Inspection and Quality Control in Manufacturing

Prof. Kaushik Pal

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Lecture – 03
Destructive Inspection - I
Hello my friends, today we are going to start our new lecture on destructive inspections Part 1.
So, basically in this particular lecture, we going to discuss about the what is the destructive
inspections and what kind of tests generally we are following for doing this kind of inspections,
so before going to start, let know that what is the definition of the destructive inspections, as I
brought before knowing any scientific definitions, first from the name itself we can understand
that destructive inspection means we are going to harm the samples.

That means either we can heat the samples or maybe we can put some load over there or maybe
we can ban the sample. So ultimately, we are going to give some deformations or may be some
kind of chemical reactions on to the sample so that we can get the information.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:29)

So, come to the definitions, generally destructive test or may be sometimes they are calling it as
the destructive physical analysis or may be DPA are defined as those test which are performed to
a material through the use of tools or machines as I told already so that means we are giving
some kind of deformation which produce an irreversible alteration of their chemical composition
or dimensional geometry. So that means, whatever testing we doing to that particular sample
after that you cannot use that particular sample in our use, slide so why destructive inspection is
important.

So, this tests are much each easier to carry out, yield more information, and easier to interpret
than not destructive testing. Yes, when we will come to the discussions about the non-destructive
testing at that time you can understand that without sometimes without touching the samples,
sometimes without give any kind of external forces to the samples we are going to predict about
that particular sample, but in this case directly we are dealing with the samples so that we can get
much broader information’s about the materials.

Second is that destructive is most suitable and economic, for objects which will be mass-
produced as the cost of destroying a small number is negligible. So, suppose in industry we are
going to prepare any kind of parts, basically we are going to prepare that parts N number of
times, so in between that we are going to take single parts or may be the single portions of that
particular part. And we can do this kind of testing, from the wastage point of view is very
negligible, but it will help you tremendously to get the all or may be rather I can say the whole
information about that particular material.

Next it is usually not economical to do destructive testing where only one or very few items are
to be produced, yes of course, suppose we are going to make one or two samples or may be less
than 10 number of samples and in between that you are going to break one or two samples that
means really that time it a wastage of the money, also the labor cost or may be the labor time but
when we are making 1000 number of samples or may be 2000 number of samples 10000 number
of samples, that time taking only a single part and doing this kind of non-destructive test, this
kind of destructive testing is really helpful

Next it is often less expensive to scrap a part to make a destructive quality test than to test the
parts using more expensive non-destructive tests. Yes of course non-destructive testing there are
so many tests are there are, that is maximum time that we are doing into the non-contact mode so
of course whatever the equipment we are going to use, that equipment is very, very expensive.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:40)

Next, what about the destructive testing of materials? So first is Aim. The aim is that,
determination of chemical or mechanical and metallurgical properties, that information we can
get number 2 is that evaluation and selection of material for a specific environment and a certain
application and number 3 is that determination of service life of a component under given
loading conditions.

So, these three are the main aim of the destructive tests. Destructive tests are best when used
together with non-destructive methods, this combination gives the best information on materials.
Yes of course, say suppose, we are having any samples and we are going to do the tensile test, so
first we will do the tensile and also by X-ray which is another example of a non-destructive
testing, through that one also we can detect that if there is any crack or may be pores, present
inside the material by one way you can say that we are trying to test that materials based on the
destructive testing and non destructive testing combinations, it will give you the more clear view
about the particular material.

Nondestructive tests show if cracks, corrosion or other faults exist. Destructive tests in turn
indicate how and when the objects are in danger of breaking down or failing. Destructive testing
of materials include mechanical testing like tensile, bend and impact tests, hardness testing,
macro and micro testing as well as material analysis and metallographic examinations. It is also
useful in some scenario of reverse engineering, yes of course, reverse engineering though it is
not a good practice for the engineers but sometimes we may require.

Suppose if we are having any kind of parts, that parts has been made by some other agency or
company or somebody else now we want to know the properties of that particular parts, say
suppose we are having one machine, that machine has prepared by some other company, and it
has given to us,

Now in between, some parts has been damaged so unless and until we will get or gather the
information or the material properties of that particular part, It is difficult to us to make that part
again or may be re-cycle that part or may be repaid that part and that is known as the reverse
engineering. So generally, we are using it for finding the relevant, similar material for replacing
renewing a material or component
(Refer Slide Time: 07:46)

Now what are the classifications of destructive testing, there are several classifications, first it
about the chemical test. Chemical test is also divided into two sub categories, one called the
qualitative analysis and another one is called as the quantitative analysis. Next corrosion text,
next is the metallographic test and the last one is called the mechanical test, mechanical test there
are so many will come.
First tensile test will come, then the bend test will come, next impact and fracture test, fatigue
and toughness test. Creep and hardness test, nick and break test, the last 4 test we are going to
discuss in our next lecture. Now we are going to discuss about the chemical test, from the name
itself we can understand that we are trying to do some chemical reactions by which we can
gather some information about that particular materials. So what are the objectives of chemical
test.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:35)

First is that to determine the chemical compositions of materials that means what kind of
materials has been used to prepare that parts or may be composites sometimes it is really difficult
to get the exact compositions means, at percentage of loading we had prepared that particular
part but at least we can get the information.

But say suppose any kind of composites aluminum percentage or may be magnesium percentage
or may be iron, what kind of composites or materials, that we can recognize but sometimes it is
really very difficult whether aluminum percentage or quantity is 3% or may be 5% or 10% that is
sometimes really, really difficult. But anyhow we can gather the information about that particular
materials

Now, chemical analysis of materials is important to ensure that we are getting the material that is
appropriate for the intended end use. These techniques can be grouped into two categories. First
one is called the qualitative analysis and second one is called the quantitative analysis. So, what
is qualitative analysis. These methods are used to determine which elements exist in a sample.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:54)

Some most commonly used qualitative analysis techniques are mass spectrometric Atomic
spectroscopy, X ray fluorescence, Particle induced X-ray emission and X-ray Photoelectron
spectroscopy or in broad name generally we are calling it as a XPS, All these spectroscopic
analysis techniques work on the principle of spectroscopy which describes the interaction of
radiation with matter.

These methods differ with respect to the species to be analyzed for example its molecular or
atomic spectroscopy the type of radiation matter interaction to be monitored like absorption
emission or may be the diffraction and region of the electromagnetic spectrum used in the
analysis. Now what are the principles of spectroscopy, if the matter is exposed to electromagnetic
radiation, the radiation can be absorbed, transmitted, reflected, scattered or undergo
photoluminescence, Photoluminescence is a term used to designate a number of effects,
including fluorescence Phosphorescence and remain scattering.

So generally in this particular case the matter or may be objects or may be parts is this one, so
incident light beam is coming then either it can give you the photoluminescence property or may
it can be transmitted through that particular medium or may be it can be scattered and some
radiations or may be the incident beam will be reflected by that particular parts also, Now we
have to put the detector in all these places and we have to get the information that what kind of
material composition it is.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:54)

Next is called the quantitative analysis, is the determination of the mass of each element or
compound present, As I told already, it is not so easy but it can be achievable, now quantitative
analysis methods includes gravimetry analysis optical atomic spectroscopy and the neutron
activation analysis
(Refer Slide Time: 12:24)
So now what is gravimetry analysis. In this method the sample is dissolved and then the element
of interest is precipitated and its mass measured or the element of interest is volatilized and the
mass loss is measured, but sometimes it may happen when we are talking about an particular
composites we are adding may be 10 number of elements so that time it is very, very difficult to
get the actual information about the all the masses of these particular elements but if the number
of the elements will be less so that time it is more easier to get the informations to get the amount
of the particular element and it can be helpful to detect about the chemical composition of that
particular material.

So, what is the example Volatilization method : to determine the water content of a compound by
vaporizing the water using thermal energy, say suppose if give the heat, automatically water
molecules are present inside the sample it will be evaporated next one is called precipitation
method : to determine of the amount of calcium in water, just giving an example step 1 : and
excess of oxalic acid H 2 C 2 O 4 is added to a measure known volume of water.

By adding a reagent like ammonia, in this case we are using the calcium will precipitate as
calcium oxalate. So, this is the reactions. Now next the precipitate is collected dried and ignited
to high read heat which converts it entirely to calcium oxide, so now this is the reaction. At last
you see in step 4 a pure precipitate of calcium oxide is cooled, then measured by weighing and
the difference in weights before and after the mass of calcium oxide.

The amount of calcium oxide can then be used to calculate the amount of calcium in the original
mix. So, in this case it is very, very simple but as I told already that if there are N number of
compounds are present so that time it is very, very difficult. Now what is the difference between
the optical atomic spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:52)
So, in optical atomic spectroscopy energy absorbed to move an electron to a higher energy level
is absorbed in the form of photons but in Neutron activation analysis Neutron activation is the
process in which neutron radiation includes radioactivity in materials and occurs when atomic
nuclei capture free neutrons becoming heavier and entering excited states. For optical atomic
spectroscopy in this particular case each element has a unique number of electrons, an atom will
absorb energy in a pattern unique to its elemental identity say suppose calcium sodium this kind
of things and thus will absorb photons in a correspondingly unique pattern.

But for Neutron activation analysis the sample is bombarded with neutrons, causing the elements
to form radioactive isotopes for Optical Atomic spectroscopy, the type of atoms presents in a
sample, or the amount of atoms present in a sample can be deducted from measuring these
changes in light wavelength and light intensity, but for neutron activation analysis, the
radioactive emissions and radioactive decay paths for each element are well known. Using this
information, it is possible for study spectra of the emissions of the radioactive sample and
determine the concentrations of the elements within it.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:44)
Next, we are going to discuss about the corrosion test. What is that objective of this particular
test to determine the type and rate of corrosion, suppose we are making any kind of composites
say suppose the ship body, ship body means whatever the materials generally we are using for
preparing any kind of ships, so continuously the ship will move, so continuously it will react
with the sea water, sea water is nothing but a salty water.

So that means we have to check what is the corrosion properties of that particular material, so in
that case we have to use some kind of corrosion resistant materials that it should not react with
sea water, in this particular cases say suppose we are sending some pure fluids like for the
petroleum industry we are sending the gas or may be petrol’s or diesels through the pipelines and
then we have to check this kind of corrosion test that whether may be after certain time whether
really that gases or may be that petrol’s or diesels really corroding that particular pipes are not.

In this particular case conducted under laboratory conditions for accurate forecasting of products
performance in service, accelerated corrosion tests are used to get a better understanding of its
mechanism or to determine the corrosion susceptibility of materials. An accelerated corrosion
test is a necessary and powerful tool when used in material selection as a relative indication of
corrosion resistance, examining potential environments for new material, determining corrosion
control strategies of fielded item. These all are the requirements generally that we are doing to
corrosion test.
Next is called Metallographic test: It is the study of physical and components of metals by using
microscopy, Ceramic and polymeric materials are also prepared and tested using metallographic
techniques, hence these studies are called ceramography, plastography and collectively called
materialography. Some of the application include Distribution of non-metallic inclusions in the
weld, grain size measurements, nature and distribution of secondary phases.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:21)

Now what is metallographic test procedure. Proper preparation of metallographic specimens to

determine microstructure and content requires a rigid step-by-step process to be followed. What
are those process, I will tell you in sequences? First one is called the sectioning or may be the
cutting, so exactly cutting a small representative piece of the metal to be studied, suppose we are
making a particular parts.

Say suppose in that particular part we are having any base matrix and then we are adding
different types of Nano filler so we have to cut the specimen in such a manner that all the
materials including the fillers and that particular matrix should be present that means that small
parts representing the whole parts now in some cases we are right and in some cases we are
wrong also in that case what we have to do, we have to cut that small parts from different places
and then we have to do the test and we have to take the average results.
So now first is the sectioning or may be the cutting, cutting a small representative piece of the
metal to be studied, number 2 is called the mounting means mounting onto the probe or to the
testing area, specimens are mounted to facilitate easy handling during preparation and
examination, number 3 is called the grinding, preparation the surface for metallographic
examination as optically flat, reflective smooth and scratch free.

Number 4 is polishing so metal testing generally we are doing some kind of polishing testing so
that we can get some kind of information’s like grind size, grind boundary this kind of
information generally we can get, to remove deformations from grinding and obtain a surface
that is highly reflective.

Number 5 is called the Etching, it is used to reveal the microstructure of a specimen under the
optical microscope by achieving contrast in the microstructure, Number 6 is called the
microscopic examination To study the structure and constitution of metals and alloys using
metallurgical microscopes and magnifications. In this particular case, just we have examples how
we are preparing the samples by etching or how we are putting the samples, so that we can get
the maximum information from that particular parts.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:05)

Next is called the mechanical test: mechanical testing is the testing of materials to find out its
mechanical properties, for example its yield strength, hardness fracture strength etc. mechanical
testing is used to ensure that supplied materials will perform as expected under mechanical
loading. So, what are the common mechanical test, say suppose, tensile test, bend test, hardness
tests, impact tests, fracture toughness tests, fatigue tests, creep tests, nick break test.

First, we are going to discuss about the tensile test, that is a very common test, as a material
scientist every time we are following this kind of tests, say suppose for the polymeric materials,
ceramic materials for metals, so generally this is called the preliminary test generally every time
we are doing.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:07)

Tensile tests: also known as tension testing, is a fundamental materials science and engineering
test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Yes of course, sometimes
we are doing the tensile test, sometimes we are doing the compressive test also. It is probably the
most fundamental type of mechanical test one can perform on materials. Tensile tests are simple
relatively inexpensive, and fully standardized.

Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength. Breaking
strength maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following
properties can also be determined like young modulus, Poisson’s ratio, yield strength and strain
hardening characteristics. These properties are useful in comparisons of materials alloy
development, quality control and design under certain circumstances.
Tensile specimen test there are so many standards, like ISO standards are there, as per the
standards, we have to prepare the samples and we have to do the testing, generally tensile
specimen test have a dog bone configurations with either circular or rectangular cross sections,
so now tensile strength with circular cross sections look like this.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:48)

Next tensile test procedure. The specimen is mounted by its ends into the holding grips of the
testing apparatus. The tensile testing machine is designed to elongate the specimen at a constant
rate. It is also continuously and simultaneously measure the instantaneous applied load with a
load cell and the resulting elongations using an extensometer. A stress-strain test typically takes
several minutes to perform and is destructive, that is the test specimen is permanently deformed
and usually fractured.

So that after testing we cannot use the particular sample or may be the parts. The output of the
tensile test is recorded as stress vs strain or may be generally we are plotting the data strain vs
strain curve. Engineering stress sigma and strain epsilon are defined by the following relations.
So generally, sigma is equal to F by A 0 and epsilon is equal to l i minus l 0 by l 0 that means del
l what is the change in length by the original length.
So, in here the F is instantaneous load applied perpendicular to specimen cross section, generally
the units in Newton’s. A 0 is original cross-sectional area before any load is applied; l 0 is
original length before any load is applied; l i is instantaneous length. So, that means after doing
this experiment that how much length has been increased so del l is the deformations, elongation
or change in length at some instant.

So, in this particular case, we have given the example that typical stress strain curve, in this case
almost there is no change in the material then you can see that the length is increasing and of
course its cross section is going to be decreased and after that some types of nicking is taking
place and then the fracture is taking in this particular point
(Refer Slide Time: 27:12)

Now other mechanical properties determination from tensile test first one is called the yield
strength. The engineering stress at which, it is considered that plastic elongation of the material
has commenced. Next is called the ultimate tensile strength UTS, the maximum tensile stress that
a material is capable of sustaining, so this is a point generally we are calling it as UTS.

Next is called the ductility, it is the measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been
sustained at fracture. Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as either percent elongation or
percent reduction in area. So, what is elongation? So generally, we are denoting as percentage E
L so that is l f minus l 0 by l 0 into 100. And reduction of area, percentage R A is equal to A 0
minus A f by A 0 into 100. So, what is l 0 original gauge length; l f the Fracture Length, A 0
Original cross-sectional area, and A f is the Cross sectional area at the point of fracture.

In this particular case, generally when we are plotting this kind of curve, so in this particular case
after giving a small amount of release like 0.002 and we have to take a perpendicular line along
this graph. In this case after 0.002 we have to a plot a parallel line to this particular curve and
where this line will touch, that point is called the yield stress of that particular material. Now
next one is called as the Resilience.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:59)

Resilience may be defined as the energy absorbed by a material in undergoing elastic

deformation up to the elastic limit. Modulus of resilience for a specimen subjected to a uniaxial
tension test is just the area under the engineering stress-strain curve taken to yielding. So this is
the area, or may be generally calling it as a resilience or the modulus of resilience of that
particular material.

Next one is called the toughness. Toughness is the total amount of energy which a material can
absorb up to the point of fracture, it is area under the stress-strain curve up to the point of
fracture over there, so this whole area is known as the modulus of toughness because the rupture
stress is in this particular one. So, this is the whole area.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:51)
Next tensile testing of weldments. Weld joints are generally subjected to destructive tests such as
hardness, toughness, bend and tensile test for following applications like welding procedure
qualifications, Research inspection, welder performance qualification testing, failure analysis
work. Tensile testing of weldments is carried out to determine the ultimate tensile strength UTS
and yield point under static loading of base metal, weld metal and the welded joint.

So, for weldments different type of tensile tests performed are, all weld metal test, longitudinal
butt weld test, transverse butt weld test, tension shear test.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:43)
So now, how to prepare the specimen, to determine the tensile strength of weld metal alone or
welded joint the samples are prepared which are of the types as shown in figure. So now when
we are welding means, it is one kind of a permanent joint of two metals either they are similar or
dissimilar metals. Now it depends that how you are going to test the samples whether your
welding zone or may be the welding line may be transverse or may longitudinally present inside
the samples and how you are going to use, suppose I have done the welding in this way and these
two are the dissimilar metals and we are doing the welding now we have to check whether we
are going to use the material like these way.

So that we have to take the tensile specimen may be we have to prepare the tensile specimen this
way and suppose we are doing the welding this way and we are trying to use the material in this
way, may be where we are going to use that particular material the load will come in this way. So
according to our requirement we have to prepare the test specimen whether it will be longitudinal
or may be the transverse according to the applied load direction then we have to prepare the
samples and we have to do the testing.

So first is called the all welt metal test. It is commonly used welt tensile test the axis of the test is
parallel to the axis of the weld and the specimen is machined, so that the entire bar consists of
deposited weld metal with the diameter of 6.5mm, all welt metal tension specimen looks like this
so now this is the zone where the welding has been done.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:55)
Next is the Longitudinal butt weld test. Here the loading is parallel to the weld axis. You can see
the welding zone over there, we are going to test the samples in these two directions, like this
way it is parallel to the weld axis. It differs from all weld metal test in that It contains weld Heat
affected Zone and base metal along the gauge length.

Yes of course, may be this portion only we have done the welding then of the side, these two are
called the heat affected Zone and this is the base metal zone, so all these zones must strain
equally and simultaneously, Weld metal elongates with base metal until failure occurs, This test
thus provides more information about the composite joint than the transverse test specially when
base metal and weld metal strengths differ significantly.

Next one is called the Transverse Butt weld test, in these test if failures occurs in the base metal
it shows that the weld metal is stronger that base metal. If the failures occurs in the weld metal
means the weld strength is lower than the base metal. So accordingly based on the applications,
based on the use of that particular weld parts we are going to test that particular specimen in
different tensile testing mode.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:34)
Next one is called tension shear test. So, generally tension shear test may be used evaluate the
shear properties of fillet welds, such tests are usually intended to represent completed joints in
weldments and so prepared using similar procedures. So basically, here is just you see the
preparations of the sample is different two types of specimens are usually employed first one is
called the transverse shear specimen.

In this case we can see that we are going to give the load or may be the tension in these
directions and how we are preparing the samples because on top of that welding parts and bottom
of that also we are putting another kind of plates in this particular case, in this particular case we
are doing the welding and we are trying to see that generally that welding parts are giving and
next is called the Longitudinal shear specimen, so the preparations of the testing samples is
totally different.

In the transverse shear specimens. Double lap specimens are preferred because they are more
symmetrical and therefore. The stress state under load better approaches pure shear. In
longitudinal fillet weld shear test, measure the strength of the fillet weld when the specimen is
loaded parallel to the axis of the weld. The weld shearing strength is reported as load per lineal
millimeter in megapascal based on the weld throat and the type of the specimen.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:12)
Next one is the bend or flexure tests. The Flexure test method measures behavior of materials
subjected to simple beam loading, unlike tensile test a flexure test does not measure fundamental
material properties, but now the question is why? Only when a specimen is placed under flexural
loading all three fundamental stresses are present, tensile compressive and shear.

So, the flexural properties of a specimen are the result of the combined effect of all three stresses
as well as though to a lesser extent the geometry of the specimen and the rate the load is applied,
so it a a combinational strength. The most common purpose of a flexure test is to measure
flexural strength and flexural modulus. So, what is flexural strength, it is defined as the
maximum stress at the outermost fiber on either the compression or tension side of the specimen
and what is flexural modulus.

It is calculated from the slope of the stress vs strain deflection curve. These two values can be
used to evaluate the sample materials ability to withstand flexure or bending forces.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:35)
Now which procedure or may be how we are going to prepare the samples and do the testing.
The material is laid horizontally over two points of contact by a lower support span. So, like
these way we are putting the sample, Then a force is applied to the top of the material through
either one or two points of contact depending upon 3 point or 4 point flexure test until the sample
fails.

In this case we are using a single one, in this case we are using the two point. So generally 3point
flexure test, the loading force is applied in the middle by means loading pin. 4-point flexure test-
The loading force is applied by means of two loading pins with a distance between them equal to
a half of the distance between the supporting pins, so in this particular case we are using the 3-
point flexure test, here we are loading 3 point and here we are doing the loading on a 4-point
basis. Maximum fiber stress and maximum strain are calculated for increments of load. Results
are plotted in stress-strain diagram.
(Refer Slide Time: 38:53)
Now next is the Calculation of flexural properties. How we are doing the flexural strength
calculations. Generally the flexural strength is calculated at the surface of the specimen on the
convex or tension side. Flexural modulus, is calculated from the slope of the stress vs deflection
curve, if the curve has no linear region, a scant line is fitted to the curve to determine slope.

For 3 point flexural test generally the stress sigma is known as capital M c by Capital I, where M
is the maximum bending moment, small c distance from center of specimen t outer fibers, capital
I moment of inertia cross section, and F is of course the applied load. For rectangular cross
section the flexural strength sigma f s equal to 3 F capital F small f capital L by 2 small b small d
square.

When the cross section is circular then sigma f s is equal to capital F small f capital L by pie R
cube, where capital F small f is the load at fracture or may be the F f is the load at fracture and L
is the distance between support points, So this is the case, in case of sample is rectangular or may
be the sample is circular so, M value is this one small c is the this one, capital I and sigma is this
one.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:33)
Next is that Flexural or bend testing of weldments. The quality of the weld, in terms of ductility
of weld metal and heat affected zone as wells as tests for opening of defects particularly lack of
side wall fusion, root fusion and penetration of welded joint are checked by means of a bend test.
The bend test is a simple and inexpensive qualitative test that can be used to evaluate both the
ductility and soundness of a material.

It is often used as a quality control test for butt welded joints, having the advantage of simplicity
of both test piece and equipment. Bend tests of weldments are sub-divided into two types one is
the free bend test and another one is guided bend test.
(Refer Slide Time: 41:27)
What is called as free bend test. The free bend test has been devised to measure the ductility of
the weld metal deposited in a weld joint. A test specimen is machined from the welded plate with
the weld located in the centre. The ends of the specimen are then bent to form two 30degree
angles at approximately one- third of the length inward from the ends. It is done to ensure that all
bending occurs in the weld.

So simple we are giving a 30 degree over there. So Now it is done to ensure that all bending
occurs in the weld. Then final bending is performed till the crack appears on the weld face of
critical length or failure of the specimen. Due to inhomogeneity of the joint, there is a tendency
for free bend test specimen to take up an irregular shape, so that the actual radius at various
points differs from the specified value.

So, there are initial bend for free bend specimens, generally we are giving the 30-degree, final
bend for free bend specimen, so after giving the load over the samples look like this and there are
different types of bend tests are there one is called the root bend then face bend and the side
bend. Next one is called guided bend test, so in this particular case, simple we are guiding the
sample so that the sample will bend like that or may be the following the guidance.
(Refer Slide Time: 43:00)

In the guided bend test, guided bending is performed by placing the weld joint over the die. It
offers better controlled conditions of the specimen and of the loading, it is costlier than the free
bend test. In this particular simple we are pressing the load over here and this is known as the
guided and the sample will follow the path and it is going inside, in this particular also we are
guiding the sample over there and we are bending it accordingly.

Next we have to come to the last slide of this particular lecture. So, we are going to summarize
the whole lecture till now what we have discussed.
(Refer Slide Time: 43:48)

So basically, in this particular lecture we have discussed about the destructive inspection
techniques and that is really, really easier to carry out yield more information and are easier to
interpret than non-destructive testing, because we are getting the direct result over there, there is
a very less chance of any kind of assumptions. This test basically the destructive test include the
chemical, corrosion, metallographic and mechanical tests.

In this lecture, chemical, corrosion, metallographic, and some of the mechanical tests tensile and
flexural tests have been discussed, and rest we are going to discuss in the next lecture.
Destructive tests like tensile and bend tests are also used for quality control of weldments. This
thing also we have discussed. Thank you for your patience.