Telephone Instrument and Signals

ECE 521 Module 1 – Lecture 1

ECEPrepared
521 Lecture 1 – Module 1
by: Josyl Rocamora

시작
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 Outline
Intro to communications system
The subscriber loop and the standard telephone set
Basic telephone call procedures
Call progress and signals
Other telephone technologies

Appendix
 Basic Communications System
Communications is the process of conveying information from one place to another.

Source of Destination
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Info of Info

Examples: May include: Two basic types: May include: Examples:

Computers Source coding Guided propagation* Source decoding Computers
Cellphones Encryption Free-space propagation** Decryption Cellphones
Telephones Channel coding Channel decoding Telephones
Sensors Modulation * May include: copper loss, dielectric Demodulation Sensors
loss, radiation loss, skin effect
** May include: attenuation, reflection,
refraction, diffraction, absorption

Real communications systems are more complex.

 Real Communications Systems
Real communications systems are more complex.
• Multiple channels; multiple conversions and modulations.
• Unidirectional/Bidirectional.
• Unicasting, Anycasting, Multicasting, Broadcasting.
• Firewalls, Tunneling.

Two communications systems discussed in our course:

• Telephone System
• Cellular System
 Telephone: From Invention to Commercialization
1876. Alexander Graham Bell, together with Thomas A. Watson, invented the
telephone.
1877. Only six telephones in the world
1879. Bell telephone company was established by Bell.
1881. 3000 telephones were producing revenues.
1883. Over 133,000 telephones in United States alone.
1885. American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) was established.
1951. Western Electric Company introduced the rotary dial telephone.
1984. Because of monopoly, AT&T divested into seven “Baby Bells”.

Watch The First Call by AT&T in YouTube.

Watch The history of telephone by CNET in YouTube.
Watch H i sto ry o f tel ep h o n e: I d i d n ’ t kn o w th at by National Geographic
in YouTube.
 Brief History of Telephone System
Public switched telephone network (PSTN)
Integrated services digital network (ISDN)
Cellular telephone system
Voice over IP (VoIP)

In PSTN, the plain old telephone service (POTS) is the simplest form of
telephone system for voice service and involves subscribers accessing the
public telephone network through a pair of wires, called subscriber loop.
 Subscriber Loop and Standard Telephone Set

Telecommunications
service provider edge Customer premises
2-wire local
subscriber loop Telephone Set
Central Office
-48 VDC (ring) Switch Hook
Switching
Machine Microphone

Ground (tip)

Central office (CO) houses the inside plant equipment such as cables, exchange equipment and main distribution frame.
It is also called as end office, local exchange office, local exchange, telephone office or local switch.
 The Subscriber Loop
It is the physical link or circuit that connects from the demarcation point of the
customer premises to the edge of the telecommunications service provider’s
network.

It is also known as outside plant or local loop.

It typically uses unshielded twisted pair of transmission line (cable pair).

• Two insulated conductors are twisted together.
• Insulating material is generally a polyethylene plastic coating.
• Conductor is most likely a pair of 16- to 26-gauge copper wire.
 Tip and Ring
In the subscriber loop cable pair, the tip serves as the ground while the
ring is set to -48 VDC.

Why DC instead of AC?

1. Prevent power supply hum
2. Allow service to continue in the event of power outage
3. Avoid use of AC

Why -48 VDC?

Minimize electrolytic corrosion on loop wires
 Tip and Ring
In the subscriber loop cable pair, the tip serves as the ground while the
ring is set to -48 VDC.

This -48 VDC is used for providing battery to the microphone of the
telephone set and for supervisory signaling.

The tip and ring terms came from the ¼ inch diameter two-conductor
phone plugs and patch cords (now obsolete) used by telephone
companies to interconnect and test circuits.
 Plastic Sheath Copper sleeve
Cord C
Copper ring
Copper tip
Ring wire

Tip wire

Sleeve wire

Phone Plug Insulating rings

Ring

Tip
TRS Phone Plug and Jack
(no longer used in telephone networks)
Sleeve

Phone Jack
 RJ Plugs and Receptacles
Since 1960s, phone plugs and jacks have been replaced by RJ11 plugs and
receptacles.

RJ stands for registered jacks. It is a series of telephone connection interfaces

registered with the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

Common telephone jacks in use today are RJ11, RJ14 and RJ25.
• RJ11 is a 6-position 2-conductor jack (6P2C).
• RJ14 is a 6-position 4-conductor jack (6P4C).
• RJ25 is a 6-position 6-conductor jack (6P6C).
 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

RJ11 Plug End RJ11 Connector

RJ11 Plug and Jack (6P2C) (Facing the contacts) (Outside looking in)
Image and Pinout Configuration
 Standard Telephone Set
Telephone comes from the Greek words “tele”
meaning afar and “phone” meaning sound or voice.

Some telephone set types:

• Butter stamp telephone has no dialing mechanism and uses
only a single push button to signal the operator.
• Rotary telephone uses a rotating dialing mechanism to send
pulses to the switching machine.
• Touch-tone telephone uses a touch-tone keypad as dialing
mechanism to send tones to the switching machine.
 How does a basic telephone work?
It is a simple transceiver that converts acoustic pressure to electrical
signals and vice versa.
• Speech is sound in motion.
• Sound waves are acoustic waves and have no electrical component.

Parts of a basic telephone set:

1) Ringer circuit
2) On/off circuit
3) Equalizer circuit
4) Speaker
5) Microphone
6) Hybrid circuit
7) Dialing circuit
 On/Off Hook Equalizer Hybrid

On
Ring (-48 VDC )
Speaker

Off

Local loop
Ringer Sw
Switch
RLC
2 4
RJ11 Circuit Circuit wire wire
Connector
On

Tip (Ground) Of f
Microphone

Dialing
Circuit

Fundamental Block Diagram of a Standard Telephone Set

 Back

Parts of a Basic Telephone Set

• The ringer circuit alerts the destination party of incoming calls.
• In the past, the ringer circuit was an electromagnetic bell.
• Now, it is an electronic oscillator connected to a speaker.

• The on/off hook circuit is a double pole single throw (DPST) switch
placed across the tip and ring.
• It is also known as the switch hook.
• If on hook Æ open circuit, no loop current, idle condition, telephone not in use.
• If off hook Æ closed circuit, loop current flows, busy condition, telephone in use.
 Back

Parts of a Basic Telephone Set

• The equalizer circuit is an RLC circuit to regulate the amplitude and
frequency response to the voice signals.
• Voice frequency range is 300 to 3000 Hz (sometimes 300 to 3400 Hz).

• The hybrid circuit is a special balanced transformer used to convert a

two-wire circuit into a four-wire circuit to enable full duplex
communication.
• It separates transmitted signals from received signals.
• Transmitted (outgoing) signals are typically in the 1-2 V range.
• Received (incoming) signals are in the 0.5-1 V range.
• It also provides sidetone to the user.
• It is also known as hybrid coil, duplex coil or hybrid network.
 Back

Parts of a Basic Telephone Set

• The speaker and microphone are electro-acoustic transducers
enclosed in the telephone handset.
• The speaker is the telephone receiver.
• The microphone is the telephone transmitter.

• The dialing circuit allows user to output numerical signals to call the
destination telephone.
• Types:
• Rotary dialer uses pulses (on/off) to represent digits.
• Touch-tone keypad uses tones to represent digits.
 Functions of the Telephone Set
1. Notify subscriber of incoming call with an audible or visible signal
2. Provide a signal to the telephone network verifying when the incoming call has been
acknowledged and answered
3. Convert acoustic energy to electric energy or vice versa
4. Use a dialing mechanism
5. Regulate amplitude of speech signal to avoid crosstalk in nearby cable pairs
6. Provide a signal to the telephone network for when a subscriber wish to place an
outgoing call
7. Feedback sidetone or talkback
8. Provide an open circuit to the local loop when telephone is not in use
and a closed circuit to the local loop when telephone is in use
9. Provide call progress signals between subscriber and central office
 Telephone call procedure
RJ11 Connector

T
Called party’s
subscriber loop Called station

R T

Calling station Calling party’s

subscriber loop
R

RJ11 Connector
Central Office Switching Machine

1. Calling station goes off hook

2. After detecting DC current, switching machine returns dial tone.
3. Caller dials destination number.
4. When switching machine detects dialing, dial tone is removed.
5. Switching machine interprets number and locates the local loop of destination*.

* Locating the destination loop may require multiple central offices.

 Telephone call procedure
RJ11 Connector

T
Called party’s
subscriber loop Called station

R T

Calling station Calling party’s

subscriber loop
R

RJ11 Connector
Central Office Switching Machine

6. Before ringing called station, switching machine checks destination loop for DC current.
7. If called station is off hook, busy signal is sent back to calling station.
If called station is on hook, ringback signal is sent back to calling station and ringing signal is sent to
called station.
8. When called station answers, DC current flows.
9. When switching machine detects current, ringback and ringing signals are removed then end-to-end
connection is completed.
10. When either station goes on hook, switching machine detects open circuit and drops the created
connection.
 BORSCHT Functions of SLIC
Subscriber loop connects to the central office using a subscriber line
interface card (SLIC) on the switching machine.

SLIC functions are:

Battery. -48VDC power supply
Overvoltage. Protection from lightning and other high V transients
Ringing. 20-Hz, 90 Vrms signal
Supervision. Monitoring line for on- or off-hook conditions
Coding. ADC or DAC if analog loop but digital switch
Hybrid. 2-wire to 4-wire
Testing. Checking of line (e.g. open, short)
 Call Progress Tones and Signals
These are acknowledgment and status signals during the telephone call procedure.

Signaling

Station Interoffice
Signaling Signaling

Alerting Supervising Controlling Addressing

(service request) (call status) (announcements) (routing info)

Categories of Telephone Signaling

 Call Progress Tones and Signals
1. Dial tone
2. Dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) tones
3. Multifrequency (MF) tones
4. Dial pulses
5. Station busy
6. Equipment busy
7. Ringing
8. Ring-back
9. Receiver on hook
10. Receiver off hook
11. Others (e.g. call waiting tone)

Summary of all call progress tones’ frequency, duration and direction is found in appendix.
 Back

Dial Tone
It is a audible signal comprised of two tones, 350 Hz and 440 Hz, that are
linearly combined and continuously transmitted.

It is a station signal transmitted from the switching machine to the

calling station, when the calling station goes off hook.

It informs the subscriber that there is access to the telephone switching

machine.

No dial tone condition occurs when switching machine receives requests

more than it can handle.
 Back

Dual-Tone Multifrequency (DTMF) Tones

It is a two-of-eight encoding scheme where each digit is represented by
the linear addition of two frequencies.
• Two tones are on for 50 ms (min) to 3 s (max).
• Two tones are off for 45 ms (min) to 3 s (max).

It is a station signal transmitted from the calling station to the switching

machine, when the calling station dials a particular number.

Advantages of touch-tone dialing over pulse dialing:

• All digits have the same duration.
• Eliminate impulse noise from mechanical switches.
• DTMF can pass through CO exchange.
 DTMF Keypad and Frequencies
Column (High group frequencies)

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz

ABC DEF
697 Hz A
Row (Low group frequencies) 1 2 3

GHI JKL MNO

770 Hz B
4 5 6

PQRS TUV WXYZ

852 Hz C
7 8 9

941 Hz * 0 # D

Optional column

See the link http://onlinetonegenerator.com/dtmf.html to generate DTMF notes.

These frequencies are chosen to avoid harmonics.Frequency oscillator tolerance must be within ±5%.
 DTMF Specifications
Parameter Transmitter Receiver
(Subscriber) (Central office)
Minimum power level (single frequency) -10 dBm -25 dBm
Maximum power level (two tones) +2 dBm 0 dBm
Maximum power difference between two +4 dB +4 dB
tones
Minimum digit duration 50 ms 40 ms
Minimum inter-digit duration 45 ms 40 ms
Maximum inter-digit duration 3s 3s
Maximum echo level relative to transmit -10 dB -10 dB
frequency level
Maximum echo delay <20 ms <20 ms
 Back

Multifrequency (MF) Tones

Similar to DTMF, MF tones also use the transmission of two tones (two-
of-six encoding).
• Two tones are on for 90 ms (min) to 120 ms (max).

Unlike DTMF, MF tones are interoffice signals for trunking applications.

MF Digit/Control Frequencies KP is a control tone used to indicate start of MF sequence.

Two tones Digit or Control ST is a control tone used to indicate end of MF sequence
700 + 900 1 (start of processing).
700 + 1100 2
IDLE is a control tone used to indicate that the circuit is
700 + 1300 4 not in use.
700 + 1500 7
900 + 1100 3 Example: KP 3 1 5 6 3 6 1 0 5 3 ST is the sequence
transmitted for the telephone number 315-636-1053.
900 + 1300 5
900 + 1500 8 MF Mnemonic Table
1100 + 1300 6 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
1100 + 1500 9 700 1 2 4 7
1100 + 1700 Key Pulse (KP) 900 3 5 8
1300 + 1500 0 1100 6 9 KP
1500 + 1700 Start (ST) 1300 0
2600 IDLE 1500 ST
 Back

Dial Pulses
It is the previous method for sending digits from the calling station to
the switching machine and is also known as rotary dial pulsing.

Dial pulse sequence starts when the telephone is off hook, then the loop
current flows and a digit is dialed using the rotary switch (on/off,
open/closed) .
 Off hook Dial pulse
100 ms 100 ms
(closed loop) period
(current flows) 100 ms
Next digit
sequence
Switching of
machine pulses
returns
dial
On hook tone.
𝑡
(open loop)
Make (on)
(no current) 39 ms Inter-digit
Break (off) period
61 ms 300 ms (min)

Digit 3

Dial pulsing sequence for digit 3

Why use an inter-digit period?

What is/are the disadvantages of this dial pulsing over DTMF?
Will the break parts of the dial pulse be interpreted as on hook condition?
 Back

Station Busy and Equipment Busy

Both use a two-tone signal of 480 Hz and 620 Hz.
Both are supervisory signal sent from switching machine to the calling station.

Station busy signal is used when the called station is off hook.
• It is on for 0.5 s and off for 0.5 s.

Equipment busy signal is used when blocking condition occurs.

• Blocking condition - switching machine has no available circuits.
• It is on for 0.2 s and off for 0.5 s.

Station busy is aka slow busy; equipment busy is aka fast busy.
 Back

Ringing and Ring-Back

Ringing signal is sent from switching machine to the called station.
• It is nominally a 20-Hz, 90 Vrms signal.

Ring-back signal is sent from switching machine to the calling station.

• It is a two-tone signal of 440 Hz and 480 Hz.

Both are on for 2 s and then off for 4 s.

 Back

Receiver on hook and off hook

Both are sent from any station to the switching machine.

On-hook signal is used to terminate a call.

• It causes an open loop that has no definite duration.

Off-hook signal is used to initiate a call or answer a call.

• It causes a current of around 20-80 mA to flow due to the -48 VDC.
 Other Telephone Technologies
1. Cordless telephones
2. Caller ID
3. Electronic Telephones
4. Paging Systems
 Battery Antenna AC Power
Speaker
Antenna Power Supply

Receiver

Receiver
Re iver

Telco Interface
To local loop
Transmitter

Transmitter
Microphone
Keypad

Portable Cordless Telephone Base Station Unit

Cordless Telephone System

 Cordless Telephone
Cordless telephones operate over narrow band FM (NBFM) channels
spaced 30 to 100 kHz apart, depending on frequency band.
• They operate on several frequency bands.
• Additional bands were assigned from time to time due to congestion.

Frequency bands:
• 46-49 MHz, FM, 10 full-duplex channels
• 43-44 MHz, FM, 15 full-duplex channels
• 902-928 MHz, FM or SST, for better SNR
• 2.4 GHz, Adaptive differential PCM or SST
 Cordless Telephone
It is a full-duplex battery-operated portable receiver that communications
directly to a stationary receiver.

Maximum transmit power for portable and base units is 500 mW.
Thus, maximum distance between the two units is 100 ft.
 Caller ID
It allows the display of the calling station number at the called station
before the call is answered.

Caller ID message is a simplex transmission sent from switching machine

to the called station using the ITU V.23 standard.
• 1200 bps FSK
• Mark frequency 𝑓 = 1200 𝐻𝑧
m
• Space frequency 𝑓s = 2200 𝐻𝑧
 2 sec 4 sec 2 sec
½ sec ½ sec
se
3 sec

1st ring Caller ID signal 2nd ring

1200 bps FSK
20 Hz, 90 vrms 20 Hz, 90 vrms
𝑓s = 1200 𝐻z 𝑓m = 2200 𝐻𝑧

Caller ID Ringing Cycle

 240 bits 156 bits 10 bits* 10 bits* Variable Length 8 bits

Channel Seizure Conditioning Signal

200 ms alternating 1/0s 130 ms Message Type Message Length Caller ID Check Sum
(55H or AAH) All 1s (1200 Hz) 8.33 ms 8.33 ms Data Field 6.67 ms

Variable Length
Month, day, hour and minute fields are 66.7 ms. ASCII characters
Month Month Day Day Hour Hour Minute Minute Caller’s Name and
10 bits* 10 bits* 10 bits* 10 bits* 10 bits* 10 bits* 10 bits* 10 bits* Telephone Number

*10 bits means 8 ASCII data bits without parity, 1 start bit and 1 stop bit

Caller ID Frame Format

 Caller ID Fields
Message type field is an 8-bit hex code to indicate the service type and
data message capability. Assigned for Caller ID is 04 hex.

Message length field specifies the total number of characters in the caller
ID data field (includes date, time, name and number).

Date and time fields are 2 character code.

• Month 01 to 12
• Day 01 to 31
• Hour 00 to 23
• Minute 00 to 59
ASCII codes Character
30 hex Digit 0 Example:
31 hex Digit 1
32 hex Digit 2 Interpret the following hex code sequence
… … for a caller ID message starting from the
38 hex Digit 8 message type to the caller ID data field
39 hex Digit 9 (without caller name).

04 12 31 31 32 37 31 35 35 37 33 31 35 37 33 36 31 30 35 33

Field Hex Code Answer

Message type 04 Caller ID
Message length 12 18 characters
Month 31 31 11 (November)
Day 32 37 27 (27th day)
Hour 31 35 15 (3 pm)
Minute 35 37 57 (3:57 pm)
Caller Number 33 31 35 37 33 36 31 30 35 33 315 736 1053
 Touch-tone keypad
Crystal Reference

Piezoelectric
1 2 3 sound element

4 5 6
To local loop
DTMF Tone Tone Ringer
7 8 9
Generator Circuit

* 0 # Line Voltage Loop

Multi-function IC Chip Regulator Interface
Circuit

MPU MPU Interface

Speech Network RJ11 Connector
M)
(and RAM) Circuit

Speaker Microphone

Fundamental Block Diagram of an Electronic Telephone Set

 Paging Systems
Most paging systems are simplex wireless communication systems
designed to alert subscribers.

Paging transmitters relay the messages from wire-line and cellular

telephones to subscribers carrying portable receivers.

Types of Paging Systems

Type Other name Description
Narrow-area pager Local pager Operate within a building or building complex
Mid-area pager Regional pager Cover an area of several square miles/kilometers
Wide-area pager National pager Operate world wide
 Cordless
telephone
base station

Local Radio
Paging
telephone
service office Transmitter
office

Pager

Cellular
telephone Each portable pager is assigned a special alphanumeric
office code called cap code. This code is broadcasted along
with the paging party’s telephone number.

Simplified block diagram of a standard simplex paging system

 Paging System Specifications
Modern paging systems use FSK or PSK.

Transmission rates are between 200 to 6400 bps with the following
carrier frequency bands:
• 138 MHz to 175 MHz
• 267 MHz to 284 MHz
• 310 MHz to 330 MHz
• 420 MHz to 470 MHz
• Other frequency slots within the 900-MHz band

Summary of Paging System Protocols is found in appendix.

 Next slides: Appendix

Any questions?

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 Lecture Outline (Detailed)
1. Intro to communications system 2. DTMF
1. Basic communications system 3. MF
2. Brief history of the telephone 4. Dial pulse
The subscriber loop and the standard 5. Station busy
2.
6. Equipment busy
telephone set
7. Ringing
1. The subscriber loop
2. Standard telephone set 8. Ring-back
3. Block diagram of a telephone set 9. Receiver on/off hook
4. Functions of the telephone set 10. Other signals and tones

3. Basic telephone call procedures 5. Other telephone technologies

1. Telephone call procedures 1. Cordless telephones
2. BORSCHT Functions of SLIC 2. Caller ID
3. Electronic telephones
4. Call progress tones and signals
4. Paging systems
1. Dial tone
 The Radio Frequency Spectrum

Designation Frequency
Ultra low frequency (ULF) <3 Hz
Extremely low frequency (ELF) 3 Hz to 3 kHz
Very low frequency (VLF) 3 kHz to 30 kHz
Low frequency (LF) 30 kHz to 300 kHz
Medium frequency (MF) 300 kHz to 3 MHz
High frequency (HF) 3 MHz to 30 MHz
Very high frequency (VHF) 30 MHz to 300 MHz
Ultra high frequency (UHF) 300 MHz to 3 GHz
Super high frequency (SHF) 3 GHz to 30 GHz
Extremely high frequency (EHF) 30 GHz to 300 GHz
Submillimeter 300 GHz to 3 THz
 Summary of Call Progress Tones
Tone or Signal Frequency Duration/Range Signaling Category Direction
Dial tone 350 Hz + 440 Hz Continuous Station/Alerting Switching machine to calling
station
DTMF 697 Hz, 770 Hz, 852 Hz, Two of eight tones Station/Addressing Calling station to switching
941 Hz, 1209 Hz, 1336 Hz, On, 50 ms (min) to 3s (max) machine
1477 Hz, 1633 Hz Off, 45 ms (min) to 3s (max)
Multifrequency 700 Hz, 900 Hz, Two of six tones Interoffice Switching machine to switching
1100 Hz, 1300 Hz, On, 90 ms (min) to 120 ms (max) machine
1500 Hz, 1700 Hz
Dial pulses Open/closed switch On, 39 ms Station/Addressing Calling station to switching
Off, 61 ms machine
Station busy 480 Hz + 620 Hz On/Off, 0.5 s Station/Supervisory Switching machine to calling
station
Equipment busy 480 Hz + 620 Hz On, 0.2 s Station/Supervisory Switching machine to calling
Off, 0.3 s station
Ringing 20 Hz, 90 vrms (nominal) On, 2 s Station/Alerting Switching machine to called station
Off, 4 s
Ring-back 440 Hz + 480 Hz On, 2 s Station/Supervisory Switching machine to calling
Off, 4 s station
Receiver on hook Open loop Indefinite Station/Alerting Any station to switching machine
Receiver off hook DC current 20 mA – 80 mA Station/Alerting Any station to switching machine
 Summary of Paging System Protocols
Protocol POCSAG ERMES FLEX
Name Post office code standardization European Radio Messaging -
advisory group System or Enhanced Radio
Messaging System

Developed by British post office ETSI in 1980s Motorola in 1990s

Modulation Two-level FSK Four-level FSK Two- or four-level FSK
Synchronization Asynchronous Synchronous Synchronous time slotted protocol
Long preamble (less time for synchronization) (time frame of 4-min divided to 128
(aka dotting sequence or data frames, 1.875 sec each data
dotting comma) frame)
Data rates 512 bps 6250 bps 1600 bps
1200 bps (3125 baud) 3200 bps
2400 bps 6400 bps
Description Pagers must operate in always- Supports 16 25-kHz paging Pager is assigned to a home frame.
on mode. channels in each of its Protocol has lower power
(Battery inefficient) frequency bands consumption because of standby
and wake up.