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Linux Files & Processes: Shell

The document discusses the key components of the Linux operating system: programs, the kernel, and the shell. It explains that the kernel allocates resources and handles processes and file systems, while the shell allows users to interact with the kernel by running commands. It also covers Linux files and processes, describing how everything is represented as a file and how processes are assigned IDs. Finally, it discusses the directory structure and how to navigate it using commands like ls, cd, and pwd.

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vivek gupta
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52 views3 pages

Linux Files & Processes: Shell

The document discusses the key components of the Linux operating system: programs, the kernel, and the shell. It explains that the kernel allocates resources and handles processes and file systems, while the shell allows users to interact with the kernel by running commands. It also covers Linux files and processes, describing how everything is represented as a file and how processes are assigned IDs. Finally, it discusses the directory structure and how to navigate it using commands like ls, cd, and pwd.

Uploaded by

vivek gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shell

Best way to interact


Read-evaluate-print loop
Open interactive consoles such as python, R, spark, hive, Pig
Automation

Connect with Shell

Web Console (Browser based)


Putty (Windows) - Install Client
SSH

Linux Operating System

The operating system is made of three parts:

The Programs
A user executes programs. AngryBird is a program that is executed by the kernel,
for example. When a program is launched, it creates processes. Program or
process will be used interchangeably.

The Kernel
The Kernel handles the main work of an operating system:

Allocates time & memory to programs


Handles File System
Responds to various Calls

The Shell

A user interacts with the Kernel via the Shell. The console as opened in the
previous slide is the shell. A user writes instructions in the shell to execute
commands. Shell is also a program that keeps asking you to type the name of
other programs to run.

Linux Files & Processes


Everything in Unix is either a file or a process.
Process
When you run a program, a process is created. Every process is identified by a number
called process ID. To check the processes you are running, execute "ps" command on
the shell. You can think of the process ID to be a sequence number given by the
operating system. It may be different at different execution of the same program.
File
A file is a sequence of data. A file could be created by users using word processors or
text editors or by the program to keep the information. A program is kept in the form of a
file and when it is run by the kernel, it loads as a process.
A file is generally written on the disk so that it exists even after the computer restarts. It
is saved in a disk - either hard disk drive (HDD - cheaper and slower) or solid state drive
(SSD - faster but costlier).
A file is identified by a name called file path. In Unix, everything is represented as file:
1. Devices such as Mouse, Keyboard
2. Programs are saved as file
3. Disk and Monitor

The Directory Structure


A file is kept inside a directory. A directory can have a file or another directory inside it. It
is like an inverted tree.
The top level directory is "/" called root. "/" directory does not have a parent. /A/B means
B is inside A which is inside top level directory "root".
List Files and Directory
To see the list of files use the command: ls

Relative & Absolute Paths - Change the Directory


There are two ways to represent a file/directory path:
Absolute: This way of representing a file/directory is independent of current directory of
the user. Such paths start with "/". Examples: /etc/passwd.
Relative: Relative to current working directory. Examples: ../../etc/passwd
You can change directory using "cd" command. Every user is given a separate home
directory.

Home Directory & Current Directory


Inside the console, you are always in a directory. On login, by default, you land in your
home directory.
To see the present working directory use: pwd
To change the directory to your home directory use only cd command without any
arguments.

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