BEA LabExperiment 2

Experiment – 2
Aim: Transformers: Observation of the no-load current waveform on an oscilloscope.

Loading of a transformer: measurement of primary and secondary voltages and
currents, and power
1. Apparatus:
S.NO. Name of Apparatus Range/Rating
1 1-phaseTransformer 230 V,50 Hz

2 Voltmeter (AC) (0-300 V)
3 Ammeter (AC) (0-5 A)
4 Resistive Load Bank
2. Theory:
Transformers are arguably the most universally applied pieces of electrical equipment. As
such, they range in size from miniature units weighing ounces to huge units weighing tons.
All transformers, however, exhibit the same basic properties. When mutual induction is
permitted between two coils or windings, a change in current flowing through one coil
induces a voltage upon the other coil. All transformers have a primary winding and one or
more secondary windings. The electromagnetic coupling between the primary and secondary
windings allows electrical energy to be transferred from the primary winding to the
secondary winding. Electrical current entering the primary winding appears as an
electromotive force (emf) at the secondary. Connecting the secondary winding to a load
allows the energy to be transferred to the load. Since there is no electrical connection
between primary and secondary windings (only a magnetic connection), the source and load
can be electrically isolated from each other by means of a transformer.
When a transformer is energized and loaded, AC current flowing in its windings creates an
alternating magnetic field in its iron core. A small portion of the current, called the
magnetizing current, is dedicated to the magnetic circuit in the creation of the magnetic field.
Losses associated with the magnetizing current are reactive power (VARs). In addition, there
are real power losses (Watts) in the transformer, associated with the inherent resistance in the
windings (copper losses) and with eddy currents and hysteresis in the core (iron losses). For
these reasons, the total power delivered to the primary side of the transformer is always larger
than the total power available at the secondary side. Even so, it is still reasonable to say that
energy is conserved in the transformer and that the real, reactive and apparent power applied
to the primary of almost any transformer equals the real, reactive and apparent power
available at the secondary. When the voltage applied to the primary winding is raised above
rated value, the iron core begins to saturate, which leads to a rapid increase in the magnitude
of the magnetizing current. Saturation of the core also distorts the sinusoidal voltage and
current waveforms. The resulting harmonics can lead to mechanical resonances which, in
large transformers, can be damaging. Transformers are also very susceptible to damage from
short circuit currents.
In this method secondary of transformer is connected to load. When secondary is loaded, the
secondary current I2 is set up. The magnitude and phase of I2 with respect to terminal voltage
V2 depends on the type of load (If load is resistive then I2 will be in phase with V2, for
inductive load I2 will lag behind V2 and for capacitive load it will lead the voltage V2).
Because of this secondary current I2, there is a drop in terminal voltage V2 . Drop in voltage
depends on the impedance of load & p.f. For leading p.f. voltage drop may be negative and
for lagging p.f. it is always positive. Since the flux passing through the core is same from no
load to full load conditions, core losses remain same and since the copper losses depend on
the square of the current, they vary with the current
3. Circuit diagram:
Figure 1. Circuit diagram of Transformer connected with load
4. Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in diagram.
2. Keep all the switches of loading rheostat in off position and variac at zero position.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Apply 230 V to the primary winding.
5. Note down secondary voltage (V2NL) where VNL- No load voltage.
6. Switch on the load and note down all meter readings correctly.
7. Go on increasing the load till the rated secondary current flows up to 5 Amp
5. Precaution:
1. Do not put on the supply until the circuit is checked by concerned teacher.
2. Do not touch any live part of circuit.
3. Be careful for primary & secondary winding rated current.
6. Observation table:
S.no. Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Power W
Voltage V1 Current I1 Voltage V2 Current C2
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4

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Experiment – 2

Aim: Transformers: Observation of the no-load current waveform on an oscilloscope.

S.NO. Name of Apparatus Range/Rating

1 1-phaseTransformer 230 V,50 Hz

Figure 1. Circuit diagram of Transformer connected with load

1. Make the connections as shown in diagram.

4. Apply 230 V to the primary winding.

5. Note down secondary voltage (V2NL) where VNL- No load voltage.

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