Geometrical and Graphical Representations Analysis of Lissajous Figures in Rotor Dynamic System

This document provides an overview of Lissajous figures and their use in analyzing rotor dynamic systems. Lissajous figures are curves produced by plotting two sinusoidal signals against each other on an oscilloscope. The shape of the curve reveals information about the phase difference and frequency ratio of the signals. The document describes an experiment using a rotor rig, proximity sensors, and oscilloscope to generate and analyze Lissajous curves from rotating machinery for diagnostic purposes.

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Geometrical and Graphical Representations Analysis of Lissajous Figures in Rotor Dynamic System

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IOSR Journal of Engineering

May 2012, Vol. 2(5) pp: 971-978

Geometrical and Graphical Representations Analysis of Lissajous

Figures in Rotor Dynamic System
Hisham A. H. AL-KHAZALI1*, Mohamad R. ASKARI2
1
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing,
Kingston University London, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering,
London, SW15 3DW, UK
2
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing,
Kingston University London, School of Aerospace & Aircraft Engineering,
London, SW15 3DW, UK

ABSTRACT
This paper provides a broad review of the state of the art in Lissajous curve techniques, with particular regard to
rotating machinery. Lissajous figure is a subject too wide-ranging to allow a comprehensive coverage of all of the
areas associated with this field to be undertaken, and it is not the authors' intention to do so. However, a general
overview of the broader issues of Lissajous curve is provided, it tells us about the phase difference between the two
signals and the ratio of their frequencies, and several of the various methodologies are discussed.
The experimental technique used Oscilloscopic with Rotor Rig; the display is usually a CRT or LCD panel which is
laid out with both horizontal and vertical reference lines we can demonstrate the waveform images on an oscilloscope.
The objective of this paper is to provide the reader with an insight into recent developments in the field of Lissajous
curve, with particular regard to rotating machines. The subject of it in rotating machinery is vast, including the
diagnosis of items such as rotating shafts, gears and pumps.

Keywords: Lissajous figure, Oscilloscopic technique, Rotor rig.

I. INTRODUCTION
Lissajous figures also called Bowditch curve, pattern Before the days of digital frequency meters and phase-
produced by the intersection of two sinusoidal curves the locked loops, Lissajous figures were used to determine the
axes of which are at right angles to each other. First studied
by the American mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch in 1815, frequencies of sounds or radio signals. A signal of known
the curves were investigated independently by the French frequency was applied to the horizontal axis of an
mathematician Jules-Antoine Lissajous in 1857–58. oscilloscope, and the signal to be measured was applied to
Lissajous used a narrow stream of sand pouring from the the vertical axis. The resulting pattern was a function of the
base of a compound pendulum to produce the curves [1, 2]. ratio of the two frequencies [8, 9].
When using an oscilloscope, we can plot one
sinusoidal signal along the x-axis against another sinusoidal Lissajous figures often appeared as props in science
signal along the y-axis, the result is a Lissajous figure. fiction movies made during the 1950's. One of the best
The oscilloscope displays a two dimensional examples can be found in the opening sequence of the outer
representation of one or more potential differences. The plot limits TV series. ("Do not attempt to adjust your picture-we
is normally of voltage on the y-axis against time on the x- are controlling the transmission.") The pattern of criss-cross
axis, making the oscilloscope useful for displaying periodic lines is actually a Lissajous figure[10].
signals [3, 4]. The Lissajous Lab provides you with a virtual oscilloscope
When x-y mode is turned on, the second channel is which you can use to generate these patterns. (You will
displayed along the x-axis rather than the time base. For sine control the horizontal. You will control the vertical.) The
waves, this produces a Lissajous Figure from which it is applet also allows you to apply a signal to modulate the hue
possible to tell the phase difference between the two signals. of the trace, so you can create colourful designs [11, 12].
Lissajous (pronounced LEE-suh-zhoo) figures were
discovered by the French physicist Jules Antoine Lissajous. II. EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY AND
He would use sounds of different frequencies to vibrate a APPARATUS
mirror [5].
II.1 Experimental set-up
A beam of light reflected from the mirror would
trace patterns which depended on the frequencies of the II.1.1 Rotor Rig:- RK4 Rotor Kit made by Bentley Nevada
sounds. Lissajous' setup was similar to the apparatus which (the advanced power systems energy services company),
is used today to project laser lightshows [6, 7]. could be used to extract the necessary information for
diagnostic of rotating machinery, such as turbines and
ISSN: 2250-3021 www.iosrjen.org 971 | P a g e
IOSR Journal of Engineering
May 2012, Vol. 2(5) pp: 971-978

compressor. Various type of bearing could be used with this object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity
rig (plain bearing). The rig must be developed further to find sensors target. The maximum distance that this sensor can
and test new techniques for the classification of problems in detect is defined “nominal range”. Proximity sensors can
monitoring machinery [13]. The rotor kit measures these have a high reliability and functional life because of the
phenomena with proximity transducers. You can observe the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact
signals from the transducers by using an oscilloscope. between sensor and the sensed object [14].

II.1.2 Proximity sensor:- beside the accelerometers, one of II.1.3 Oscilloscope :- the basic oscilloscope, as shown in
the other devices which could be used to obtain the response the illustration, is typically divided into four sections: the
of a system is proximity probes are sensors able to detect the display, vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger
presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. It controls[15]. In addition to the screen, most display sections
often emits an electromagnetic or electrostatic field, or a are equipped with three basic controls, a focus knob, an
beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared for instance) intensity knob and a beam finder button, see picture (1).
and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The

Proximity sensor Bearings

Discs Oscilloscope

Picture 1: Experimental set-up testing.

II.2 Lissajous figure diagnosis in rotors systems lines (δ = 0). Another simple Lissajous figure is the parabola
Prior to modern computers, Lissajous curves could be (a/b = 2, δ = π/2). Other ratios produce more complicated
generated mechanically by means of a harmonograph [16]. curves, which are closed only if a/b is rational. The visual
form of these curves is often suggestive of a three-
II.2.1 Practical application dimensional knot, and indeed many kinds of knots,
In knot theory, a Lissajous knot is a knot defined by including those known as Lissajous knots, project to the
parametric equations of the form plane as Lissajous figures.
Lissajous figure on an oscilloscope, displaying a 3:1
relationship between the frequencies of the vertical and
x=cos (nx t + Øx), y=cos (ny t + Øy), z=cos (nz t + Øz) (1)
horizontal sinusoidal inputs, respectively [2, 12].
Lissajous figures where a = 1, b = N (N is a natural number)
where nx, ny, and nz are integers and the phase shifts Øx, Øy, and
and Øz may be any real numbers.
N 1 
The projection of a Lissajous knot onto any of the three   (3)
coordinate planes is a Lissajous curve, and many of the N 2
properties of these knots are closely related to properties of
it. Lissajous curves can also be generated using an
In mathematics, a Lissajous curve also known as Lissajous oscilloscope (as illustrated). An octopus circuit can be used
figure, is the graph of a system of parametric equations [17]. to demonstrate the waveform images on an oscilloscope.
Two phase-shifted sinusoid inputs are applied to the
x= A sin (at + δ), y = B sin (bt) (2) oscilloscope in X-Y mode and the phase relationship
between the signals is presented as a Lissajous figure.
The appearance of the figure is highly sensitive to the On an oscilloscope, we suppose x is CH1 and y is CH2, A is
ratio a/b. For a ratio of 1, the figure is an ellipse, with amplitude of CH1 and b is amplitude of CH2, a is
special cases including circles (A = B, δ = π/2 radians) and frequency of CH1 and b is frequency of CH2, so a/b is a