Yemen

Country Profile 2013

Region: Middle East & North Africa ENTERPRISE SURVEYS

Income Group: Lower middle income
Population: 23,852,409
Region:
GNIMiddle East &US$1,377.00
per capita: North Africa
Income Group: Lower middle income
Population: 23,852,409
GNI per capita: US$1,377.00
 Yemen Introduction 3
Business Environment Obstacles 4
Country Profile 2013
Average Firm
Infrastructure
5
6
Contents
Trade 7
Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing 8
Corruption 9
Crime and Informality 10
Finance 11
Innovation and Workforce 12
Summary of Enterprise Survey Indicators 13-15
 Introduction
Enterprise Surveys
The Enterprise Surveys focus on the many factors that shape the business environment. These factors can be
accommodating or constraining for firms and play an important role in whether a country will prosper or not. An
accommodating business environment is one that encourages firms to operate efficiently. Such conditions strengthen
incentives for firms to innovate and to increase productivity—key factors for sustainable development. A more
productive private sector, in turn, expands employment and contributes taxes necessary for public investment in health,
education, and other services. In contrast, a poor business environment increases the obstacles to conducting
business activities and decreases a country’s prospects for reaching its potential in terms of employment, production,
and welfare.

The Enterprise Surveys are conducted by the World Bank and its partners across all geographic regions and cover
small, medium, and large companies. The surveys are administered to a representative sample of firms in the
non-agricultural formal private economy. The sample is consistently defined in all countries and includes the entire
manufacturing sector, the services sector, and the transportation and construction sectors. Public utilities, government
services, health care, and financial services sectors are not included in the sample.* The Enterprise Surveys collect a
wide array of qualitative and quantitative information through face to face interviews with firm managers and owners
regarding the business environment in their countries and the productivity of their firms. The topics covered in
Enterprise Surveys include infrastructure, trade, finance, regulations, taxes and business licensing, corruption, crime
and informality, finance, innovation, labor, and perceptions about obstacles to doing business.

The qualitative and quantitative data collected through the surveys connect a country’s business environment
characteristics with firm productivity and performance. The Enterprise Survey is useful for both policymakers and
researchers. The surveys are repeated over time to track changes and benchmark the effects of reforms on firms
performance.

Country Profiles

The Country Profiles produced by the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the World Bank Group provide an overview of key
business environment indicators in each country, comparing them to their respective geographic region and group of
countries with similar incomes.** Breakdowns by firm size are presented in the Appendix of the document along with
all indicators used to make the graphs. The same topics are covered for all countries with slight variations in indicators,
subject to data availability. This format allows cross country comparisons. All indicators are based on the responses of
firms.

To learn more about the firms sampled for this Country Profile, tabulations for these and other indicators presented by
firm size, industry, national region, etc., or to obtain profiles of other countries, please visit www.enterprisesurveys.org.

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 Business Environment Obstacles
The Country Profile for Yemen is based on data from the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank. The
benchmarks include the averages for the group of countries in Middle East & North Africa and the Yemen income
group.

Below is a snapshot of the biggest business environment obstacles as perceived by firms. The first graph presents
the top 10 constraints as identified by firms in Yemen benchmarked against the regional average. The second graph
shows the top 3 constraints broken down by large, medium, and small firms in Yemen.

Snapshot of the Business Environment in Yemen

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Average Firm
The Enterprise Surveys collect information
from a representative sample of the
non-agricultural formal private economy. In
addition to collecting information on the
business environment the surveys collect
information on the characteristics of the
firms interviewed. Consequently, the data
collected provides a description of the
representative private firm in the country
and also an estimate of how some of the
attributes of the average firm are distributed
across the population of firms.

The first indicator shows the distribution of

firms according to their age measured by
the number of years they have been in
operation. The effect the business
environment can have on the private sector
may depend on firms’ experience and
longevity. Seasoned firms and young firms
may differ in their ability to successfully
navigate the business environment.

The second set of indicators provides an

illustration of female participation in
management and firm ownership. These
indicators can help assess whether gender
can a determinant of the effect of
regulations on the firm and the level of
exposure of the firm to external factors,
such as corruption, access to finance, and
technology.

The third indicator shows the participation of

the domestic private sector, the government,
the foreign sector and other sectors in the
ownership of the typical firm. The
distribution provides insight into their levels
of equity in the private sector of the
economy.

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Infrastructure
A strong infrastructure enhances the
competitiveness of an economy and
generates a business environment
conducive to firm growth and development.
Good infrastructure efficiently connects
firms to their customers and suppliers, and
enables the use of modern production
technologies. Conversely, deficiencies in
infrastructure create barriers to productive
opportunities and increase costs for all firms,
from micro enterprises to large multinational
corporations.

The Enterprise Surveys capture the dual

challenge of providing a strong
infrastructure for electricity, water supply,
telephone connections, etc., and the
development of institutions that effectively
provide and maintain public services.

The first set of indicators shows the extent

to which firms are faced with failures in the
provision of electricity and the effect of
these failures on sales. Inadequate
electricity supply can increase costs, disrupt
production, and reduce profitability.

The second set of indicators measures the

efficiency of the water supply for the
manufacturing sector.*** Many
manufacturing sectors depend on reliable
and efficient sources of water for their
operations.

The third set of indicators evaluates the

efficiency of infrastructure services by
quantifying the delays in obtaining electricity,
water, and telephone connections. Service
delays impose additional costs on firms and
may act as barriers to entry and investment.

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Trade
Open markets allow firms to expand, raise
standards for efficiency on exporters, and
enable firms to import low cost supplies.
However, trading also forces firms to deal
with customs services and trade regulations,
obtain export and import licenses, and in
some cases, firms also face additional costs
due to losses during transport.

The Enterprise Surveys collect information

on the operational constraints faced by
exporters and importers and also quantifies
the trade activity of firms.

The first set of indicators provides a

measure of the intensity of foreign trade in
the private sector. The first graph shows the
percentage of firms who export directly or
indirectly, i.e. using an intermediary. The
second panel shows the percentage of
manufacturing firms who use inputs or
supplies of foreign origin.***

The second set of indicators measures the

average number of days to clear customs
for imports*** and exports. The delay in
clearing customs for imports or exports
creates additional costs to the firm, can
interrupt production, interfere with sales,
and result in damaged supplies or
merchandise.

The third set of indicators shows the

percent value of exports lost during
transport due to merchandise theft, and
breakage or spoilage, reflecting the
transport risks firms face during the export
process.

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Regulations, Taxes, and
Business Licensing
Good economic governance in areas such
as taxation, regulations, and business
licensing is a fundamental pillar for the
creation of a favorable business
environment.

Effective regulations address market

failures that inhibit productive investment
and reconcile private and public interests.
The number of permits and approvals that
businesses need to obtain, and the time it
takes to obtain them, are expensive and
time consuming. The existing legislation of
a country also determines the mixed of legal
forms private firms take and determines the
level of protection for investors thus
affecting the incentives to invest.

The Enterprise Surveys provide qualitative

and quantitative measures of taxation,
regulations, and business licensing.

The first set of indicators focuses on the

efficiency of business licensing and permit
services. The indicators evaluate the delays
faced when demanding these services.

The second set of indicators first

approximates the “time tax” imposed by
regulations: it measures the time spent by
senior management in meetings with public
officials. Second, it measures the average
number of tax inspections or meetings with
tax inspectors in a given year.

The third indicator shows the relative use of

the different legal forms in the private sector.
Most legal forms around the world can be
classified into shareholding companies with
shares traded privately or non-traded at all
(closed), shareholding companies publicly
traded (open), sole proprietorships,
partnerships, and limited partnerships. A
residual category is included to capture
legal forms not easily classified into the
other categories.

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Corruption
Corruption by public officials may present a
major administrative and financial burden
on firms. Corruption creates an unfavorable
business environment by undermining the
operational efficiency of firms and raising
the costs and risks associated with doing
business.

Inefficient regulations constrain firm

efficiency as they present opportunities for
soliciting bribes where firms are required to
make “unofficial” payments to public officials
to get things done. In many countries bribes
are common and quite high and they add to
the bureaucratic costs in obtaining required
permits and licenses. They can be a serious
impediment for firms’ growth and
development.

The first set of indicators measures a

composite index of corruption, the Graft
Index****, that reflects the proportion of
times a firm was asked or expected to pay a
bribe when soliciting six different public
services, permits or licenses.

The second set of indicators identifies the

extent to which specific regulatory and
administrative officials require bribe
payments during meetings with tax
inspectors or in order to secure a
government contract.

The third set of indicators focuses on bribes

to obtain specific licenses or permits, and
shows the share of firms that are expected
to make informal payments to secure import
and operating licenses and to obtain a
construction permit.

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Crime and Informality
Crime imposes costs on firms when they
are forced to divert resources from
productive uses to cover security costs.
Both foreign and domestic investors
perceive crime as an indication of social
instability, and crime drives up the cost of
doing business. Also, commercial disputes
between firms and their clients occur
regularly in the course of doing business.
Resolving these disputes can be
challenging when legal institutions are weak
or non existent.

Similarly, a large informal sector has

serious consequences for the formal private
sector. The informal sector may pose unfair
competition for formal firms.

The Enterprise Surveys capture key

dimensions of the effect of crime on firm
sales, the extent to which entrepreneurs
identify courts as fair, and the degree of
informality in an economy.

The first indicator shows the share of firms

that recognize the functioning of the courts
as being fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.

The second set of indicators measures the

direct costs of security incurred by firms as
well as their direct losses due to crime.
These resources represent an opportunity
cost since they could have been invested in
productive activities.

The third set of indicators shows the

percentage of firms that started operation
without begin formally registered. It is an
approximation to the prevalence of
informality in the private economy.

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Finance
Developed financial markets provide
payment services, mobilize deposits, and
ease investment financing. Efficient
financial markets reduce the reliance on
internal funds and on money from informal
sources such as family and friends by
connecting firms to a broad range of lenders
and investors.

The Enterprise Surveys provide indicators

of how firms finance their operations and of
the characteristics of their financial
transactions.

The first set of indicators compares the

relative use of various sources to finance
investment. Excessive reliance on internal
funds is a sign of potentially inefficient
financial intermediation.

The second set of indicators measures the

use of financial markets by individual firms.
It presents the percentage of working
capital that is financed by external sources
to the firm, and a measure of the burden
imposed by loan requirements measured by
collateral levels relative to the value of the
loans.

The third set of indicators focuses on the

use of financial services by private firms
both on the credit side, by measuring the
percentage of firms with bank loans or lines
or credit, and on the deposit mobilization
side, by measuring the percentage of firms
with checking or savings accounts.

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Innovation and
Workforce
The Enterprise Surveys provide indicators
that describe several dimensions of
technology use and innovation. They also
collect information on the characteristics of
the workforce employed in the
non-agricultural private economy.

The first set of indicators measures the

extent to which firms invest in obtaining
recognized certificates of production and
accounting practices. Obtaining
international quality certifications can open
doors to technology and innovation and
they also provide a sign of high quality that
may open markets.

The second set of indicators demonstrates

the use of information and communications
technologies (ICT) in business transactions.
ICT, such as the Internet, are important
tools for all firms because they provide even
the smallest of enterprises with the ability to
reach national and international markets at
low cost.

The third set of indicators presents the

composition of the firm's workforce by type
of contract and gender. Labor regulations
have a direct effect on the type of
employment favored by firms and they may
have a different impact by gender. The first
two indicators present the composition of
the workforce classified into temporary and
permanent workers. The last indicator
reflects the participation of women in
regular full-time employment.

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 Summary of Enterprise Survey Indicators
Middle East & Lower
Yemen Small Firms Medium Large North Africa middle
(1-19 Firms Firms (100+ income
Employees) (20-99 Employees
Employe )
es)

Corruption Indicators
Incidence of Graft index 52.5 49.8 64.8 62.7 20.5 15.6

% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts In Meetings With Tax Inspectors 62.6 60.8 73.4 71.6 21.2 14.3

% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Secure a Government Contract 83.8 82.5 89.2 89.2 42.9 30.4

% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get a Construction Permit 68.6 64.7 67.0 82.6 29.0 24.8

% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Import License 58.2 57.7 52.9 64.4 20.4 13.2

% of Firms Expected to Give Gifts to Get an Operating License 61.6 60.9 69.3 58.9 16.7 15.7

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing Indicators

Days to Obtain Import License 11.6 11.6 10.4 12.6 18.8 18.2

Days to Obtain Construction-related Permit 12.5 6.9 12.2 30.0 52.8 56.3

Days to Obtain Operating License 7.0 7.2 6.3 5.8 16.3 23.1

Senior Management Time Spent in Dealing with Requirements of Government 1.9 1.7 4.0 2.4 4.6 10.2
Regulation (%)
Average number of visits or required meetings with tax officials. 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 1.4 1.9

Open Shareholding Company (%) 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.2 3.1

Closed Shareholding Company (%) 1.6 0.9 3.3 12.0 8.0 36.0

Sole Proprietorship (%) 65.4 68.1 65.3 13.4 57.8 44.2

Partnership (%) 30.9 30.8 24.5 47.4 17.8 8.9

Limited Partnership (%) 1.6 0.1 4.5 24.1 14.8 4.9

Other (%) 0.2 0.0 0.9 2.6 0.3 2.6

Average Firm Indicators

Age (years) 24.0 22.6 22.6 52.5 17.3 16.1

% of Firms With Female Top Manager 1.6 1.9 0.0 0.0 4.4 20.6

% of Firms With Female Participation in Ownership 6.6 3.4 12.5 53.7 17.9 40.6

Private Domestic (%) 98.6 99.3 96.9 90.1 96.2 87.0

Private Foreign (%) 0.5 0.1 1.8 6.7 3.0 9.8

Government/State (%) 0.1 0.0 0.3 2.1 0.1 0.5

Other (%) 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.6 2.7

Finance Indicators
Internal Finance for Investment (%) 94.8 94.9 97.0 84.2 76.1 71.3

Bank Finance for Investment (%) 1.2 1.2 0.0 5.6 13.4 14.3

Trade Credit Financing for Investment (%) 1.2 0.8 2.1 7.6 4.9 4.8

Equity, Sale of Stock For Investment (%) 0.3 0.1 0.9 1.9 2.5 4.7

Other Financing for Investment (%) 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.7 3.1 4.9

Working Capital External Financing (%) 9.5 8.7 15.7 12.1 19.1 27.0

Value of Collateral Needed for a Loan (% of the Loan Amount) 281.5 287.3 284.3 193.2 188.9 196.3

% of Firms With Bank Loans/line of Credit 4.7 1.9 25.3 11.8 19.8 34.7

% of Firms With a Checking or Savings Account 48.4 41.3 87.1 97.4 71.7 87.4

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 Summary of Enterprise Survey Indicators
Middle East & Lower
Yemen Small Firms Medium Large North Africa middle
(1-19 Firms Firms (100+ income
Employees) (20-99 Employees
Employe )
es)

Infrastructure Indicators
Number of Power Outages in a Typical Month 38.8 41.0 26.4 21.7 23.5 5.1

Value Lost Due to Power Outages (% of Sales) 16.1 17.2 11.4 5.2 6.1 3.2

Number of Water Shortages in a Typical Month*** 11.8 12.5 6.8 2.8 3.8 1.8

Average Duration of the Water Shortage (hours)*** 2.0 1.6 4.8 4.6 2.6 2.8

Delay in Obtaining an Electrical Connection 25.6 3.0 62.5 8.1 31.8 26.5

Delay in Obtaining a Water Connections 35.9 44.7 90.0 6.7 22.6 25.8

Delay in Obtaining a Mainline Telephone Connection N/A N/A N/A N/A 8.5 16.2

Trade Indicators
% of Exporter Firms 12.7 12.0 10.3 33.4 23.9 14.9

% of Firms that Use Material Inputs and/or Supplies of Foreign origin*** 36.1 34.3 35.5 79.5 59.5 60.4

Average Time to Clear Direct Exports Through Customs 11.2 14.6 2.8 8.7 7.6 8.7

Average Time to Clear Imports from Customs (days) *** 7.8 8.1 6.8 8.5 11.4 13.3

Loses during Direct Export Due to Theft (%) 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.7

Loses during Direct Export Due to Breakage or Spoilage (%) 1.6 0.1 0.0 4.0 1.4 1.3

Crime and Informality Indicators

% of Firms Believing the Court System is Fair, Impartial and Uncorrupted 17.2 17.3 22.5 2.3 38.2 42.0

Security Costs (% of Sales) 0.9 0.7 2.0 3.0 0.8 2.0

Losses Due to Theft, Robbery, Vandalism, and Arson Against the Firm (% of Sales) 0.6 0.6 0.2 1.4 0.7 1.4

% of Firms Formally Registered when Started Operations in the Country 68.8 65.9 95.1 66.7 82.4 85.4

Innovation and Workforce Indicators

% of Firms With Internationally Recognized Quality Certification 4.9 2.5 11.1 39.9 9.0 15.4

% of Firms with Annual Financial Statement Reviewed by External Auditor 20.5 14.0 45.3 90.0 49.3 47.8

% of Firms using their own Website 21.0 13.2 53.6 95.5 36.2 36.9

% of Firms Using Email to Communicate with Clients/suppliers 21.8 13.4 57.6 100.0 50.6 64.8

Average Number of Temporary Workers 2.3 1.8 4.8 5.1 2.7 7.6

Average Number of Permanent, Full Time Workers 20.3 8.4 38.3 215.2 21.7 34.6

% of Full Time Female Workers 2.6 1.8 7.4 9.7 12.4 32.4

Notes:
* The sample for each country is stratified by industry, firm size, and geographic region. The level of detail of the stratification by industry depends on the size of the economy. Stratification by
size follows the three levels presented in the text: small, medium, and large. Regional stratification includes the main economic regions in each country. Through this methodology estimates
for the different stratification levels can be calculated on a separate basis while, at the same time, inferences can be made for the non-agricultural private economy as a whole. For more
details on the sampling strategy, review the Sampling Note available at www.enterprisesurveys.org .
** Regional and income group indicators are calculated as the averages of country-level indicators in the respective region and income group using country data available at the time of
publication.
*** These indicators are computed only for the manufacturing sector.
**** The Graft Index is the proportion of instances in which firms were either expected or requested to pay a gift or informal payment when applying for six different public services.
***** MENA-Middle East & North Africa

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 © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

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Updated January, 2015

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