Science and Technology

Science, Technology and Society
Group 4
Early Science
In the Mid-1500s, the scientific revolution occurred. It changed how people thought about the
universe. In 1534, Andreas Vesalius Publishes on The Fabric Of The Human Body This is
considered to be the first great modern work of science and the foundation of modern biology.
In it, Vesalius makes unprecedented observations about the structure of the human body.
1543, Nicolas Copernicus Publishes De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On The Revolutions
Of Celestial Bodies) Copernicus' masterwork; he sets out the heliocentric theory.
1584, Giordano Bruno Publishes The Ash-Wednesday Supper, On Cause, Principle, And Unity,
And On The Infinite Universe And Its Worlds The renegade Italian monk unfolds his philosophy,
the centerpiece of which is the contention that the universe is infinitely large and that the Earth
is by no means at the center of it. For the expression of his thoughts, Bruno is burned at the
stake as a heretic.
1591, Francois Viete Invents Analytical Trigonometry Viete's invention is essential to the study
of physics and astronomy. In the same year, Galileo Galilei Demonstrates The Properties Of
Gravity Galileo demonstrates, from the top of the leaning tower of Pisa, that a one- pound
weight and a one hundred-pound weight, dropped at the same moment, hit the ground at the
same moment, refuting the contention of the Aristotelian system that the rate of fall of an
object is dependent upon its weight. He expounds fully on this demonstration years later in his
1638 Discourse on Two New Sciences.
1610, Galileo Publishes Messenger of The Heavens Galileo's 24-page booklet describes his
telescopic observations of the moon's surface, and of Jupiter's moons, making the Church
uneasy. The Inquisition soon warns Galileo to desist from spreading his theories.
1614, John Napier Publishes Description of The Marvelous Canon of Logarithms Napier's
invention and cataloguing of logarithms is an essential step in easing the task of numerical
calculation.
1618, Johannes Kepler Reveals His Third and Final Law of Planetary Motion Kepler's laws of
planetary motion describe the form and operation of planetary orbits, and are the final step
leading to the academic rejection of the Aristotelian system.
1620, Francis Bacon Publishes Novum Organum Bacon attempts to create organization and
cooperation within the scientific community by demonstrating how the diverse fields of science
relate to one another.
1630, Galileo Publishes Dialogue on The Two Chief Systems Of The World Galileo's magnum
opus uses the laws of physics to refute the Aristotelian contention that the Earth is the center
of the solar system and supports the heliocentric Copernican view. Galileo presents the
doctrine of uniformity, which claims that the laws of terrestrial physics are no different than the
laws of celestial physics.
1633, Galileo Is Forced to Recant His Theories, The Inquisition forces Galileo to sign a
recantation and condemns him to house arrest for the remaining nine years of his life. His
Dialogue is ordered burned as heretical, and his sentence to be read at every university.
1637, Rene Descartes Publishes His Discourse on Method Descartes' work sets forth the
principles of deductive reasoning as used in the modern scientific method. In the same year,
Rene Descartes Publishes Geometry In this landmark work, Descartes discusses how motion
may be represented as a curve along a graph, defined by its relation to planes of reference.
1638, Evangelista Torricelli Invents the Barometer Torricelli's invention measures air pressure,
demonstrating that air does indeed have weight, and that the pressure caused by that weight
differs in different situations.
1656, Otto Von Guericke Invents The Air Pump Van Guerick demonstrates the properties of a
vacuum by using his air pump to take the air from within his famous "Magdeberg hemispheres,"
which, though easily separated in normal conditions, could not be parted by two teams of
sixteen horses once he had removed the air.
1662, The Royal Society of London Is Officially Organized by King Charles II The Royal Society
brings together the greatest minds of the region in efforts to advance science through
cooperation. Similar societies subsequently spring up throughout Europe, creating an
intellectual network, which produces many of the scientific advances of the later seventeenth
century.
1666, Robert Boyle Publishes Origin Of Form And Qualities Boyle's work, though highly flawed,
sets the stage for the study of matter on the atomic level.
1680, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Publishes On The Motion Of Animals Borelli's work is the
greatest early triumph of the application of mechanical laws to the human organism.
1687, Isaac Newton Publishes Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica Perhaps the most
important event in the history of science, the Principia lays out Newton's comprehensive model
of the universe as organized according to the law of universal gravitation. The Principia
represents the integration of the works of all of the great astronomers who preceded Newton,
and remains the basis of modern physics and astronomy.
1692, The Salem Witch Trials Take Place In Massachusetts Indicative of the maintenance of
traditional superstitions even late in the seventeenth century, 200 people are tried for
witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. Over 7,000 women were executed for witchcraft in Europe
between 1550 and 1700, largely in association with the various theological battles of the
Reformation.
Development in Asia
Asia is the Biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations.
China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas like
medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others.
In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many tools. Among the
famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass, paper making,
gun powder, and printing tools that became known in the west only by the end of the middle
ages. They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, among
others. They developed a design of different models of bridges. They also invented the first
psychological detectors and developed a dry dock facilities .

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