This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of computer networks. It discusses the uses of computer networks in business, home, and mobile applications. It describes the components that make up networks, including network devices, links, routers, switches, and packet switching. It also covers different types of networks like the Internet, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. Finally, it introduces important network concepts like protocols, layered models, connection-oriented vs connectionless communication, and reliability.
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of computer networks. It discusses the uses of computer networks in business, home, and mobile applications. It describes the components that make up networks, including network devices, links, routers, switches, and packet switching. It also covers different types of networks like the Internet, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. Finally, it introduces important network concepts like protocols, layered models, connection-oriented vs connectionless communication, and reliability.
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of computer networks. It discusses the uses of computer networks in business, home, and mobile applications. It describes the components that make up networks, including network devices, links, routers, switches, and packet switching. It also covers different types of networks like the Internet, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. Finally, it introduces important network concepts like protocols, layered models, connection-oriented vs connectionless communication, and reliability.
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of computer networks. It discusses the uses of computer networks in business, home, and mobile applications. It describes the components that make up networks, including network devices, links, routers, switches, and packet switching. It also covers different types of networks like the Internet, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. Finally, it introduces important network concepts like protocols, layered models, connection-oriented vs connectionless communication, and reliability.
Lecture 1: Introduction Fall 2018 Uses of Computer Networks • Computer networks are collections of autonomous computers that exchanges information • e.g., the Internet, the Intranet • They have many uses: • Business Applications • Home Applications • Mobile Users • These uses raise: • Social Issues • Components • Network devices • Network links Internet • A Massive Network of Networks • millions of connected computing router workstation devices server • hosts = end systems mobile • running network apps local ISP • communication links • fiber, copper, radio, satellite • bandwidth (transmission rate) regional ISP • Packet switches • forward packets (chunks of data) • routers and switches
company network Business Applications • Companies use networks and computers for resource sharing with the client-server model:
request
response
client-server model
• Other popular uses are communication
• email, VoIP, e-commerce, desktop sharing, telemedicine Home Applications • Homes contain many networked devices • Computers, TVs, connected to the Internet by cable, DSL, wireless, etc. • Home users communicate • Social networks, consume content, video, and transactions, auctions • Peer-to-peer model • No fixed clients and servers Home Applications • Person-to-person model • Instant messaging, Twitter, Facebook, Wikipedia, etc. • E-commerce (e.g., home shopping) • Entertainment (e.g., IPTV, VOD) • Ubiquitous computing → IoT (Internet of Things) • Internet, Intranet • Ethernet, Wi-Fi, powerlines, RFID, etc. Mobile Users • Tablets, laptops, and smart phones are popular devices; Wi-Fi hotspots and cellular provide wireless connectivity. • Mobile users communicate (voice and texts), consume content, (video and Web), and use sensors. • Wireless and mobile are related but different: Mobile Users • Global Mobile Data Traffic • 7.2 EB(exabytes)/month in 2016 (63% growth) • 18 fold growth in the past five years • 7 fold growth by 2021 (49 EB/month)
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index, 2017: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2016– 2021 White Paper Mobile Users • Smartphones: primary internet access points • By 2021, 98% traffic and 75% connections from “smart” devices • 4G: 75% traffic and 53% connections • 5G: 1.5% traffic and 0.2% connections Wireless Body Sensor Network
Wireless connection (Bluetooth)
Sensors data though internet IoT based Real-time Monitoring System Communication Links • Point-to-point links • Connects individual pairs of machines, from source to the destination via packets • Multiple routes (of different lengths) possible • unicasting • Broadcasting links • Communication channel shared on the network • packets sent by any machine received by all others • wireless network is a common example • multicasting Network Classification
• Networks can be classified by topology
Network Classification
• Networks can be classified by media characteristics
• Wired network • Guided media including fiber optics, copper wires, twisted- pair cable, coaxial cable, etc. • Wireless network • Unguided media including radio link Network Classification
• Networks can be classified by their scale:
Scale Distance Type Vicinity < 2-10m PAN (Personal Area Network) Building < 100m – 1km LAN (Local Area Network) City < 10km MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) Country 100 – 100km WAN (Wide Area Network) Planet The Internet (network of all networks) Personal Area Network
• Connect devices over the range of a person
• Bluetooth, ZigBee, RFID, NFC, etc. Local Area Network • Connect devices in a home or office building • Called enterprise network in a company
Wireless LAN Wired LAN with
with 802.11 switched Ethernet Metropolitan Area Networks
• Connect devices over a metropolitan area
• Example MAN based on cable TV: Wide Area Networks • Connect devices over a country • WAN connecting three branch offices (hosts) • subnet: carry messages from host to host Wide Area Networks • VPN (Virtual Private Network) • a WAN built from virtual links that run on top of the Internet Network Protocol human protocols: network protocols: • “what’s the time?” • machines rather than • “I have a question” humans • introductions • all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols
protocols define format, order of messages
sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt Network Protocol a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi TCP connection req Hi TCP connection Got the response time? Get http://ece.iit.edu 2:00 <file> time
Q: Why are protocols so important?
Protocol Layers • Protocol layering is the main structuring method used to divide up network functionality.
• Each protocol instance talks
virtually to its peer • Each layer communicates only by using the one below • Lower layer services are accessed by an interface • At bottom, messages are carried by the medium Protocol Layers • Example: the philosopher-translator-secretary architecture • Each protocol at different layers serves a different purpose Protocol Layers • Each lower layer adds its own header (with control information) to the message to transmit and removes it on receive
• Layers may also split and join messages, etc.
Design Issues for Layers • Each layer solves a particular problem but must include mechanisms to address a set of recurring design issues Issue Example mechanisms at different layers Reliability despite Codes for error detection/correction failures Routing around failures Network growth Addressing and naming and evolution Protocol layering Allocation of resources Multiple access like bandwidth Congestion and flow control Quality of Service (QoS) Security against Confidentiality of messages various threats Authentication of communicating parties Data Integrity Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless • Service provided by a layer may be kinds of either: • Connection-oriented, must be set up for ongoing use (and torn down after use), e.g., phone call • Connectionless, messages are handled separately, e.g., postal delivery Unreliable Communication • Why consider using “unreliable communication”? • Reliable communication may not be available in a given layer • Packets can occasionally be damaged in transit • It’s up to the higher protocol levels to recover them • Delays inherent in providing a reliable service may be unacceptable • especially for real-time applications Relationship of Services to Protocols
• A layer provides a service to the one above [vertical]
• A layer talks to its peer using a protocol [horizontal] Relationship of Services to Protocols
• A service is like an abstract data type or an object in an
OOP • Defines operations that can be performed on an object but does not specify how these operations are implemented • A protocol relates to the implementation of the service and as such is not visible to the user of the service Reference Models
• ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model • consists of 7 layers • Application (APDU) • Presentation (PPDU) • Session (SPDU) • Transport (TPDU) • Network (packet) • Data Link (frame) • Physical (bits)
• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force )
• TCP/IP model • Application • Transport • Internet • Link OSI Reference Models • A principled, international standard, seven layer model to connect different systems – Provides functions needed by users – Converts different representations – Manages task dialogs – Provides end-to-end delivery – Sends packets over multiple links – Sends frames of information – Sends bits as signals Layer 7 : Application • Contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed by the user • HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) for World Wide Web (WWW) • File transfer, e-mail, Telnet… Layer 6 : Presentation • Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted • Data structure could be changed, in order to make it possible for computers with different internal data representations to communicate • e.g., MPEG, HTML, JPEG… Layer 5 : Session • Allows users on different machines to establish sessions between them • dialog control (keeping track of transmission turns) • token management (preventing same critical operations) • synchronization (fail-safe/recovery) Layer 4 : Transport • A true end-to-end layer • Transfer data from source to destination • Message split/merge from/to Layer 3 • e.g., TCP, UDP Layer 3 : Network • Controls the operation of the subnet • Determining how packets are routed from source to destination • Routes can be based on static tables, or automatically updated table to avoid failed components • Handling congestion/bottlenecks in the network • Quality of Service (QoS) • delay, transit time, jitter, etc.. Layer 2 : Data Link • Transforms a raw transmission facility into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors • Masks real errors by masking them • Error handling • Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer • controlling access to the shared channel Layer 1 : Physical • Transmitting raw bits over a communication channel • Making sure bit 0 or 1 is received by the other end OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Model Hybrid Model • It is based on the TCP/IP model but we call out the physical layer and look beyond Internet protocols.
