Engineering Electromagnetics:

Part 4. Magnetostatics

Adrian Sutinjo
Curtin University, 2016
Rev. 2, 9 Apr. 2016
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 Revision Notes:
• 24 Dec. 2015 – Started
• 17 Mar. 2016 – Rev. 1 started. Corrected typo on slide: 15. Added a slide re. Biot-Savart (slide 17). Added notes in slide 23,
28
• 18 Mar. 2016 – Slides 61-63, make current direction along +z on the center conductor. Slide 66: contributions from the
horizontal segments are zero. Clarified B1 in slides 64 and 65.
• 4 Apr. 2016 – corrected typos on slides 24, 53
• 9 Apr. 2016 – corrected typos on slides 57, 60

3
 Topics:
Introduction: Why Study Electromagnetics
1. Vector Algebra, Coordinate Transformation
2. Vector Calculus
3. Electrostatics
4. Magnetostatics
5. Maxwell’s Equations
6. Plane-Wave Propagation
7. Introduction to Transmission Lines
4
 Part 4 References:
1. F. T. Ulaby, Electromagnetics for Engineers, Pearson, 2005, Chap. 5
2. D. K. Cheng, Field and Waves Electromagnetics, 2nd Ed, Addison-Wesley,
1992, Chap. 6

5
Electrostatics
• In the static case:

Magnetostatics • : current density

• magnetic flux density

• magnetic field intensity

magnetic permeability:

• Primarily concerned with linear and isotropic magnetic materials, i.e., is independent
of magnitude and direction of fields.

• Ferromagnetic materials (e.g., iron for which ) are nonlinear.

• For most dielectric and metals (excl. ferromagnetic materials),

H/m.

6
 Magnetic Forces and Torques [1:5-1, 2:6-1]

• Recall, a test charge placed in electric field

experiences electric force

(N)

• A test charge in motion with velocity in the

presence of magnetic flux density , is directed out of the
page
experiences a magnetic force

(N)

[Tesla, T=N/(C or Wb/m2

(webers/m square)]
7
Perspective view

Magnitude

• The total electromagnetic force (called

Lorentz force):

8
 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
[1:5-1.1]
• Recall that total current flowing through surface S:

where Let the conductor be

stretchable
• Current consists of moving charges.

• If a conductors carries current in the presence of

magnetic field, it experiences magnetic force

9
Let us find an expression for in terms of and :

• The total amount of charge in an elemental volume

• The differential magnetic field acting on

drift velocity of electrons

• Direction of current is defined as the direction of flow of positive charges:

[N]

• For a closed circuit of contour C carrying current

[N]

10
Closed circuit in uniform field

is constant and can be taken out of the integral

The total magnetic force

on any closed current
loop in a uniform
magnetic field is zero

Curved wire in uniform field

vector

11
 Magnetic Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop
[1:5-1.2]

Torque:

[N m]

: moment arm

Magnitude

Recall the right hand rule

12
 Perspective view
A rectangular ( ) current loop in Pivot axis
uniform static magnetic field

Calculate the magnetic forces:

1
2

Looking down
+y axis on x-z
plane

Note: the total magnetic force is zero

13
Calculate the torque:

(area of the loop)

Magnitude
14
If the loop consists of N turns:

Define magnetic moment: a vector with

direction normal to the surface of the loop

[A m2]

Hence,

[N m]

Direction of is governed
by the right hand rule
Maximum torque is experienced when ,
i.e., the magnetic field is in the plane of the loop

15
 Review Question Q5.4 in [1]
We have two wires of equal length . One wire is formed into a
square loop and the other into a circle loop. If the loops carry
equal currents and are placed such that a uniform magnetic field
is in the planes of the loops, which loop experiences a greater
torque?

16
 The Biot-Savart Law [1:5-2]
Determined from experiments:

• The magnetic field at distance from a very

long wire carrying current

• The magnetic field at distance from a very

short wire segment carrying current

17
In vector calculus:

The differential magnetic field generated by a

steady current flowing through a differential
out of the page
length

[A m/m2 = A/m]

into the page

where is the distance vector from to Conductor
observation point (defined from to

18
 [A m/m2 = A/m]
out of the page

Note:

• is orthogonal to the plane containing

and into the page
Conductor
• Directions of at P and P’

19
The total magnetic field:

Sum the contributions of elemental currents

along the conductor

[A/m] out of the page

Recall

Conductor

We are dealing with here

20
Biot-Savart law in terms of distributed current [1:5-2.1]

(Volume current)
Volume current density
in (A/m2)
[A m]

(Surface current)
Surface current density
in (A/m)

[A m]

21
 Magnetic Field of a Linear Conductor:
Example 5-2 in [1]
A linear conductor of length carrying
current is placed along the z-axis. Find
the magnetic flux density at a distance
in the x-y plane in free space.
/

22
/

23
Let − /2 ≤ ≤ /2

+ /2
−

− /2

For infinitely long wire

(Infinitely long wire)

24
 Magnetic Field of a Circular Loop [1:5-4]
A circular loop of radius carries a steady
current . Determine the magnetic field
at a point on the axis of the loop.

Recall:
= 0,0,

Let

Apply this knowledge to our problem.

25
 Magnitude of differential magnetic field due to an
infinitesimal current segment

is independent of

The contributions in the r-directions ( and

) from segments and cancel.

= 0,0,

Total magnetic field

′

26
 / (A/m)
= 0,0,

At the center of the loop

′

For ̅

27
 Magnetic Field of a Magnetic Dipole [1:5-2.2]

Recall, magnetic moment

For this problem, we can say

= 0,0,

Hence, for
′

28
 )
For , at point ) (spherical coordinate)
It can be shown:

This is the field of a magnetic dipole

Recall the electric dipole:

29
 Review Questions from [1]

Q5.5 Two infinitely long parallel wires carry currents of equal

magnitudes. What is the resultant magnetic field due to the two
wires at a point midway between the two wires, compared to the
magnetic field due to one of them alone, if the currents are
(a) in the same direction

(b) in opposite directions

30
Q5.6 Devise a right-hand rule for the direction of the magnetic
field due to a linear current carrying conductor.

31
 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel
Conductors [1:5-3]
wire 1 wire 2
Consider two very long (assume infinitely
long) straight parallel wires in free space
carrying currents and in the same
/2 /2
direction. The distance between the two
wires is .

Magnetic field due to current at the location

of wire 2

32
The force exerted on wire 2 due to

wire 1 wire 2

The force per unit length

/2 /2

Similarly, magnetic field due to current at

the location of wire 1

33
Similarly, magnetic field due to current at
the location of wire 1

wire 1 wire 2
The force exerted on wire 1 due to per unit
length

/2 /2

Hence,
The two wires attract each
other with equal force

What if and are in opposite directions?

34
 Maxwell’s Magnetostatic Equations [1:5-4]
Differential Form Integral form

Gauss’s Law (for Electric dipole

electricity)

-
Electric charges exist in isolation

Gauss’s Law for Bar magnet

magnetism [1:5- N
4.1]

• Magnetic poles occur in pairs

• Magnetic field lines always form
S
continuous closed loops

35
Ampère’s Law [1:5-4.2]

Differential Form Integral form

Ampère’s law

The line integral of around a closed path is equal to

the current traversing the surface bounded by that Direction of
path –F. T. Ulaby

36
 Current is enclosed by contour C

Current is NOT enclosed by contour C

Note

37
 Magnetic Field of a Long Wire: Example 5-5 in [1]

An infinitely long wire of radius carries

a steady current that is uniformly
distributed over the cross section of the
wire. Determine the magnetic field at
a distance from the axis both (a) inside
and (b) outside the wire.

[A/m2]

38
 [A/m2]

(a) Inside the wire

From symmetry

Recall right-hand rule

for
39
 (b) Outside the wire

=
2

= =
2 2

for

Compare this with the expression for an infinitely =

long wire derived from Biot-Savart Law 2 40
 Magnetic Field inside a Toroidal Coil:
Example 5-6 in [1]
A toroidal coil is a doughnut-shaped
structure (with ) with closely
spaced turns of wire wrapped around
it*. For a toroid with turns carrying
current , determine the magnetic
field in each of the following three
regions:

,
Cylindrical symmetry suggests
uniform (azimuthal)

*The wires are shown spaced apart for illustration

only. 41
Region I:

No current flows through the surface

bounded by contour

Side view

Cylindrical symmetry suggests azimuthal ,

hence .

42
Region III:

Net current that flows through the surface

bounded by contour is zero.

Side view

Cylindrical symmetry suggests azimuthal ,

hence .

43
Region II:

Net current that flows through the surface

bounded by contour is

Side view

44
 Magnetic Field of an Infinite Current Sheet:
Example 5-7 in [1]

The x-y plane contains an infinite

current . Find the magnetic
field .

Side view

From symmetry considerations and the

right-hand rule

45
Side view

46
 Review Questions in [1]
Q5.8. In the static case, what is the fundamental difference
between electric and magnetic field lines?

Q5.9. If the line integral of over a closed contour is zero, does

it follow that at every point on the contour? If not what
does it imply?

Toroid

47
• Skip [1: 5-5, 5-6]

48
 Magnetic Boundary Conditions [1:5-7]
Magnetic boundary conditions: how do Note: and are defined in the
magnetic field quantities ( and ) behave outward direction away from that
medium.
across boundaries of dissimilar materials?
Medium 1
Consider the boundary of media with two
different permeabilities.

Apply Gauss’s law for magnetism to the

“pillbox” (shown on the right) with

Medium 2

Contrast this to the electric case. · ̅= In the magnetic case the RHS is zero since
magnetic charge does not exist! 49
 Note: and are defined in the
outward direction away from that
medium.

Medium 1

The normal component of is continuous

across the boundary of two adjacent
media.
Since Medium 2

50
Consider the loop abcda with
is surface current density that
exists on the boundary
Apply Ampere’s law:

Medium 1

Contributions due to and segments are zero.

Medium 2

51
If the conductivities of the media are finite, is surface current density that
exists on the boundary
currents are defined by volume current density.
Surface current density exists on the surface of a
Medium 1
perfect conductor [2: 6-10].

Hence, at the interface between media with

finite conductivities,

Finite media
Medium 2

If Medium 2 is a perfect conductor,

Medium 2 is a
perfect conductor
52
 Inductance [1:5-8]
http://www.coilcraft.com/
• A typical example of an inductor: a
multi-turn coil wound around a
cylindrical core.

47-500 nH
N

Side view

53
• The core may be air or a magnetic
material of permeability

Ferrite core

http://www.coilcraft.com/

54
 Magnetic Field in a Solenoid [1:5.8-1]

Calculate magnetic flux density , in the

interior region of a tightly wound solenoid
with turns per unit length. The solenoid
length is its radius is , and it carries
current .

55
Recall, on the axis of a circular
loop:

Number of turns in is .
Current carried in

Induced field at point P on the axis of the solenoid

Total field at P is obtained by integrating all contributions

from the entire length of the solenoid.
56
 /

Trigonometric substitution:

Integrating over the length of the solenoid

57
 For very long solenoid , and

very long solenoid

is the total number of turns in length

The expression is approximately valid for all point in the

interior of the solenoid except near the ends.

Exercise 5.13 in [1]: Derive the expression for on axis at the ends of a very
long solenoid.
58
 Self-Inductance [1:5-8.2]
Definition: the magnetic flux linking a surface is defined as the total
magnetic flux passing through

[Wb]

In the interior region of a very long solenoid,

we assume approximately uniform

59
 The flux linking a single turn is

The magnetic flux linkage, , is the total

magnetic flux linking a structure. For a solenoid
with N turns, there is a surface for every turn
such that penetrates surfaces.

Hence,

[Wb]

60
Self-inductance: ratio the magnetic flux linkage to the current flowing
through the structure

In henry, (H): webers/ampere (Wb/A)

For a solenoid,

For two-conductor configurations,

61
 Example 5-8 in [1]: Inductance of a Coaxial
Transmission Line
Develop an expression for the inductance
per unit length of a coaxial transmission line.
The inner radius is , the outer radius is
and the permeability of the insulating
material is

The magnetic field between the conductors

( ) is given by

This can be shown by applying Ampere’s law and the right-hand rule
62
 For

For a surface with length

(H)

Inductance per unit length

(H/m)

63
 Mutual Inductance [1:5-8.3]

Consider two loops with surfaces and

, respectively. Loop 1 carries current .

The magnetic field generated by turns

results in flux through loop 2

turns

If Loop 2 consists of turns and the same

penetrates surfaces…..

64
If Loop 2 consists of turns and the same
penetrates surfaces, the total
magnetic flux linkage due to is

turns

The mutual inductance due to this magnetic

coupling is

turns

This is an important concept in transformers

65
 Review Question in [1]
Q5.15 What is the magnetic field like in the interior of
a very long solenoid?
Think of a solenoid as a toroid with an infinite radius.
What can we say about magnetic field outside the
solenoid?

Apply Ampere’s law to the loop on the left.

is the number of turns in length

Note: this is independent of as

the contributions from the
horizontal segments are zero.
66