Second Edition

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Polymers, Ceramics and Composites

A.K. BHARGAVA
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Polymers, Ceramics and Composites

SECOND EDITION

A.K. BHARGAVA
Professor
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
Malaviya National Institute of Technology
Jaipur, Rajasthan

New Delhi - 110001

2012
ENGINEERING MATERIALS: Polymers, Ceramics and Composites
Second Edition
A.K. Bhargava

© 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part
of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means,
without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4621-5

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Fifth Printing (Second Edition) ... ... ... August, 2012

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091.
 To
the memory of
my beloved son
Master KUSHWANT
 Contents

List of Figures ........................................................................................................ ix

List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xv
List of Symbols .................................................................................................... xvii
Preface ................................................................................................................. xix
Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................ xxi

Chapter 1. PROPERTIES OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS ........ 1–42

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Properties ................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Physical Properties .................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Thermal Properties .................................................................... 9
1.2.3 Electrical Properties ................................................................ 12
1.2.4 Magnetic Properties ................................................................ 19
1.2.5 Optical Properties .................................................................... 19
1.2.6 Mechanical Properties ............................................................ 23
1.2.7 Chemical Properties ................................................................ 40

Chapter 2. POLYMER MATERIALS ................................................... 43–167

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 43
2.2 Polymers ................................................................................................. 44
2.2.1 Polymerization .......................................................................... 44
2.3 Plastics .................................................................................................... 47
2.3.1 Thermoplastics .......................................................................... 47
2.3.2 Thermosetting Plastics ............................................................ 47
2.4 Plastics as Engineering Materials ..................................................... 49
2.5 High Temperature Polymers ............................................................. 52
2.6 Conductive Polymers .......................................................................... 56
2.7 Liquid Crystals ..................................................................................... 60
2.7.1 Applications of Liquid Crystals ........................................... 63
2.7.2 Liquid Crystal Polymers ........................................................ 64
2.8 Additives and Compounding of Plastics ....................................... 66
2.8.1 Fillers .......................................................................................... 67
2.8.2 Plasticisers ................................................................................. 68
2.8.3 Stabilizers .................................................................................. 68
2.8.4 Flame Retardants ..................................................................... 69
2.9 Processing of Plastics .......................................................................... 69
2.9.1 Extrusion .................................................................................... 69
2.9.2 Injection Moulding .................................................................. 71
v
vi CONTENTS

2.9.3 Blow Moulding ......................................................................... 72

2.9.4 Rotational Moulding ............................................................... 74
2.9.5 Compression Moulding .......................................................... 75
2.9.6 Transfer Moulding ................................................................... 75
2.10 Elastomers .............................................................................................. 75
2.10.1 Elastomers as Engineering Materials .................................. 77
Questions and Answers .................................................................................... 78

Chapter 3. CERAMIC MATERIALS .................................................. 168–265

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 168
3.2 Properties of Ceramics ..................................................................... 170
3.2.1 Mechanical ............................................................................... 170
3.2.2 Thermal .................................................................................... 172
3.2.3 Chemical .................................................................................. 176
3.2.4 Electrical ................................................................................... 176
3.3 Classification of Ceramics ................................................................ 176
3.4 Ceramic Crystals ................................................................................ 177
3.4.1 AX-Type ................................................................................... 178
3.4.2 AmXn Type Structures ........................................................... 181
3.4.3 AmBnXp Type Structures ....................................................... 182
3.5 Silicate Structures ............................................................................... 183
3.5.1 Island Structure ...................................................................... 184
3.5.2 Double Chain Structure ....................................................... 185
3.5.3 Sheet Structure ....................................................................... 186
3.5.4 Framework Structure ............................................................ 187
3.6 Behaviour of Ceramics as Dielectrics ........................................... 187
3.7 Behaviour of Ceramics as Semiconductors ................................. 188
3.8 Behaviour of Ceramics as Ferroelectrics ...................................... 189
3.9 Magnetic Behaviour of Ceramics ................................................... 189
3.10 Mechanical Behaviour of Ceramics ............................................... 190
3.11 Toughening of Ceramics .................................................................. 191
3.12 Processing of Ceramics ..................................................................... 194
3.12.1 Preparation of Material ...................................................... 194
3.12.2 Shaping Methods ................................................................. 195
3.12.3 Drying and Firing ................................................................ 197
3.13 Applications of Ceramics ................................................................. 198
Questions and Answers .................................................................................. 199

Chapter 4. COMPOSITE MATERIALS ............................................ 266–342

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 266
4.2 Justification of Definition ................................................................. 267
4.3 Functions of the Structural Members of Composites ............... 267
4.4 Some General Requirements of Composite Materials .............. 268
4.5 Classification of Composites ........................................................... 268
4.5.1 Dispersion Strengthened Composites ............................... 272
 CONTENTS vii

4.5.2 Particle Strengthened Composites ..................................... 273

4.5.3 Fibre Strengthened Composites ......................................... 274
4.6 Reinforcement Phase ......................................................................... 280
4.6.1 Reinforcements in Polymer Matrix Composites ............ 282
4.6.2 Reinforcements in Metal Matrix Composites ................. 283
4.7 Matrices ................................................................................................ 283
4.7.1 Polymer Matrices ................................................................... 283
4.7.2 Polymer Matrix Composites ............................................... 285
4.7.3 Metal Matrices ........................................................................ 285
4.7.4 Ceramic Matrices ................................................................... 286
4.8 Layered Composites .......................................................................... 286
Questions and Answers ................................................................................ 289

Chapter 5. ROLE OF CERAMICS IN BIOMEDICAL

APPLICATIONS ............................................................... 343–360
5.1 Ceramics—A Material For Biomedical Applications .................. 343
5.2 Bio-environment and Its Interaction ............................................... 346
5.3 Material Requirements for Biocompatibility ................................. 348
Questions and Answers .................................................................................. 357
Appendix 1 Periodic Table of Elements .............................................. 361
Appendix 2 Some Physical Properties of Metals .............................. 362
Appendix 3 The Electronic Configuration of Elements ................... 365
Appendix 4 Atomic and Ionic Radii of Elements ............................. 367
Appendix 5 The SI Base Units ................................................................ 371
Appendix 6 Derived SI Units .................................................................. 372
Appendix 7 Unit Conversion ................................................................... 373
Appendix 8 Prefixes: Names of Multiples and Submultiples ....... 376
Appendix 9 Values of Constants ............................................................ 377
Appendix 10 Selective Greek Alphabets and Their Pronunciations ..... 378
Appendix 11 Abbreviations of Commonly Used Polymers .............. 379
Appendix 11A Other Abbreviations ........................................................... 382
Appendix 12 Physical and Thermal Properties of Polymers ............ 384
Appendix 13 Mechanical Properties of Some Representative
Polymer Materials ................................................................ 386
Appendix 14 Major ASTM Standards for Polymers ........................... 387
Appendix 15 Repeating Chemical Structural Units and
Morphology of Polymers ................................................... 388
Appendix 16 Chemical Composition of Some Ceramic Materials ....... 394
Appendix 17 Some Common Ceramic Crystal Structures and
Their Examples ..................................................................... 396
Appendix 18 Functions and Applications of Advanced
(or Technical) Ceramics ..................................................... 397
viii CONTENTS

Appendix 19 Compositions of Glasses ................................................... 399

Appendix 20 Compositions of Common Refractories ........................ 400
Appendix 21 Properties of Some Commonly Used
Reinforcing Fibres ............................................................... 401

Bibliography .......................................................................................... 403–404

Index ........................................................................................................... 405–420

 List of Figures

Figure No. Caption

1.1 Flow chart showing classification of engineering materials.
1.2 General thermal behaviour of: (a) Thermoplastics (amorphous);
(b) Thermoplastics (crystalline); (c) Thermosetting plastic.
1.3 Dilatometer for measuring coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).
1.4 The electromagnetic spectrum of radiation.
1.5 Illustration of refraction. qi = angle of incidence; qr = angle of
refraction.
1.6 A comparison of bond-energy curve for a ceramic and a metal.
1.7 Stress-strain curves (a) Tensile curves for a ceramic (A) and a metallic
(B) material (b) Stress-strain curve under compression for a ceramic
material.
1.8 Schematic representation for bend test. The specimen used is
supported beam like.
1.9 Tensile curves for polymers. Curve A displays stress-strain beha-
viour of thermosets and thermoplastics below Tg and thermoplastics
with oriented molecules. Curve B displays tensile behaviour of
semicrystalline thermoplastic with unoriented molecules.
1.10 Effect of temperature and strain rate on the tensile curve of a
thermoplastic.
1.11 Effects of degree of crystallinity on stess-strain behaviour.
1.12 An ideal creep curve.
1.13 Fracture toughness test specimen.
1.14 Typical S-N curves displayed by most of the materials.
2.1 Initiation reaction of addition polymerization.
2.2 Propagation reaction.
2.3 Termination reaction.
2.4 Formation of polyamide, nylon 66.
2.5 Flow diagram showing classification of plastics. Amorphous TPs
have degree of crystallinity from nil to less than 50%.
2.6 Polymer structure (a) containing aromatic rings (b) without aromatic
rings.
2.7 A double stranded polymer showing fusion of phylene rings.
2.8 Examples of some heterocylic ring structures.
2.9 Para-, Meta- and Ortho-structures.
2.10 Polymers with conjugated double bond.
ix
 Engineering Materials :
Polymers,Ceramics And Composites

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Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 978812034 6215 Author : BHARGAVA, A. K.

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