Para Sa Kinabukasan
Para Sa Kinabukasan
Para Sa Kinabukasan
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
I. SYMBIOSIS (Sym = Together; Bio = Living “Living Together”)
an association between two different species of organisms
primary aim: to obtain food and seek shelter and protection from the bigger organism
commonly known as Living Together
there are three types of Symbiotic Relationships: Commensalism + Mutualism + Parasitism
ORGANISM HOST
Commensalism Favorable Not Affected
Mutualism Favorable Favorable
Parasitism Very Favorable Not Favorable
II. PARASITOLOGY
the study of the parasites
the science that deals with a specialized group of animals which are physiologically dependent on other
organisms for their survival
Neva&Brown: science that deals with organisms that take up their abodes, temporarily or permanently, on or
within other living organisms for food, with the relationship of these organisms to their host
**IMPORTANT NOTE:
o The key in studying Parasitology is in the Life Cycle
o If we know the life cycle and its important components, we would understand why it is the key
III. DEFINITION OF TERMS
A. Parasites
organisms ranging from microscopic to macroscopic which are known to inflict disease in man
exhibit great diversity in morphology and physiology
animals depending on bigger organisms for food and shelter
has intimate almost always obligatory relationship with the host (ALWAYS harms the host)
**Ascaris lumbricoides
compete for available nutrients (sugars, proteins, fats) in the food we had already eaten
tangled worms may obstruct the gut
may damage vital organs during erratic migration
**Description:
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Harms its Host
Associated closely with host and derive nutrition from host
May kill the host
B. Hosts
the bigger organisms in which the parasite lives
provides the nourishment and protection needed by the parasites
**Description:
Does not harm the parasites
Provides shelter to its parasite (parasites need the host)
PARASITES
I. CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES
Parasites: organism or animal that depends upon another bigger organism for food
parasites can be classified according to location in their hosts, degree of association, and taxonomic groups
A. According to Location
1. Ectoparasites
found outside or on the surface of the body of the host
may cause INFESTATION
ex) Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei – human itch mite)
2. Endoparasites
found living within the host in any internal organs (GIT, Respiratory Tract, RBCs)
may cause INFECTION
examples of Endoparasites :
Ascaris (GIT Lumen)
Plasmodium (RBC) – Malarial Parasite
Schistosoma (Mesenteric Veins)
B. According to Degree of Association
1. Obligate Parasite
those who cannot survive or reproduce outside the host
always parasitic (must always be in contact with a susceptible organism)
ex) Trichomonas vaginalis
2. Facultative Parasite
those that may exist in a free living state or as a commensal
if opportunity presents itself, they may become Parasitic
they can both live as free living or parasitic parasites
ex) Strongyloides stercoralis
3. Permanent Parasite
if the live continuously in the host, and remain in the body of the host – from the early stage
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
until maturity
requires continuous contact with the host
ex) Pediculus, Trichomonas vaginalis
4. Intermittent (Temporary) Parasites
contact with the host is only temporarily – closely associated with its host temporarily to feed
ex) Anopheles mosquitoes (they only bite when they want your blood)
5. Accidental Parasites
enters the host that is not normally its host
does not develop to full maturity since the host is not physiologically compatible
association lasts only for a short time
ex) Echinococcus, Gnathostoma, Toxocara
6. Aberrant Parasite
moves out of the normal location within its host
its Migration to ectopic sites may lead to complications
also known as erratic
ex) Ascaris lumbricoides (intestines, then they migrate to bile duct, liver, or appendix)
7. Spurious Parasite
organisms taken in by accident and then passed out without causing any harm to unsuitable host
example of Commnesalism (ex Fruit Fly larvae or Plant Nematode)
II. TYPES OF HOST
Host: organism in which a parasites live
classified according to the following:
A. Definitive Host
harbors the sexual or the mature stage of the parasite (site where sexual reproduction occurs, if present)
ex) Man, Pig, Dog, Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes: definitive host in Malaria
Ascaris: man is the definitive host
B. Intermediate Host
host that harbors the asexual or the immature / larval forms of the parasites
site where the asexual reproduction occurs
Paratenic Host: host in which the parasite does not undergo any development
C. Reservoir Host
these are the animals that harbor the parasite that are also parasitic to man
site where the asexual reproduction occurs
ex) Dog may carry hookworm eggs from one place to another, but eggs do not hatch or pass through
any development in these animals
D. Accidental (Incidental) Host
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
these are the hosts that accidentally ingested the Parasites (that usually affect the animal kingdom)
infection occurs in a host other than the normal host species
Zoonosis: condition wherein animal parasites accidentally infect man
ex) Hyatid Tapeworms are usually found in dogs and sheep Zoonosis
E. Vector
an invertebrate animal that transmits a parasitic organism from one host to another
has two types: Mechanical Vector + Biological Host
1. Mechanical Vector an invertebrate animal which merely transfer parasitic organisms from one host
to another (by carrying feces on their feet)
ex) Flies, Cockroaches
2. Biological Vector there is a development of the parasite inside the host
harbor the parasite internally in which it may undergo further development,
multiplication, or both
ex) Mosquitoes in Malaria
III. TAXONOMIC GROUPINGS OF PARASITES
A. Protozoans (Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites)
o Phylum Sarcomastigophora
o Phylum Apicomplexa
o Phylum Microspora
o Phylum Ciliophora
PHYLUM REPRODUCTION LOCOMOTION SPECIES
Sarcomastigophora: Asexual Pseudopodia Entamoeba histolytica
Sarcodina
Sarcomastigophora: Asexual Flagella Giardia lamblia
Mastigophora Dientamoeba fragilis
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Trypnasoma spp
Loishmania spp
Apicomplexa Asexual & Sexual None Plasmodium spp
Toxoplasma
Sarcocystis
Ciliophora Cilia Balantidium coli
1. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
has Subphylum: Sarcodina and Mastigophora
both reproduce Asexually
a. Subphylum Sarcodina move by Pseudopodia (can only move in one direction)
Pseudopodia: cytoplasmic protrusions
ex) Amoeba, Entamoeba (pathogen)
b. Subphylum Mastigophora move by flagella (Flagellates)
Flagellum: long threadlike extension of cytoplasm
ex) Giardia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Trichomonas
2. Phylum Apicomplexa
no locomatory organ
have a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations
Blood Parasites that cause Malaria: Isospora, Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, Sarcocystis
Other Parasites: Taxoplasma, Sarcocystis
3. Phylum Ciliophora
move by beating of many Cilia
mostly free living and symbiotic species
ex) Balantidium coli (the only pathogenic ciliate)
4. Phylum Microspora
no locomatory organ
intracellular parasite of many kinds of vertebrates and invertebrates
rarely cause disease in immunocompetent persons
B. Helminths (Metazoa; Wormlike Invertebrates)
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
CLASS NEMATODA CLASS CESTODA CLASS TREMATODA
AKA Round worms Flatworms Flukes
Shape Elongated, Cylindrical Elongated, Ribbon Like Leafshaped, Elongated
Segmentation Unegmented Segmented Unsegmented
Sexes Separate Hermaphrodite Hermaphrodite
1. Phylum Aschelminthes
a. Class Nematoda Nematodes or Roundworms
elongated, cylindrical worms attenuated at both ends
unsegmented worms; sexes are separate
reproduction by:
Oviparous (ex. Ascaris, Enterobius)
Viviparous (ex. Trichinella, Filarial Worms)
**Infection by:
Ingestion of Eggs (ex. Ascaris, Trichuris)
Skin penetration by Larvae
Vector Borne
Ingestion of Encysted Larvae
2. Phylum Platyhelminthes
also called Flatworms – multicellular animals characterized by flat, bilaterally symmetric body
most Flatworms are Hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive systems
a. Class Trematoda majority are transmitted by ingestion (except – Schistosoma)
unsegmented
Hermaphroditic
flattened, leafshaped or cylindrical
Order Digenea: contains all species that are parasitic to humans
Infection by: Metacercariae ORSkin penetration by Cercariae
b. Class Cestoda segmented
Hermaphroditic, ribbon like
reproduction by: Oviparous (Ex. Taenia); multiplication of larval forms
Infection by: Ingestion of Encysted Larvae
C. Arthropods
1. Phylum Arthropoda
have segmented body parts: Head Thorax and Abdomen
have three to four pairs of jointed appendages and covered by hard chitinuous skeleton
bilaterally symmetrical body
**Classes in Phylum Arthropoda
CLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Crustacea Some serve as intermediate hosts Crabs, shrimps, copepods
Chilopoda Centipedes
Arachnida spiderlike Scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Insecta Includes most important of arthropods
**Class Insecta
Order Anoplura
Order Hemiptera
Order Coleoptera
Order Hymenoptera
Order Siphonaptera
Order Diptera
LIFE CYCLES
I. TWO TYPES OF LIFE CYCLES:
Parasites undergo a Life Cycle during its existence
it involves survival and development in the external environment and in one or more hosts
life cycle consists of the various morphologic forms and developmental stages
life cycle summarizes development of the parasite from the time it leaves the host to start a new infection in a
new susceptible host
knowledge of life cycles = preventive measures
A. Direct Life Cycle
there is no intermediate host required to transmit the parasite from one host to another
parasites are transmitted from an infected individual to a susceptible host without requiring an
intermediate host
**Ex1) Trichomonas vaginalis
direct cycle where the parasite is immediately infective when it leaves the host
Man Man
**Ex2) Ascaris lumbricoides
direct life cycle where the parasite develops into the Infective Stage in the external
environment
Man Development in External Environment Vectors (optional) Man
B. Indirect Life Cycle
at least one intermediate host / vector is required for the parasite to complete its transmission from the
originally infected host to the susceptible potential new host
the infective stage of the parasite develops in the Intermediate Host and the Susceptible Host acquires
the infection through contact or exposure to the infected intermediate host
**Ex) Schistosoma japonicum, Capillaria phiippinensis
Man Intermediate Host Contact / Ingestion of Raw Intermediate Host Man
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
II. COMPONENTS OF THE LIFE CYCLE
Infective Stage
Portal of Entry
Mode of Transmission
Path or Route of Migration
Developmental Stages
Habitat
Portal of Exit
Diagnostic Stage
A. Infective Stage
stage of development of the parasite which when ingested to the definitive host will result to infection
in the direct life cycle: Infective Stage comes from original infected host
in the indirect life cycle: it originates from the Intermediate Host or Vector
ex) Ascaris – Infected Stage is the Embryonated Egg
B. Portal of Entry
refers to site of opening in the susceptible host through which the infective stage enters
most common portal of entry: Mouth, Skin, Nose
ex) Ascaris – Portal of Entry: Mouth
C. Mode of Transmission
refers to the process on how a new host acquires the infective stage of the parasite
man could acquire it by: Ingestion, Inhalation, Infected Intermediate Host, Skin penetration, Inoculation
ex) in Ascaris – Ingestion of Embryonated Egg; Hookworm by Skin penetration of Larva
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
D. Path or Route of Migration
when the infective stage of parasite enters the new host, it usually undergoes without maturation stages
different developmental stages of parasites may occur in different parts or organs
E. Developmental Stages
the parasite undergoes different developmental stages as it moves from the original infected hosts to
the environment, inside the intermediate hosts & even w/in the new susceptible host before settling down
ex) For Helminths, developmental stage is Egg, Larva, Immature Adult and Adult
F. Habitat
refers to the specific organ or site in the definitive host’s body where the sexually mature parasite resides
ex) Habitat of Ascaris is in the Lumen of Small Intestines
G. Portal of Exit
opening or site in body wherein parasites leave the infected hosts to find a new susceptible host
ex) Eggs of Ascaris leave the host through the Anus
H. Diagnostic Stage
stage passed out by the host or taken up by the vector or intermediate host
serves as a basis for establishing presence of the parasite in host or diagnosis of infection
EXPERIMENT 24: LUNG FLUKES
INTRODUCTION
I. SLIDES TO VIEW:
Paragonimus westermani
o Adult
o Egg
II. PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI
Paragonimus westermani = Affects the Human Lungs (Lung Fluke)
Transmission = Ingestion of Insufficiently cooked Crabs or Cray Fish infected with Metacercariae
Infective Stage = Metacercaria
Diagnosis = Finding Medium Sized Operculated Ova in the Sputum
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Pathology = Acute, Subacute Inflammations of Lung Tissue; it may also wander erratically to Brain and Skin
**IMPORTANT Note:
o Clinically, it is usually Mistaken with Tuberculosis Symptoms due to Hemoptysis
o TO Differentiate, we find Operculated Ova in the Sputum, instead of Acid Fast Bacilli
III. LIFE CYCLE OF P. WESTERMANI
Type = Indirect Life Cycle (One or Two Intermediate Hosts and One Definitive Host)
Immature Larvae develops inside the Intermediate Host and Matures into Adult Stage inside Man
Mode of Transmission = Ingestion of Raw Infected Crabs / Crayfish
Diagnostic Stage = Eggs in Sputum / Stool
Infective Stage = Metacercariae from Crabs
Definitive Host = Man
1st Intermediate Host = Snails
2nd Intermediate Host = Crabs / Crayfish
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SLIDES:
A. Paragonimus westermani Adult
Plump, Ovoid
ReddishBrown Fluke (820mm in length; 59mm in breadth)
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
**Diagnostic Features of this Fluke
ScaleLike Integumental Spines
Two EqualSized Ventral & Oral Suckers located in the Anterior Half
**Other Structures:
Two Lobate Testes situated SidebySide
Centrally Located Lobate Ovary Anterior to the Testes
Laterally, the entire body is occupied by the Highly Branched Vitellaria
Excretory Bladder
Coiled Uterus
B. Paragonimus westermani Egg
Medium Sized, Oval Shaped Egg (85 x 55u)
Operculated: has a characteristic Broader Operculated Anterior End and a Thicker Posterior End
expectorated in Sputum or when swallowed, it can be detected in Feces in Unembryonated Stage
IV. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Discuss the Specimens of Choice in confirming the Diagnosis of Paragonmiasis
o Stool
o Sputum
Give the Characteristic Morphological Feature of Paragonimus westermani Ova
o Broader Operculated Anterior End
o Thickened Posterior End
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
EXPERIMENT 27: SPOROZOANS
INTRODUCTION
Sporozoans = Group of Unicellular Parasites with a characteristic Apical Complex
Has NO Locomotory Organelles (except for Flagellated Microgametes in some groups)
Plasmodium = Commonly seen in Man which can cause Malaria
Classification of Sporozoans (Based on Affected Organ)
o Blood Sporozoans
o Tissue Sporozoans
I. SLIDES TO VIEW:
P. falciparum = Trophozoites, Schizonts, Gametocytes
P. vivax = Trophozoites, Schizonts, Gametocytes
P. malariae = Trophozoites, Schizonts, Gametocytes
P. ovale = Trophozoites, Schizonts, Gametocytes
II. PROCEDURE
Stained Blood Smears are shown
Pay attention to the Size of the Normal and Parasitized RBC, number of Chromatin Dots, Amount of Hemozoin
Pigments, Appearance of the Cytoplasm, and presence / absence of Stippling on the Infected RBC’s Cytoplasm
III. STRUCTURE OF THE PARASITE (PLASMODIUM)
Host RBC
Stippling
Cytoplasm
Chromatin Vacuole
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
IV. LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA PARASITES
Type of Life Cycle = Indirect Cycle
Infective Stage = Sporozoites
Diagnostic Stage = Gametocytes
Biologic Vector = Female Anopheles Mosquito
Definitive Host = Female Anopheles Mosquito
Intermediate Host = Human
Two Phases = Human Phase + Mosquito Phase
V. OTHER IMPORTANT SPOROZOANS:
Cryptosporidium
Isospora
Blastocystis
Pneumocystis carinii
Toxoplasma gondii
V. STAGES OF THE PARASITE
Asexual Stages = Trophozoites + Schizonts
Immature Sexual Stages = Gametocyte
NOTE: Man is just an Intermediate Host in Malarial Infections because they harbor only the Immature Forms of
the Parasite (the Mature forms are found in the Mosquito)
A. Trophozoites (Ring Form)
it is the earliest stage
they develop from Sporozoites in the PreErythrocytic (Hepatic Schizogony) Cycle; in the Blood Cycle,
it develops from Merozoites – therefore, we see Throphozoites in BOTH Cycles of Human Phases
with ONE or TWO Chromatin Dots
ringlike structures with Few Malarial Pigment
**Chromatin Dots:
Usually only ONE!
P.falciparum (exception) = More than One in Trophozoite Stage (thin ring like cytoplasm)
**Cytoplasms:
Compact Cytoplasm = P.ovale and P.malariae
Thin Delicate Cytoplasm = P. falciparum
Amoeboid Cytoplasm = P.vivax
Band form Cytoplasm = P.malariae
B. Schizonts
once the Chromatin Dot divides by Binary Fission, Parasite is now a Schizont
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
with Two or More chromatin Dots (Chromatin Dots now develop to form Merozoites)
with plenty or increasing amount of Malarial Pigment (Hemozoin Pigment) in Cytoplasm
can be divided into Growing / Immature and Mature (Cryptozoites) in the PreErythrocytic Cycle
**Merozoites
P.falciparum = 1232
P.vivax = 1224
P.malariae = 612
P.ovale = 412
**Tissue Schizonts:
Primary Tissue Schizonts
Secondary Tissue Schizonts
C. Gametocytes
it is only an Immature form of the Sexual Forms of the Parasite
Banana Shaped in P.falciparum or special with definite Chromatin material
develops from Merozoites
DECSRIPTION OF THE SPECIES
I. MORPHOLOGY (From Lab Manual)
P. falciparum P. vivax P. malariae P. ovale
Trophozoite Size: SmallMedium Size: SmallLarge Size: Small Size: Smaller than vivax
Number: Numerous Number: FewModerate Number: Few Number: Few
Shape: Ring&Comma Form Shape: Broken Ring Shape: Ring to Round Shape: Ring to Round
Chromatin: Two Dots Chromatin: Single Chromatin: Single Chromatin: Single
Cytoplasm: Regular Cytoplasm: Irregular Cytoplasm: Regular Cytoplasm: Regular
Mature Forms: Compact Mature Forms: Compact Pigment: Scattered Pigment: Course, Scatter
Pigment: Coarse Grains Pigment: Fine Scattered
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Gametocyte Mature: Banana Shaped Mature: Round Mature: Round Mature: Round
Chromatin: Single Pigment: Scattered Chromatin: Single Chromatin: Single
Pigment: Scattered Pigment: Scattered Pigment: Scattered
Peripherally
II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (From Notes)
FORM P. falciparum P. vivax P. malariae P. ovale
Infected RBC Size Not Enlarged Enlarged Not Enlarged Enlarged
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Plasmodium falciparum Schizont VS Plasmodium vivax Schizont
FEATURES P. falciparum P. vivax
Size Small & Compact Large
Number Few, Uncommon Few to Moderate
Mature Forms 1232 Merozoites 1224 or More Merozoites
Cluster Compact Clusters Irregular Clusters
Pigment Single Dark Mass Loose Mass
EXPERIMENT 28: BLOOD & TISSUE FLAGELLATES
INTRODUCTION
Trypanosoma and Leishmania Flagellates belong to Order Kinetoplastida of Superclass Mastigophora
They Multiply in the Blood (Hemoflagellates) or Tissue of Humans
All Species require an Arthropod Intermediate Host
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
I. SLIDES TO VIEW
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Trypomastigote)
Leishmania tropica (in Culture)
Leishmania tropica (Hamster)
II. MORPHOLOGIC DIFFERENCES
AMASTIGOTE PROMASTIGOTE EPIMASTIGOTE TRYPOMASTIGOTE
AKA Leishmania Leptomonas Crithidia Trypanosoma
Morphology Ovoidal / Spherical Spindle Shaped Spindle Shaped Spindle Shaped
Flagellum Intracellular Axoneme Free Flagellum Free Flagellum Free Flagellum
Course of Intracellular (Not Free) Arise from Kinetoplast Ends in Kinetoplast Ends in Kinetoplast
Flagellum in the Anterior End Anterior to Nucleus Posterior to the Nucleus
Found in Macrophages Vector
Reticuloendothelials
Stage Leishmania Diagnostic Stage Leishmania Infective Stage Typanosoma Trypanosoma Infective Stage
Leishmania = Amastigote + Promastigote
Trypanosoma = Trypomastigote + Epimastigote
III. TRYPANOSOMA SPECIES
A. Comparison of Diseases and Vectors
SPECIES DISEASE VECTOR
T. brucei gambiense West African Sleeping Sickness Riverine Tsetse Fly
T. brucei rhodesiense East Sleeping Sickness Woodland Tsetse Fly
T. cruzi Chaga’s Disease, Megacolon Reduviid Bug (Triatoma)
B. Life Cycles:
1. T. brucei gambiense
Infective Stage = Metacyclic Trypopmastigote
Diagnostic Stage = Trypomastigote
Stage that develops in the Salivary Glands of the Vector (Tsetse Fly) = Epimastigote
Mammalian Hosts = Humans, Pigs, Wild Animals
Vector = Riverine Tsetse fly (Glossina palpalis) = Day time biters
NOTE: Epimastigotes are NOT found in the Human’s Blood (it develops in the Tsetse Fly)
2. T. brucei rhodesiense
Infective Stage = Metacyclic Trypopmastigote
Diagnostic Stage = Trypomastigote
Stage that develops in the Salivary Glands of the Vector (Tsetse Fly) = Epimastigote
NOTE: Epimastigotes are NOT found in the Human’s Blood (it develops in the Tsetse Fly)
3. T. cruzi
Infective Stage = Metacyclic Trypomastigote
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Epimastigote Develops inside the Reduviid Bug (Vector)
Diagnostic Phases:
Blood = Trypomastigote
Heart Tissues = Amastigote
IV. LEISHMANIA SPECIES
A. Comparison of the Diseases Caused:
LEISHMANIA DESCRIPTION DISEASES
Leishmania tropica Old World Cutaneous Dry, Chronic, Urban Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis Oriental Sore
Aleppo or Baghad Boil
Recividans or Chronic Relapsing Cutaneous L.
B. Life Cycle
o Infective Stage = Metacyclic Promastigote
o Diagnostic Stage = Amastigote (inside Macrophages)
o Vector = Sandflies (Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia)
o Reservoir Hosts = Humans, Dogs, Wild Animals
o Habitat = Reticular Endothelial System
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
EXPERIMENT 29: FILARIAL WORMS
INTRODUCTION
Filarial Worms = Slender Tissue dwelling Nematodes with Reduced Lips and Buccal Capsules
All Species employ Arthropods as Intermediate Host
Transmission = through Arthropod Vector Bite
Infective Stage = Third Stage Larva (L3)
I. SLIDES TO VIEW (Blood Smears with):
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
II. PROCEDURE
Blood Smears with Microfilariae
Take note of Morphological Differences between the Two Species and Tabulate based on the following: Shape &
Size of the Larvae relative to the Host Cells, presence / absence of a Membrane Sheath and Number of Nuclei at
the Posterior or Tail End
III. FILARIAL WORMS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
FILARIASIS VECTOR DEFINITIVE HOST DISTRIBUTION
Wuchureria bancrofti Lymphatic Mosquitoes Man Philippines
Brugia malayi Lymphatic Mosquitoes Man Philippines
Brugia timori Lymphatic Mosquitoes Man Indonesia
Onchoceria volvulus Subcutaneous Fly Man
Loa loa Subcutaneous Fly Man
Manzonella perstan Animal Midget Animal
Manzonella ozzardi Animal Midget Animal
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
IV. LIFE CYCLE
Infective Stage = L3 (Third Stage Larvae)
Diagnostic Stage = Microfilariae
Definitive Host = Man, Chimpanzee, Gorilla
Mosquito Borne
L3 (Infective Stage) Migrates to Lymph Gland L1 L2 L3
Human Phase Mosquito
EXAMINATION OF THE SLIDES
I. STAGES OF THE PARASITE
A. Adult Stage
found in Lymph Glands (they can create Obstruction, leading to Edema)
long slender, creamy white roundworm, smooth cuticle
1. Viviparous Female
Vulva opens to the Surface of the Worm near the middle of the Pharynx
gives birth to a Prelarval Form (Microfilariae)
610cm in length; 0.3cm wide
2. Males
possess Caudal Alae with two Spicules
4050mm in length, 0.3wide
B. Microfilariae
also known as the PreLarval Form (L1)
it is NOT an Infective Stage – it is a Diagnostic Stage
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
given birth by a Viviparous Female Worm (there is NO egg stage)
Body Nuclei = represents are Rudiments of Internal Organs
**Morphology:
Morphology varies with Species
May contain sheath with or without striations
Body Nuclei represent Rudiment of Internal Organs
Stained with Giemsa
**Comparison of Microfilariae between the Two Species:
W. bancrofti B. malayi
Cuticular Sheath Present Present
Cephalic Space Short Long
Length = Width Length > Width
Body Curves Regular, Large Irregular, Kinky, Small
Body Nuclei Round MediumSize Small, Angular
Well Separated Overlapping (not separated)
Tail No Terminal Nuclei With Two Terminal Nuclei
Pointed End Blunt Tip
*NOTE: Microfilariae are found in the Blood only at Night Time
II. COMPARISON OF LYMPHATIC AND SUBCUTANEOUS WORMS (BASED ON MICROFILARIAE)
W. bancrofti B malayi Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa
Sheath Present Present Absent Absent
Cephalic Space Short Long Short Short
Body Curves Regular Irregular Rigid Irregular
Body Nuclei Separated Overlapping Separated Overlapping
Tail No Nuclei With Terminal Nucleus No Nucleus With Terminal Nuclei
III. ENDEMIC PLACES OF FILARIASIS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Luzon
Leyte
Marinduque
Mindoro
Palawan
Samar
EXPERIMENT 30: SCHISTOSOMA (BLOOD FLUKES)
INTRODUCTION
Schistosoma = Comprises the Blood Flukes or the Blood Trematodes
They only require ONE Intermediate Host – have NO Metacercarial Stage
Adults have Separate Sexes
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
I. SLIDES TO VIEW:
Schistosoma japonicum = Egg, Cercaria, Adult
Schistosoma mansoni = Egg, Adult
Schistosoma mekongi = Egg, Adult
II. THREE MAJOR SPECIES
MAJOR SNAIL HABITAT DISEASE DISTRIBUTION
SPECIES INTERMEDIATE HOST
Schistosoma Oncomelania Hupensis Veins of the Small Oriental Schistosomiasis Philippines (Misamis Oriental)
japonicum Quadrasi Intestines Katayama Disease China, Sulawesi in Indonesia,
Schistosomiasis japonica Japan, Taiwan
**NOTE: Schistosoma japonicum: produces the Most Number of the Eggs
III. LIFE CYCLE
Infective Stage = Cercaria
Diagnostic Stage = Eggs in Feces
Form which Enter the Snails = Miracidia
Intermediate Host = Snails (different species for specific species of parasites – see table)
Mode of Transmission = Skin Penetration
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
EXAMINATION OF THE SLIDES
I. PROCEDURE:
Note Morphologic Features of the Parasites and the Striking Differences between them
II. MORPHOLOGY
A. Adult Worms
0.62.5cm in length with Oral and Ventral Suckers
Narrow Elongated Shape; has separate Sexes; Integument is Smooth or Tuberculated depending upon species
number of Testes in Males and the length of the Uterus & Number of Eggs are Distinctive to the species
Excretory System = Flame Cells, Collecting Tubules leading into a Small Bladder with Terminal Excretory Pore
MALE ADULT WORM FEMALE ADULT WORM
Shorter by more Sturdy; Grayish Longer
Has a Cylindrical Anterior End More Slender
Body Folded to form a Gynecophoral Canal Darker
**Gynecophoral Canal = Found in Males in which the Female is embraced during copulation
B. Ova / Egg
with Spine or KnobLike Projections
depending on the Stage of Development at the time they are passed out with the Feces, one may find
them from Multicellular Stage to full Embryonation with a developed Miracidium within the
Shell
S. japonicum Egg S. mansoni Egg S. haematobium Egg
*Developed Miracidium *Developed Miracidium *Developed Miracidium
*Lateral Knob *Large Lateral Spine *Large Terminal Spine
*Small Lateral Spine
C. Miracidium
ciliated, pyriform in shape with a Primitive Gut
D. Cercariae
forkedtailed when Discharged from the Snail
fork situated at the PosteriorThird of the Tail
Oral and Ventral Suckers are developed
III. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Differentiate the Appearance of the Ova of the Different Species of Schistosoma
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
S. japonicum S. mansoni S. haematobium S. mekongi
Oval Light Yellow=Brown Terminal Spine Oval
With minute Spine or Elongate Lateral Spine or Knob
Knob Lateral Spine
Acid Fast
What Specimen are you going to collect to demonstrate the Ova of Schistotoma japonicum?
o Feces are Collected
o When eggs cannot be found in Feces, a Rectal Biopsy may be done
EXPERIMENT 36: INTESTINAL AMOEBA
INTRODUCTION
Protozoans in the Intestines obtain nutrients from the Parasitized Host or Predigested Food in the GIT
Trophozoite = Active or Feeding Stage
Cysts = form when the Environment is Unfavorable for Survival (Not Active, NonFeeding)
I. SLIDES TO VIEW:
Entamoeba histolytica = Cyst, Trophozoite
Entamoeba coli = Cyst, Trophozoite
Entamoeba nana = Cyst, Trophozoite
II. ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
The ONLY Pathogen (others are Commensals)
It has the Potential to Invade the Intestinal Wall & other Organs
Entamoeba dispar = another Intestinal Commensal which is morphologically similar w/ E. histolytica
They could be differentiated using Specific Tests (Isoenzyme Analysis, Immunoassays, PCR)
**NOTE: LIFE CYCLE Discussed Below
EXAMINATION OF THE SLIDES
I. TROPHOZOITES AND CYSTS:
TROPHOZOITES CYSTS
Entamoeba histolytica *Karyosome = Center *14 Nuclei (Mature Cyst)
*Nucleus = Eccentric w/ Fine Chromatin Granules *Diffuse Glycogen Mass
*Directional Movements (Active Progressive) *CigarShaped Chromatoidal Bars
*Defined Ectoplasm
*BladeLike Hyaline Pseudopodia
*Indistinct Nucleus
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
*Ingested RBC
II. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
What is the Morphologic Feature of Entamoeba histolytica that signifies Pathogenicity?
o Trophozoite of E. histolytica is Active, Motile Feeding Stage that causes Pathology in the Colon
o It is Anaerobic with no mitochondria
o Erythrophagocytosis
EXPERIMENT 37: INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES & CILIATE
INTRODUCTION
I. SLIDES TO VIEW:
Giardia lamblia
Dientamoeba fragilis
Chilomastix mesnili
Balantidium coli
II. FLAGELLATES VS CILIATES
A. Flagellates
o Possesses one or more Flagella – Long ThreadLike Extrusions of the Cytoplasm
o The Pathogenic Intestinal Flagellate of Man is Giardia lamblia
o Classified into Two Groups (According to Habitat):
Intestinal, Oral, and Genital Flagellates
Blood and Tissue Flagellates
**NOTE: ALL have Trophozoite and Cystic Stage (EXCEPT Trichomonas)
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Dientamoeba fragilis was originally grouped under Amoebas (now it is a Flagellate)
Now, it is in the Order Trichomonadida
Dientamoeba fragilis has Two Nuclei and NO Cystic Stage
B. Ciliates
o Move by means of Cilia – Threads of Cytoplasm (shorter and more numerous than Flagella)
o The only Pathogenic Ciliate of Man is Balantidium coli
III. REVIEW OF PROTOZOANS
Entamoeba histolytica Giardia lamblia Dientamoeba fragilis Balantidium coli
Disease Amoebiasis Giardiasis Balantidiasis
Amoebic Dysentery Lambiasis Balantidosis
Amoebic Hepatitis Traveller’s Diarrhea Balantidial Dysentery
Infective Stage Mature Cyst Mature Cyst Trophozoite Mature Cyst
Habitat Large Intestine (Cecum) Small Intestines Large Intestines (Cecum) Large Intestines
Diagnosis Parasite in Feces Cyst & Trophozoites Binucleate Trophozoites Cysts & Trophozoites
Pathology Flask Shaped Ulcer Malabsorption Syndrome
Steatorrheac Stool
Transmission Ingestion Ingestion Uncertain Ingestion
Drugs of Choice Metronidazole Metronidazole Iodoquinol Tetracycline
Trophozoite
Nucleus Single & Eccentric Two Nuclei (Binucleate) Two Nuclei (Binucleate) Macro / Micro
Karyosome Center Center
Movement Unidirectional 4Flagella Pseudopods
Twisting Movements NonDirectional
Others Easily Destroyed Sucking Disk Ventrally No Flagella Surrounded by Cili
Pear Shaped (Old Man) Cytosome & Cytopyge
2Parabasal Bodies
2Axonemes
Cyst
Description CigarChromatoid Bodies Ellipsoidal NONE Thick Cyst Wall
14 Nuclei 24 Nuclei Round or Oval
EXAMINATION OF THE SLIDES
I. TROPHOZOITES AND CYSTS
TROPHOZOITE CYST
Giardia lamblia *Sucking Disk on Ventral Surface *24 Nuclei
*Pear Shaped *Surrounded by a Cyst Wall
*Old Man’s Face *Ellipsoidal (912um)
*Two Nuclei with Large Central Karyosomes
*Two Axonemes
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
*Two Blepharoplasts
*Two Deeply Staining Bars (Parabasal Bodies)
*4Pairs of Flagella
II. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Give the Characteristic Morphologic Features
FLAGELLATE / CILIATE LOCOMOTORY ORGANELLE DISTINCT FEATURES
Giardia lamblia 14 Flagella TwoNuclei
Large Central Karyosome
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
EXPERIMENT 38: INTESTINAL NEMATODES
INTRODUCTION
I. SLIDES TO VIEW
A. Adult Forms:
o Ascaris lumbricoides
o Trichuris trichiura
o Enterobius vermicularis
o Hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma caninum)
o Capillaria philippinensis
o Trichinella spiralis
B. Larva
o Strongyloides stercoralis
o Hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma ceylanicum)
o Trichinella spiralis
C. Ova
o Ascaris lumbricoides (Fertilized, Unfertilized, and Decorticated Ova)
o Trichuris trichiura
o Hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma ceylanicum)
o Capillaria philippinensis
o Enterobius vermicularis
II. NEMATODES
Nematodes / Roundworms = comprise a Large Group of Helminths of simple structure
Elongated, Unsegmented, Bilaterally Symmetrical
Separate Sexes
Males < Females
Males have one or two Copulatory Spicules
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
EXAMINATION OF THE SLIDES
I. OVERALL CHARACTERISTICS
Ascaris Trichuris Enterobius Hookworms Strongyloides Capillaria
lumbricoi trichiur vermic stercoralis philippinensis
des a ularis
General Characteristics
Common Giant Round Whipworm Pinworm / Hookworms Threadworm
Name Worm Seatworm
Diseases Ascariasis Trichuriasis Enterobiasis Ancylostomiasis Strongyloides Capillariasis
Ascaris Infection Trichocephaliasis Oxyuriasis Uncinariasis Strongyloidosis Pudoc’s Disease
Necatoriasis CochinChina
Morphology
Female Adult Pointed Ends Blunt Posterior Sharp Pointed Parasitic Atypical = 23
End FreeLiving Rows
Typical = 1Row
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Male Adult Curved Poserior Curved Posterior Curved Posterior Bursa to hold No Parasitic Male Long Spicular
End Single Spicule Single Spicule female FreeLiving Sheath
Retractile Sheet
II. RHABDITIFORM & FILARIFORM LARVAE
HOOKWORMS STRONGYLOIDES
Rhabditiform Larva
Buccal Cavity Long Buccal Cavity Short Buccal Cavity
Genital Primordium Small Genital Primordium Large Genital Primodrium
Filariform Larva
Tail Pointed Tail Notched / Forked Tail
Esophagus Shorter Esophagus Longer Esophagus
EXPERIMENT 39: DIRECT FECAL SMEAR
INTRODUCTION
I. PRINCIPLES
Direct Fecal Smear (DFS) = Simplest and most Rapid of all Fecal Examination Techniques
Recommended for Identification of Protozoan Trophozoites and Detection of Helminthic Infection
One Direct Fecal Smear Preparation contains approximately 2mg of Feces
Saline and / or Lugol’s Iodine Solution can be used to Emulsify the Fecal Material
A. Unstained Film
useful for the Study of Living Parasite Objects
ex) Motile Protozoan Trophozoites, Helminth Eggs, and Nematode Larva
B. Iodine Film
employed to study the Diagnostic Features of Protozoan Cysts
II. PROCEDURE
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Place 12 Drops Saline at the Center of a Glass Slide
With an Applicator Stick, poke at various portions of the Specimen (it with blood streaks, make sure you touch
your applicator at this portion)
Make a smooth uniform emulsion in the drop of saline by Rotatory Motion starting from the Center
Place the edge of Cover Slip in the slide so that it touches the edge of the water
Slowly lower the coverslip to prevent Air Bubbles
Examine slide (first with LPO, then with High Power)
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Give the Advantage of using Logol’s Iodine over Saline Solution in Direct Fecal Smear
o Lugol’s Iodine or D’Antoni’s Iodine helps visualize internal structures of Trophozoites and Cysts
o Because Stains will kill Motile Trophozoites, it is recommended that a Saline Smear and an Iodine Smear
be prepared Separately
Briefly Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Direct Fecal Smear
o Advantages
Allows the viewer to Detect Motile Protozoa
Can view Helminth Eggs / Larvae, Protozoan Cysts, WBCs, Some Yeast
o Disadvantages
Should NOT be performed on Preserved Specimens
Should be used for Fresh Stool Specimens that are very Soft or Liquid
Cannot be examined using Oil Immersion
EXPERIMENT 40: CELLULOSE TAPE PERIANAL SWAB
INTRODUCTION
I. PRINCIPLES
Pinworm Infection (Enterobius vermicularis) is suspected in children with Perianal Itching, Insomnia, and
Restlessness
Evidence depends on recovery of Adult Worms, Eggs, or Both
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
They are RARELY Found in Stool Examination
Pinworm Infection can be best diagnosed by Swabbing Perianal Area using Graham’s Cellophane (Cellulose)
Tape Method
II. GRAHAM’S CELLOPHANE TAPE METHOD
Highest Sensitivity and Specificity Results
Best to Collect Specimens in the Morning before the Patient bathes or defecates
III. PROCEDURE
Place a Strip of Cellulose Tape, Sticky Side Down, on a slide and on one end a Small Strip of Paper
Hold a Slide Against a Tongue Depressor one inch from the end and lift the tape away from the Slide
Loop the Tape over the end of the Tongue Depressor to expose the Gummed Surface (Hold the Tape by the Paper
Tab attached to its End Portion
Hold the Tape and Slide against the Tongue Depressor
Press the gummed surface of the tape against several areas of the Perianal Area
Replace the tape on the slide and examine directly under the microscope for Pinworm Eggs or Taenia Eggs
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Why is Early Morning the BEST Time to collect Specimens?
o The highest Positive Results and Greatest Number of Eggs can be detected in the morning
o Specimens are best obtained a few hours after the Person has retired (1011pm) or the first thing in the
morning before bowel movement or bath
31
GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
EXPERIMENT 41: KATO THICK SMEAR AND KATOKATZ THICK SMEAR
KATO THICK SMEAR (CELLOPHANE THICK SMEAR)
I. PRINCIPLES
Kato Thick Smear = Qualitative Method to detect Helminthic Infections (better than Direct Fecal Smear)
Requires 5060mg Fresh Fecal Material so that even Light Infection can be detected
Cellophane Strips used is Soaked in GlycerineMalachite Green Solution for 24 hours before use
This method is very useful in Mass Examination of Common SoilTransmitted Helminthic Infecitons
**GlycerineMalachite Green Solution
o Glycerine = clears the Fecal Film to visualize the Helminth Eggs
o Malachite Green = Dye used to protect the eyes from Intense Light Needed in examining Thick Smear
o Preparation: 500ml Distilled Water + 500ml Glycerine + 5ml 3% Malachite Green Solution in H 2O
**NOTE: This Method is NOT Suitable for Diarrheic Stool and CANT Detect Protozoan Cysts and Trophozoites
II. PROCEDURE
Place 5060mg of Stool at the Center of a Glass Slide and Cover with a Square Piece of PreTreated Cellophane
Using a Rubber Stopper, press the Cellophane gently to spread the Stool Specimen evenly, approximating the
Circumference of the Rubber Stopper
Leave the prepared slide at room temperature for 1020minutes – during this time, the Microscopic Field becomes
clear due to the action of Glycerine on the Stool Constituents
Examine the Slide (The slide should be examined after 1020 minutes or within 1 hour after preparation
Allowing the slide to stand for Long Periods of time will cause Drying and Shells of Hookworm Ova will become
transparent and difficult to see
III. ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES:
A. Advantage
o Time Saving, Simple, Economical
o Useful in Mass Examination of Common SoilTransmitted Helminth Infections
B. Disadvantages:
o Not Suitable for Diarrheic Stool
o Cannot be used to detect Protozoan Cysts & Trophozoites
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
KATOKATZ THICK SMEAR (MODIFIED THICK SMEAR)
I. PRINCIPLES
KatoKatz Thick Smear is a Modification of KatoThick Smear Method
It is a Quantitative Method for counting Helminthic Eggs
The Number of Eggs per gram (NPEG) of Feces can be computed by Multiplying the Number of Eggs
Observed per Thick Smear by 24
II. PROCEDURE
Place about Half a Gram of Fecal Sample on Filter Paper
Place the wire net or screen on top of the fecal sample
Using a FlatSided Applicator Stick, scrape across the upper surface of the screen to sieve the Fecal Material
Place a Template on a Clean Microscope Slide
Transfer a small amount of Sieved Fecal Material into the hole of the Template and carefully fill the hole
Remove the Template carefully so that all the Fecal Material is left on the slide
Cover the Fecal Sample on the slide with a GlycerineMalachite Soaked Cellophane Strip
Invert the Slide and Press the Fecal Sample against the Cellophane gently on a Smooth Surface to spread evenly
Let stand for about 20 minutes and examine
Count all eggs seen in the whole preparation
Multiply the Total Eggs counted by Factor 24 to express the Count as Eggs per Gram Feces (EPG)
**IMPORTANT Notes:
o The WireMesh Net is used to Separate Fecal Material from the Large Debris which may affect the
Approximate Fecal Weight and Clearing of Fecal Film by Glycerol
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Discuss the Advantages of Thick Smear over the Direct Fecal Smear
o Thick Smear can be used to Obtain an Accurate measure of the Number of Eggs in a given amount of
Sample so that the Worm Burden can be inferred
o However, Adult Schistosomes take weeks to months to pass eggs into the Feces
Give the Rationale of using GlycerineMalachite Green Solution in these two procedures
o It is a dye used to Dye the Smear and Protect the Eyes from the Intense Light that is required for the
Microscopic Examination of the Specimen
EXERCISE 42: INTESTINAL TAPEWORMS AND FLUKES
INTRODUCTION
Cestoda (Tapeworms) & Trematoda (Flukes) of Phylum Platyhelminthes (or Flatworms) are Exclusively Parasitic
I. SLIDES TO VIEW
A. Trematodes
1. Adult, Egg
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis sp
Fasciola hepatica / gigantica
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
2. Adult
Fasciola hepatica
Metagonimus yokogaeai
Haplorchis taichui
3. Metacercaria
B. Cestodes
1. Adult
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
2. Egg, Scolex, Mature / Gravid Proglottid of:
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Diphyllobothrium latum
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Dipylidium caninum
3. Cysticercus cellulosae
II. TREMATODES (Flukes)
Have Conspicuous Suckers
LeafShaped, Unsegmented, and Dorsoventrally Flattened
External Cuticle which most species may be covered with Scales, Spines, Tubercles, Ridges
They have Complex Life Cycles, involving one or more Intermediate Hosts
Transmission (Majority) = Eating Inadequately Cooked Second Intermediate Host containing the Infective
Metacercariae
III. CESTODES (Tapeworms)
Endoparasitic Worms with Elongated, Segmented, and Flat Body devoid of a Body Cavity
Adult Tapeworm = Scolex (Head) + Neck + Proglottids that comprise the Strobila or Body of the Tapeworm
Each proglottid contains one or two sets of Male and Female Reproductive Organs
EXAMINATION OF SLIDES:
I. TREMATODES (FLUKES)
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
A. Intestinal Flukes (Trematodes)
Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum Heterophyes heterophyes Metagonimus yokogawai
Disease Fasciolopsiasis Echinostomiasis Heterophyiasis Mentagonimiasis
Common Name Giant Intestinal Fluke Garrison’s Fluke None None
Life Cycle Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect
Definitive Host Humans, Hogs, Dogs Humans, Mammals, Humans, FishEating Humans, FishEating
Birds Mammals Mammals
1st Intermediate Planorbid Snails Planorbid Snails BrakishWater Snails Snails
2nd Intermediate Water Plants Snails (Pila luzonica) Freshwater Fish Freshwater Fish
Habitat Small Intestines Small Intestines Small Intestines Small Intestines
Infective Stage Metacercaria Metacercaria Metacercaria Metacercaria
Diagnostic Stage Eggs in Feces Eggs in Feces Eggs in Feces Eggs in Feces
Morphology
Testes Dendritic Lobed Lobate Oval
Tandem Tandem Side by Side (Opposite) Obliquely Side by Side
Suckers Oral + Ventral Oral + Ventral Oral + Ventral + Genital Oral + Ventral + Genital
Egg Unembryonated Unembryonated Embryonated Embryonated
Operculated Operculated Operculated Operculated
B. Liver Flukes (Trematodes)
Fasciola spp Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis spp
General Characteristics
Disease Fascioliasis Clonorchiasis Opisthorchiasis
Liver Rot
Pharyngeal Fascioliasis
Halzoun
Morphology
Shape Leaf Shape Oblong, Lanceolate Shaped Oblong, Lanceolate Shaped
Suckers Oral < Ventral Oral > Ventral Oral = Ventral
Testes Dendritic; Tandem Branched; Tandem Lobate; Oblique
Ovary FanShaped Oval Oval
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
Egg Unembryonated Embryonated Embryonated
Intestinal Ceca Branched Simple Simple
Vitellaria Branched Diffuse, Irregularly Distributed Cluster / Compressed Follicles
Unique Feature Cephalic Cone / Shoulder Eggs smaller than C. sinensis
II. CESTODES
Taenia solium Taenia saginata Diphyllobothrium Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis Dipylidium
latum diminu caninum
ta
General Characteristics
AKA Pork Tapeworm Beef Tapeworm BroadFishTapeworm Dwarf Tapeworm Rat Tapeworm Dog Tapeworm
Disease Taeniasis Taeniasis Diphyllobothriasis Hymenolepiasis Hymenoleipasis Dipylidiasis
(Adult) (Adult)
Cysticercosis Sparganosis
(Larva) (Larva)
Morphology
Scolex Globular Pyriform Spatulate / Almond Globular ClubShaped Rows of Spine
Armed Rostellum No Rostellum Bothria (Grooves) Retractile.Rostellum Unarmed / Four Suckers
Four Suckers Four Suckers Grooves Four Suckers Rudiment
Rostellum
Mature Trilobed Ovary Bilobed Ovary Bilobed Ovary Bilobed Ovary Bilobed Ovary PumpkinSeed
Segment More Testes Broader > Long 3Testes 3Testes Like
Rosette Like Uterus 2Sets of Repro.
Organ
Gravid <13 Branches >13 Branches Saccular Uterus Membranous
Segment Egg Masses Capsules
Egg Embryonated Embryonated Unembryonated Embryonated Embryonated Embryonated
(Packets)
Distinct Longest Tapeworm Egg Bigger than Rice Grain
Feature H.nana Appearance
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
I. CLASSIFICATION OF FLUKES
A. Classification of Flukes According to Size (Those in Bold Letters are the Intestinal Flukes)
1. Large Flukes (28cm)
Fasciolopsis buski (largest)
Fasciola spp
2. Medium Fluke (12cm)
Echinostoma ilocanum
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis spp
Paragonimus westermanii
3. Small Flukes (<1cm)
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Phanerophsolus bonnie
Haplorchis spp
B. Classification of Flukes According to Second Intermediate Host
1. Water PlantBorne
Fasciolopsis buski
Fasciola spp.
2. SnailBorne
Echinostoma ilocanum
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
3. FishBorne
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis spp
C. Classification of Trematode Eggs
1. Large Unembryonated Eggs (100160u)
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Fasciola spp
2. Medium Unembryonated Eggs (7090u)
Paragonimus westermanii
3. Small Embryonated Eggs (2332u)
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Clonorchis spp
Opisthorchis spp
II. SCOLICES OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES:
CESTODE TYPE OF SCOLEX SCOLEX
Taenia solium Globular Sucking Disks (4)
Rostellum with Chitinous Hooks
Taenia saginata Pyriform Sucking Disks (4)
Diphyllobothrium latum Elongated / Spatulate 2Elongated Suctorial Grooves = Bothria
MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAM: PARASITOLOGY
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY
EXPERIMENT 24:
LUNG FLUKES
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GALANG, JIREH MASICLAT, RMT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
EXPERIMENT 27:
SPOROZOANS
EXPERIMENT 28:
BLOOD & TISSUE FLAGELLATES
EXPERIMENT 29:
FILARIAL WORMS
EXPERIMENT 30:
SCHISTOSOMA (BLOOD FLUKES)
EXPERIMENT 36:
INTESTINAL AMOEBA
EXPERIMENT 37:
INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES & CILIATE
EXPERIMENT 38:
INTESTINAL NEMATODES
EXPERIMENT 39:
DIRECT FECAL SMEAR
EXPERIMENT 40:
CELLULOSE TAPE PERIANAL SWAB
EXPERIMENT 41:
KATO THICK SMEAR AND KATOKATZ THICK SMEAR
EXERCISE 42:
INTESTINAL TAPEWORMS AND FLUKES
40