of the fresh fruit weight (Manjarres-Pinzon et
plant by extraction with aqueous and non-aqueous
al., 2013).
solvents followed by removal of the solvent by
By-products from citrus fruits contains large
evaporation (Chen and Huang, 2016). The advantages of
amounts of high added value compounds and show a
oleoresins, easy to stored and transported, more stable
variety of valuable biologically active compounds in the
when heated, more economical to use, easier to control
citrus by-products (polyphenols, carotenoids and
for quality and cleaner than the equivalent ground
essential oils). The polyphenols and carotenoids are
spices, free from contamination, concentrated form
known to have numerous health benefits, mostly
reduces storage space and bulk handling and transport
attributed to their antioxidant activity. It is important to
requirements and Longer shelf life due to minimal
note that the total content of polyphenols is higher in
oxidative degradation or loss of flavor.
citrus peels, which is commonly discarded (Abd El-
By-products remaining after fruits processing
ghfar et al., 2016). Also, essential oils are common in
have been a problem due to high transportation costs
peels, which is a natural source of volatile substances.
and limited availability of landfills, as these by-products
These uses of by-products therefore shows sustainable
have no commercial value, they are often disposed
environmental benefits combined with increased
unscrupulously. Improper disposal of mango peel waste
economic gains as well as the production of nutrition
may appreciably increase the environmental pollution
food that will improve the lives of consumes.
due to its rapid decay, eventually becoming a source of
Fruit peels are natural sources for dietary
insect multiplication. A high level of biological oxygen
antioxidants and flavor. In order to explore the potential
demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in
of fruit wastes as natural resources of bioactive
mango peel waste create a further problem in disposal
compounds, the antioxidant potency and total phenolic
(Puligundla et al., 2014).
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Volume 4 (1): 11-18
12 Masoud and El-Hadidy, 2017

contents (TPC) of lipophilic and hydrophilic glucopyranosides, γ-terpenyl-6-o-rutinosides and γ-

components in wastes of orange and mandarin were terpenyl-6-o-(-L-arabinofuranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosides.
evaluated (Casquete et al., 2015). Traditionally Also, Aroma compounds (aglycones) can be released
Mangifera indica has medicinal application. Many from glycosidically–bound compounds by enzymatic or
phenolic compounds have been detected in mango chemical reactions during maturation, storage, industrial
peels, barks, puree concentrate, leaves, pulps and seed pretreatment/processing (Wetungu et al., 2015). Mango
kernels. Also, fresh mango peel contains significant varieties differ in the amount and type of flavor
amount of moisture (70%) and it’s rich in pectin, compounds present which is dependent on their place of
cellulose, hemicelluloses, lipids, proteins, flavonoids origin, major and minor volatile components with the
and carotenoids (Ajila et al., 2007). latter being the key player in their aroma.
It is well established that polyphenol which is Commercial instant flavor drinks in local
rich in its fractions in peel extract could be used as market contained thickeners (sodium carboxy methyl
natural antioxidants and functional food or feed cellulose and gum Arabic), colors (Titanium dioxide,
supplements (Berardini et al., 2005). Mango peel is a tartrazine, sunset yellow, Allura red), sweetener
rich source for phenolic compounds, which exhibit (aspartame and acesulfame potassium), flavors contain
antioxidant activity (Palmeira et al., 2012). The major soya, phenylalanine and other components. Therefore,
phenolic compounds present in mango peel extract are this formula not be used for patients having phenyl
reported to be syringic acid, quercitin, mangiferin ketone urea, bean allergens, pregnant and lactating
pentoside and ellagic acid (Ajila et al., 2010). Peels are women and children under 3 years (Tuormaa, 1994).
good source of mangiferin (C-glucosyl xanthone), a Thus, this study aimed produce natural and health
heat-stable and pharmacologically active product in mango, orange and mandarin peels oleoresin.
phytochemical. In a study, yogurt fortified with Also, valorization of mango, orange and mandarin peels
supplementation of 10% of mango peel powder showed through different routes not only can increase the
a good texture, flavour and color characteristics and profitability of fruit processing industries, but also help
exhibited one month shelf life without adding reduce environmental pollution.
preservatives (Ruiz et al., 2011).
Adewole et al. (2014) observed that the use of MATERIALS AND METHODS
citrus peel as an economically valuable source of high-
Mango (Mangifera indica L.), bitter orange
added value compounds as it contains a significant
(Citus aurantium L.) and mandarin or tangerine (Citrus
various flavonoids, carotenoids, dietary fiber,
rectulata L.) peels were collected in company producing
polyphenols, ascorbic acid and essential oil.
juices in 6th October city, Egypt, then to be ready for
The aroma is one of the most significant and
oleoresin extraction.
decisive parameters of quality in the selection of a
Oleoresin preparation
product. Aroma compounds are present in raw foods in
Fresh peels samples extracted by Soxhlet
free volatile form and also as nonvolatile precursors
extraction with ethanol used by the manufacturer. Distill
such as substituted cysteine sulfoxides, thioglycosides,
of ethanol completely using high vacuum towards the
glycosides, carotenoids and cinnamic acid derivatives
end. This commercial method was applied as Indian
(Solis-Solis et al., 2007). The sugar moieties of
Standard (IS 7826:2003).
glycosidically-bound aroma volatiles, which have been
reported in mango, are γ-terpenyl-β-D- Formula preparation

Table (1): Formulas constituents (g/100g on dry weight basis) contained oleoresin peels compared to commercial products
Components Commercial product (g/100g) Oleoresin product (g/100g)

Sugars 67.5 g 67.5 g

1.5 g Gum Arabic 1.5 g Gum arabic
Fiber
1.5 g Carboxy methyl-cellulose 1.5 g Xanthan
Soy protein 1.4 g -
Vitamin C 0.9 mg 0.9 mg
29.6 g
Citric acid, tri-sodium citrate, salt,
2.3 g Trisodium citrate
tricalcium orthophosphate,
2.3 g Maltodextrin
maltodextrin.
Others 0.6 g Natural color (β- carotene)
Sweeteners mixture (Aspartame and
Acesulfame K)
Mango oleoresin
or Orange oleoresin
Color mixture (titanium dioxide,
or Mandarin oleoresin
tartrazine, sunset yellow and Allura red)
Flavor contains soy
Mango, Orange and Mandarin Peels Oleoresins to Prepare Natural and Healthy Instant Flavor Drinks 13

Physicochemical analysis Differences were tested for significance by using the

The pH of the mango, orange and mandarin ANOVA procedure, using a significance level of
peels oleoresin were measured using a pH meter P<0.05.
(HANNA, 8417H, Italy). Moisture and total acidity (as
citric acid) was determined by AOAC method (2000). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Total sugars was determined with phenol–sulphuric acid
The yields of oleoresin on fresh weight basis
method according to Masuko et al. (2005). The Total
for the three investigated waste peels are detrained and
soluble solids (TSS) value of the oleoresins products
the results are shown in Table (2). Orange peels were
were recorded by using rafractometer has range of 0-
the highest one in the yield of oleoresin (70.34 mg/g),
100oBrix (Bellingham-Stanley Lt., England). In each
then mango peels (46.26 mg/g),while mandarin was the
treatment, three readings were taken and their average
lowest one (24.82 mg/g).
value was expressed in °Brix.
Antioxidants content and its activity determination Table (2): Mango, orange and mandarin peels and its
Total polyphenolic contents were measured oleoresins yield on fresh weight basis
using Folin–Ciocalteu method described by Boligon et
al. (2009). Also, total flavonoids content as rutin was
Items Mango Orange Mandarin
determined by Pharmacopeia (1989). While, carotenoids
as β-carotene was determined according to Nagata and
Yamashita (1992). Ascorbic acid was determined Peels yield
according to the methods of Klein and Perry (1982). 17.50±2.52 22.70±1.14 30.25±3.25
%
Volatile oils were determined by International Standard
Organization method (ISO 6571: 2009). Oleoresin
The antioxidant activity of the oleoresin peels 46.26±3.50 70.34±8.55 25.82±2.81
yield mg/g
were evaluated by using the 1,1diphenylpicrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) assay described by Yen and Chen (1995). Values are means ± Standard deviation of triplicates
Essential oil fractionation by GC.MS
GC–flame ionization detection (FID) analyses Data in Table (3) show moisture, pH, titratible,
were performed on a Shimadzu system. Separations acidity, total sugars and total soluble solid contents in
were performed on 30-m ×0.25-mm i.d. ×0.25-µm film mango, orange and mandarin peels oleoresin formulas
thickness column. The temperature program was as compared with commercial products. Results indicated
follows: 50°C to 250°C at 3°C/min. The injection that, commercial products have highest contents in
volume was 1.0 µL, pressure was 102 kPa at constant moisture (2.60, 2.54 and 2.52%, respectively) compared
pressure, and carrier gas was Helium at 30 cm/s of to mango, orange and mandarin peels oleoresins
average linear velocity. The split ratio was 1:100. The products (2.21, 2.33 and 2.24%, respectively). Moisture
detector was set at 280°C (Mondello et al., 2004). contents in oleoresin products were also highest in
orange followed by mandarin then mango peels
Sensorial evaluation oleoresin. While, the pH value was the highest in
The sensory attributes of color, sweetness, commercial mango compared to mandarin and orange
aroma, flavor, consistency, and overall acceptability products (4.20, 3.91 and 3.88, respectively) than natural
were evaluated by 10 panelists when resolve 25 g (for oleoresin products. In parallel, pH value was decrease
each formula)/1 liter water (Ranganna, 2005). gradually in mango, orange then mandarin peels
Statistical analysis oleoresin (4.28, 4.10 and 4.02), respectively. In contrast,
The data were statistically analyzed using titratible acidity was increase gradually in mango,
SPSS program version 19 (2000). Means and standard mandarin then orange peels oleoresin (0.41, 0.38 and
deviations were determined using descriptive statistics. 0.37, respectively) formulas.

Table (3): Physico-chemical properties of mango, orange and mandarin peels oleoresin formulas compared to
commercial products (On dry weight basis).
Total titratible
Moisture Total sugars Total soluble solid
Items pH acidity
(%) (%) (oBrix)
(as citric acid)
Commercial 2.60± 0.06 4.20±0.07 0.42±0.01 80.70±0.09 96.00±0.19
Mango formula 2.21±0.04 4.28±0.10 0.41±0.02 78.10±0.12 93.20±0.21
Commercial 2.54±0.05 3.88±0.03 0.38±0.02 82.00±0.07 97.36±0.21
Orange formula 2.33±0.04 4.10±0.09 0.37±0.01 75.13±0.10 93.40±0.24
Commercial 2.52±0.04 3.91±0.08 0.39±0.02 81.55 ±0.011 89.46±0.18

Mandarin formula 2.24±0.04 4.02±0.10 0.38±0.01 75.32±0.16 87.13±0.23

Values are means of triplicates ± Standard deviation
14 Masoud and El-Hadidy, 2017

Total sugars content in commercial mango, Essential oil fractions

orange and mandarin products were the highest (80.70, The essential oil fractions of mango, orange
82.00 and 81.55%, respectively) compared to oleoresin and mandarin peels oleoresin were fractionated by GC-
formulas (78.10, 75.13 and 75.32%, respectively), this MS, the result was showed in Table (5).
may due to the addition of artificial color and aroma,
thus be compensated by sugar. Also, total soluble solid Table (5): Essential oil fractions in mango, orange and
(TSS) was higher in mango, orange and mandarin mandarin peels oleoresins (%)
commercial products (96.00, 97.36 and 89.46,
respectively) than oleoresin products due to the last Items Mango Orange Mandarin
products contained natural antioxidants components and
essential oil compounds.
α- Thruiene - 0.27 0.61
Generally, the physical properties such as
moisture content, pH, titratible acidity, total sugar and α-Pinene 12.82 0.53 0.98
Brix of oleoresin mango, orange and mandarin peels
were related to ease of reconstitution. Camphene 0.46 0.84 0.18
The bioactive components of mango, orange Subinene 0.35 0.29
and mandarin fresh peels oleoresin were tabulated in
Table (4). The antioxidative activity of mandarin peels β-Pinene 1.54 1.44 0.68
oleoresin must be retained for the observed high
phenolic compounds content (50.51±2.41mg/g) and Myrcene 2.30 0.82 1.33
vitamin C (1.30±0.06 mg/g) as mentioned in Table (4).
α-Terpinene 0.33 0.75 0.96
While, total flavonoids contents (5.66±0.21 mg/g) for
mango peels oleoresin showed the second level for ρ-Cymene 0.38 0.26 0.65
tested peels oleoresin oxidative activates, also mango
oleoresin was high in carotenoids (12.53±0.43 mg/g). Limonene 2.84 85.80 52.67
Mandarin which has the significant content of essential
oil (1.92±0.23 g/100g) comparing to orange and mango 1,8-Cineol - - 13.31
oleoresin peels, showed nine terpenoids in observable
Z- β-Ocimene 0.13 - -
contents (Table 5).These data were comply to Magda et
al. (2008), they found that, mandarin peel had the E-β-Ocimene - 0.10 6.52
highest in total phenol content as compared to orange
peels (Magda et al., 2008). Ghasemi et al. (2009) γ-Terpinene 0.26 0.38 11.02
reported the total phenolic contents of Citrus reticulate Cis-Sabinene
varieties peel powder in the range of 104.2-172.1 - 0.32 0.18
hydrate
mg/gallic acid.
Octanol - 0.09 1.12
Table (4): Antioxidant components of mango, orange
Terpinolene 3.14 0.98 0.13
and mandarin peels oleoresins (mg/g)
Linalool - 0.43 0.71
Items Mango Orange Mandarin
Camphor - 3.62 0.44

Total Terpinene-4-ol - 0.28 0.02

22.9±1.09 13.64±0.44 50.51±2.41
phenols
α-Terpinol - 0.36 1.06

citronellol - 0.14 0.05

Total
5.66±0.21 5.11±0.47 1.65±0.02
flavonoids Nerol - - 0.08

Carvacol - 0.16 0.10

Carotenoids 12.53±0.43 9.06±0.12 2.14±0.21 Α-Terpinyl

- 0.12 0.59
acetate
Geranyl acetate - 0.11 0.28

Vitamin C 1.02±0.03 1.22±0.10 1.30±0.06 Germacerene D - 0.11 0.17

Valencene 0.27 0.13 0.18

Essential oil Hexadecanol 0.28 - -

0.05±0.01 0.36±0.07 1.92±0.23
(g/100g)
2-Heptadecanoate 0.12 - -
Values are means of triplicates ± Standard deviation
Mango, Orange and Mandarin Peels Oleoresins to Prepare Natural and Healthy Instant Flavor Drinks 15

Mango peels oleoresin has higher content in α- Table (6): Antioxidant activities (%) in different
pienene, terpinolene, myrcene and β-pienene than other mango, orange and mandarin peels
fractions (12.82, 3.14, 2.30 and 1.54%, respectively) oleoresin concentration (DPPH method)
Also, the major compound in orange then mandarin
Oleoresin/
peels oleoresin was limonene (85.80 and 52.67%, Mango Orange Mandarin
mg
respectively). Camphor content was higher content in
orange than mandarin peels oleoresin (3.62 and 0.44%,
respectively). The most important aroma characteristic 20 46.24±4.54 54.20±5.20 33.92±4.32
in mandarin peels oleoresin were 1,8-cineol (13.31%)
followed by γ-terpinene (11.02%) then E-β-ocimene 40 48.50±5.20 58.55±7.43 38.24±3.25
(6.52%).
Conclusively, mandarin followed by mango
then orange peels oleoresins contained several essential 60 49.08±4.25 66.53±6.97 43.54±5.00
oil compounds. It’s worth to say that the chemical
structure has valuable effect at aroma for the effective 80 52.95±7.34 70.62±6.32 48.11±4.85
group and their location on the structure. That gives idea
to the valuable activity with the compound
concentration in the essential oils. 100 55.82±6.55 73.00±9.64 52.02±6.23
This data were adapted by Engel and Tressl
(1983), who found that Egyptian mango peels cultivar Values are means of triplicates ± Standard deviation.
typified by myrcene and limonene. While, limonene was
the one most abundant monoterpene, representing in Organoleptic evaluation
orange (Hashem et al., 2014). Mohamed et al. (2014) The organoleptic evaluations of oleoresins
also, identified components were thymol, α-pinene and from mango, orange and mandarin peels are shown in
γ-terpinene and linalool in mandarin volatile oils. Tables (7, 8 and 9).
Results in Table (7) revealed no significant
Antioxidant activities difference in color parameter between formulas
The antioxidant activities of different mango, contained to 80 and 100 mg mango peels oleoresin and
orange and mandarin peels oleoresin are presented in commercial formula (8.95, 9.16 and 9.30, respectively).
Table (6). The antioxidant activity for all oleoresin The maximum score for aroma and flavor were found in
increase gradually by increase oleoresin concentration mango peels oleoresin products contained 80 and 100
from 20 to 100 mg oleoresin in different materials. mg/100 g (9.15 and 9.32; 9.22 and 9.35, respectively),
Orange peels oleoresin has the highest antioxidant whereas the minimum score was observed in same
activity (from 54.20 to 73.00%) in gradual products which contained 20 and 40 mg/100 g mango
concentrations followed by mango peels oleoresin peels oleoresin. While, in Table (7) showed no
(from 46.24 to 55.82%) then mandarin peels oleoresin significant difference between all mangos peels
(from 33.92 to 52.02%). These data may be due to that oleoresin formulas to commercial products in sweetness
orange peels oleoresin is rich in limonene and camphor, and consistency.
also carotenoids, flavonoids and vitamin C.

Table (7): Organoleptic evaluation mango peels oleoresin products (mg/100g) compared with commercial products
Overall
Items Color Sweetness Aroma Flavor Consistency
acceptability

Commercial 9.30± 0.24a 9.25±0.12a 8.92±0.26a 8.20±1.25ab 9.50±0.58a 9.25±0.99a

20 7.22±0.76c 8.94±0.20a 7.36±0.23c 7.45±2.05c 9.45±0.43a 8.36±1.02ab

40 7.98±0.92b 8.96±0.22a 8.40±0.53ab 7.99±1.98c 9.44±0.23a 8.55±1.43ab

60 8.00±1.02b 9.12±0.28a 8.86±0.70ab 8.54±0.88ab 9.43±0.38a 8.90±0.86ab

80 8.95±0.72a 9.15±0.24a 9.15±0.17a 9.22± 0.34a 9.42±0.41a 9.40±0.53a

100 9.16±0.43a 9.22±0.17a 9.32±0.24a 9.35±0.57a 9.46±0.55a 9.42±0.66a

Values are means (10 panelists) ± Standard deviation

Means within a column (for each variable) marked with letters are significantly different (P<0.05).
16 Masoud and El-Hadidy, 2017

The score for overall acceptability of mango There is gradually increase in score of color,
peels oleoresin ranged between 8.36 to 9.42 in all aroma, flavor and overall acceptability in formulas
formulas compared with commercial formula, but containing 60, 80 and 100 mg / 100 g orange peels
formula contained 80 and 100 mg/100 g mango peels oleoresin observed in Table (8). While, formula
oleoresin were the best. containing 100mg orange peels oleoresin /100 g was the
In 80 and 100 mg concentrates, there are non- best in all sensory parameters. The same observation in
significant different between all attributed tested. The sweeteners and consistency parameters were not
overall acceptability, there are non-significant different significant difference between all orange peels oleoresin
between commercial formula and formulas containing formulas to commercial formula.
80 or 100 mg/100 g.

Table (8): Organoleptic evaluation of orange peels oleoresin products (mg/100g) compared with commercial products
Overall
Items Color Sweetness Aroma Flavor Consistency
acceptability

Commercial 9.32±1.20a 9.15±0.16a 9.23±1.02a 8.92±1.43a 9.46±0.52a 9.30±1.22a

20 8.24±0.99b 8.84±0.23a 7.88±0.74b 7.98±1.20c 9.48±0.33a 8.88±0.43b

40 8.55±1.13b 8.91±0.32a 8.25±0.92ab 8.40±1.08b 9.42±0.20a 8.92±0.81b

60 9.11±0.82a 9.08±0.30a 9.18±0.85a 9.18±0.98a 9.46±0.41a 9.11±0.90a

80 9.25±0.63a 9.10±0.22a 9.22±0.33a 9.25±0.83a 9.50±0.37a 9.20±0.77a

100 9.30±1.00a 9.20±0.14a 9.30±0.60a 9.28±0.80a 9.51±0.52a 9.32±0.82a

Values are means (10 panelists) ± Standard deviation

Means within a column (for each variable) marked with letters are significantly different (P<0.05).

A gradually increases in sensory parameters in formulas contained 80, 60 and 40 mg mandarin peels
formulas containing 60, 80 and 100 mg mandarin peels oleoresin (9.36, 9.29 and 9.21) respectively, whereas,
oleoresin/100g, respectively (Table 9). The maximum the minimum score for overall acceptability showed in
score for overall acceptability was observed in formula formula containing 20 mg mandarin peels oleoresin
contained 100mg of mandarin peels (9.36), then formula.

Table (9): Organoleptic evaluation mandarin peels oleoresin products (mg/100g) compared with commercial products
Overall
Items Color sweetness Aroma Flavor Consistency
acceptability

Commercial 9.40±1.00a 9.24±0.11a 9.30±1.02a 9.00±1.20a 9.51±0.40a 9.34±1.30a

20 8.42±0.62b 8.72±0.34ab 8.02±0.82b 8.03±1.43b 9.22±0.83a 8.76±1.53ab

40 8.69±0.85b 8.90±0.80ab 8.55±0.64ab 8.82±0.85ab 9.32±0.90a 9.05±0.84a

60 9.18±0.77a 9.11±0.64a 9.26±0.50a 9.10±0.62a 9.41±0.73a 9.21±0.64a

80 9.30±1.02a 9.20±0.88a 9.50±0.73a 9.21±0.85a 9.43±0.81a 9.29±0.70a

100 9.43±0.93a 9.26±0.69a 9.53±0.98a 9.26±1.00a 9.39±0.66a 9.36±0.63a

Values are means (10 panelists) ± Standard deviation

Means within a column (for each variable) marked with letters are significantly different (P<0.05).
Mango, Orange and Mandarin Peels Oleoresins to Prepare Natural and Healthy Instant Flavor Drinks 17

Volatile oil fractions reflect to organoleptic citrus peels. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg.
evaluation and consumer attribute. Generally, flavor is Technol., 31: 37–44.
the blend of taste and smell perceptions, it is judged to Chen, M. H. and T. C. Huang (2016). Volatile and
accept food or not. Aroma in mandarin showed the nonvolatile constituents and antioxidant
highest one and that due to the quantity of volatile oil capacity of oleoresins in three Taiwan citrus
(Table 4) and quality of some volatile oil compounds varieties as determined by supercritical fluid
(Table 5). Also, mango and orange gave the highest extraction. Molecules, 21(12): 1735-1746.
evaluation in sensory acceptability has been shown for Engel, K. H. and R. Tressl (1983). Studies on the
the aroma and flavor results may due to the highest volatile components of two Mango varieties.
contents in flavonoids and carotenoids and volatile oil J. Agric. Food Chem., 31: 796–801.
components. Ghasemi, K., Y. Ghasemi and M. A. Ebrahimzadeh
(2009). Antioxidant activity, phenol and
CONCLUSION flavonoids contents of 13 citrus species peels
and tissues. Pak. J. Pharma. Sci., 22(3): 277-
Mango, orange and mandarin peel by-products
281.
contain many nutritionally and economically valuable
Hashem, H. A., A. M. Sharaf, S. A. Amira and G. E.
components. The by-products from processing
Ibrahim (2014). Changes in physico-
industries have significant exploitation potential to
chemical quality and volatile compounds of
produce oleoresins. Therefore, it is capable of offering
orange-carrot juice blends during storage.
low-cost nutritional dietary supplement for lower
Food Science and Quality Management,
income masses. Economic valorization of peel by-
33:21-35.
products could readily be realized through oleoresins
IS (2003). Indian Standard (IS-7826)–Specification of
flavour utilization instead of synthetic flavours.
ginger oleoresin.
ISO (2009). International Standard Organization (ISO
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‫اﻟﺮاﺗﻨﺠﺎت اﻟﺰﯾﺘﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ واﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل واﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﻹﻋﺪاد ﻣﺸﺮوﺑﺎت ﻧﻜﮭﺔ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ وﺻﺤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﻣﻀﺎن ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ‪ ،‬إﺳﺤﻖ ﻣﺮاد اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪي‬
‫ﻣﻌﮭﺪ ﺑﺤﻮث ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻷﻏﺬﯾﺔ – ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ – اﻟﺠﯿﺰة ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺸﻮراﻟﻔﺎﻛﮭﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻃﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة واﻟﻨﻜﮭﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ واﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل واﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ذات اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻛﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت‪ .‬أﺟﺮﯾﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮوﺑﺎت ﻧﻜﮭﮫ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻟﻘﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ واﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل واﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰات ‪ 20‬و ‪ 40‬و ‪ 60‬و ‪ 80‬و ‪ 100‬ﻣﻠﻠﯿﺠﺮام‪100/‬‬
‫ﺟﺮام ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺎً‪ .‬ﺗﻢ إﺧﺘﺒﺎر ھﺬه اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺎﺗﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮭﺎ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاھﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎدات اﻷﻛﺴﺪة واﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت وﺗﻔﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﯿﺎرة ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻤﮭﺎ ﺣﺴﯿﺎً‪.‬وﻗﺪ دﻟﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ أن ﻣﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت أوﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل ﺗﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ رﻗﻢ اﻷس اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻨﻲ ھﻲ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ واﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل )‪ 4.20‬و ‪ 3.91‬و ‪ 3.88‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻷوﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺮﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ واﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل واﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻷﻋﻠﻰ )‪ 82.00 ،80.70‬و ‪ ٪81.55‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ( ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻄﺎت اﻷوﻟﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ )‪ 75.13 ،78.10‬و ‪ ٪75.32‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ(‪ .‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة ﻷﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﯾﺮﺟﻊ ﻹرﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﯿﻨﻮﻟﯿﺔ )‪ 2.41± 50.51‬ﻣﻠﻠﯿﺠﺮام‪/‬ﺟﺮام( وﻓﯿﺘﺎﻣﯿﻦ ج )‪ 0.06 ± 1.30‬ﻣﻠﻠﯿﺠﺮام‪/‬ﺟﺮام(‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ أن ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﯿﺪات اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ )‪ 0.21 ± 5.66‬ﻣﻠﻠﯿﺠﺮام‪/‬ﺟﻢ( ﻷوﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن‬
‫أوﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎروﺗﯿﻨﺎت )‪ 0.43 ± 12.53‬ﻣﻠﻠﯿﺠﺮام‪/‬ﺟﺮام(‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ أن أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ذات‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﯾﺖ اﻟﻄﯿﺎر )‪ 0.23 ± 1.92‬ﺟﺮام‪100/‬ﺟﺮام وزن ﻃﺎزج( ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل واﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﯿﻦ أن ﻣﺤﺘﻮي‬
‫أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ‪-α‬ﺑﯿﻨﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﯿﺮﺑﯿﻨﻮﻟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺮﺳﯿﻦ و‪ - β‬ﺑﯿﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى )‪٪1.54 ، 2.30 ،3.14 ،12.82‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ(‪ ،‬أﯾﻀﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮاﺗﻨﺠﺎت اﻟﺰﯾﺘﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺸﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل ﺛﻢ اﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ھﻮ اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻮﻧﯿﻦ )‪٪52.67 ، 85.80‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻔﻮر أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮاﺗﻨﺠﺎت اﻟﺰﯾﺘﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺸﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ )‪ ٪0.44 ، 3.62‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ(‪ .‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ أھﻢ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺮاﺋﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ‪ 8-1‬ﺳﯿﻨﯿﻮل )‪ (٪13.31‬ﺗﻠﯿﮭﺎ ‪–γ‬ﺗﺮﺑﯿﻨﯿﻦ )‪ (٪11.02‬ﺛﻢ ‪ E-β‬أوﺳﯿﻤﯿﻦ )‪ .(٪6.52‬أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل ﻟﺪﯾﮫ‬
‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺎط ﻟﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ‪) DPPH‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 54.20‬إﻟﻰ ‪ (%73.00‬ﯾﻠﯿﮭﺎ أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ )ﻣﻦ ‪ 46.24‬إﻟﻰ ‪ (%55.82‬ﺛﻢ‬
‫أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮراﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ )ﻣﻦ ‪ 33.92‬إﻟﻰ ‪ .(%52.02‬ﺗﻌﺰي ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﻐﻨﻲ أوﻟﯿﻮرزﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻠﯿﻤﻮﻧﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﺎﻣﻔﻮر ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻨﻮﯾﺪات واﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﯿﺪات وﻓﯿﺘﺎﻣﯿﻦ ج‪ .‬اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ أﻇﮭﺮت أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮي ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺰﯾﺖ اﻟﻄﯿﺎر وﺟﻮدة ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﯿﺎرة‪ .‬أﯾﻀﺎ أﻋﻄﺖ ﺧﻠﻄﺎت أﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ واﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل أﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻘﺒﻮل اﻟﺤﺴﻲ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻨﻜﮭﺔ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﻗﺪ ﯾﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ إرﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎھﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﯾﺪات واﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻨﻮﯾﺪات وﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺰﯾﻮت اﻟﻄﯿﺎرة‪ .‬وﻟﮭﺬا ﻓﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أوﻟﯿﻮرزﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ واﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎل واﻟﯿﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﻛﻤﻨﻜﮭﺎت ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻜﮭﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

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