TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PASCHIMANCHAL CAMPUS

A
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
ON
RFID BASED SMART LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY

ABHISHEK KARN (070/BEX/403)

KRISHNA YADAV (070/BEX/420)
OSHO KARN (070/BEX/426)
SHUBASH MEHRA (070/BEX/442)

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SEPTEMBER 2017

1
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PASCHIMANCHAL CAMPUS

RFID BASED SMART LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

[Subject Code: EX755]

SUBMITTED BY

ABHISHEK KARN (070/BEX/403)

KRISHNA YADAV (070/BEX/420)
OSHO KARN (070/BEX/426)
SHUBASH MEHRA (070/BEX/442)

A
PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SEPTEMBER, 2017

2
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the Institute of Engineering for
acceptance, a project report entitled ‘RFID Based Smart Library Management System’
submitted by Abhishek Karn (070/BEX/403), Krishna Yadav(070/Bex/420), Osho Karn
(070/Bex/426) and Shubash Mehra(070/Bex/442) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

……………………..
Head
Er. Hari Prasad Baral
Lecturer
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering

…………………….
Supervisor
Er. Khem Raj Koirala
Lecturer
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering

…………………….
External Examiner
Er. Ram Saran Baral
Telecom Engineer, Nepal Telecom

3
 COPYRIGHT

The author has agreed that the Library, department of Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Paschimanchal Campus, Institute of Engineering may make this report freely available for
inspection. Moreover, the author has agreed that permission for extensive copying of this project
report for scholarly purpose may be granted by the supervisors who supervised the project work
recorded herein, or, in their absence, by the Head of Department wherein the project was done. It
is understood that the recognition will be given to the author of this report and to the Department
of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Paschimanchal Campus, Institute of Engineering in any
use of this report. Copying or publication or other use of this report for financial gain without
approval of the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Paschimanchal Campus,
Institute of Engineering and author’s written permission, is prohibited.

Request for permission to copy or to make any other use of the material in this report in whole or
in part should be addressed to:

Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering

Paschimanchal Campus, Institute of Engineering
Lamachaur-16, Pokhara
Nepal

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to show our greatest appreciation to the Department of
Electronics and Computer Engineering that has provided us a golden opportunity to deal with this
very project.

We are very obliged to Er. Hari Prasad Baral, Head of Electronics and Computer Engineering
for his proper guidance throughout the project-duration. His timely advise with kindness and
dynamism has enabled us to complete our project

It is a genuine pleasure to express our deep sense of thanks and gratitude to our supervisor and
mentor Er. Khem Raj Koirala for his dedication and keen interest to help us in completing this
work.

We feel heartiest sense of obligation to our library staff members and seniors who helped in
collection of data and resource material, and in processing them in an efficient manner.

Finally, we would like to thank our friends who encouraged us and provided necessary technical
suggestion during our project.

PROJECT MEMBERS
Abhishek Karn (070/BEX/403)
Krishna Yadav (070/BEX/420)
Osho Karn (070/BEX/426)
Shubash Mehra (070/BEX/442)

5
 ABSTRACT
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a term that is used to describe a system that transfers the
identity of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves. It falls under the category of
automatic identification technologies. We have made a Smart Library Management System based
on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), for the university as well as public libraries. A
Graphical User Interface (GUI) is carefully designed to support all necessary library functionalities
and patron needs. The heart of the smart library management system is the RFID card and the RF
module (antenna) connected with the central database through computer. The interface can be used
to perform different library management operations, such as keeping book records, search a book,
issue or return a book and track a book location; based on the current context of user. RFID cards
are embedded on library books that enable tracking of books. We are mainly focused on following
modules namely: Self Check in/out, book drop, book availability check, book tracking and Shelf
management.
So, this project deals with the problem of automation by making better friendly environment for
an individual to interact with the management system to get provided with maximum of services
in a smart manner.

6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER OF APPROVAL………………………………………………………………………...3
COPYRIGHT……………………………………………………………………………………...4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………...................................5
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………….6
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………….7
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………10
ABBREVIATION……………………………………………………………………………….11
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview…………………………………………………………………………...12
1.2 Historical Background…………………………………………………………….13
1.3 Motivation………………………………………………………………………….14
1.4 Application Areas………………………………………………………………….15
1.5 Problem Statement………………………………………………………………....15
1.6 Objective……………………………………………………………………….…..17
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 3: COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
3.1 Raspberry PI…………………………………………………………………………20
3.1.1 Pin Configuration……………………………………………………………...21
3.1.2 Processor and Performance……………………………………………………21
3.1.3 Networking and Peripherals…………………………………………………...21
3.1.4 Real-time clock………………………………………………...........................22
3.2 RF module…………………………………………………………..........................22
3.2.1 Transmitter modules…………………………………………………………..22
3.2.2 Receiver modules……………………………………………………………..23
3.3 RFID card…………………………………………………………………………...23
3.4 LCD display………………………………………………………….......................25
3.4.1 Specification……………………….……………......…………………...........26

7
CHAPTER 4: SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..28
4.1.1 Student/user………………………………………………………………...28

4.1.2 Librarian/Admin………………………………………................................29

4.2 LMS blueprinting……………………………………………….............................29

4.3 Sample screenshots……………………………………………………………….30

CHAPTER 5: METHODOLOGY

5.1 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………...34

5.2 Description of Project……………………………………………………………34

5.3 Procedure used in project Design……………………………………………….35

CHAPTER 6: ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATION

6.1 Assumption………………………………………………………………………38
6.2 Limitation………………………………………………………...…...................38

CHAPTER 7: IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGE AND MITIGATION

7.1 Implementation Challenge……………………………….................................40
7.2 Mitigation Approaches………………………………………………………….40

CHAPTER 8: EPILOGUE
8.1 Results………………………………………………….……………………...41
8.2 Discussion …………………………………………….………………………41
8.3 Conclusion…………………………………………….…………….................41
8.4 Future Improvement………………………………….……………………….42
REFERENCES

8
APPENDIX A SOFTWARE USED WHILE DEVELOPING LMS…............45

APPENDIX B RASPBIAN…………………………………………………….51

APPENDIX C RASPBERRY PI DATASHEET……………….……………54

APPENDIX D MFRC522 DATASHEET………………………………..........60

APPENDIX E LCD (16X2) DATASHEET…………...…………....................63

9
LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure 1.1 Sample of smart library………………………………….…………………………...14
Figure 1.2 Conventional versus RFID system……………………………………………………17
Figure 1.3 Barcode versus RFID system………………………………………………………….18
Figure 3.1 A Raspberry pi……………………………………………………………...................21
Figure 3.2 A MFRC 522 module…………………………………………………………………22
Figure 3.3 A simplified block diagram of MFRC 522…………………………………………….23
Figure 3.4 RFID smart cards……………………………………………………………………...25
Figure 3.5 An LCD display……………………………………………………………………….26
Figure 4.1 Simple blueprint of LMS software……………………………………………………30
Figure 4.2 Library management system homepage………………………………………………31
Figure 4.3 Librarian login page………………………………………………………………….31
Figure 4.4 Student registration form……………………………………………………………...32
Figure 4.5 Student login page…………………………………………………………………….32
Figure 4.6 Display student information………………………………………………………….33
Figure 4.7 Display books information…………………………………………………................33
Figure 4.8 Issue/return books…………………………………………………………………….34
Figure 5.1 Block diagram of system……………………………………………………………...35
Figure 5.2 RFID operation……………………………………………………………………….36
Figure 5.3 Book return process…………………………………………………………………...37
Figure 5.4 Issuance of book………………………………………………………………………37

10
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
SLMS Smart Library Management System
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
USB Universal Serial Bus
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
GPIO General Purpose Input Output
I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit
ISO/IEC International Organization for Standardization/ International Electrotechnical
Commission
ESD Electrostatic Discharge
SOC System On Chip
CPU Central Processing Unit
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
LED Light Emitting Diode
SMSC Short Message Service Center

11
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Smart library is strictly defined as the concept and practice of modern library system based on
digital, networked and intelligent information technology, with interconnection, high efficiency
and convenience as the main features, and green development and digital services for the general
public as the essential pursuit. In recent years, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology
has moved from obscurity into mainstream applications that helps to speed the handling of
manufactured goods and materials. RFID system enables identification from distance, and unlike
earlier bar-code technology it does so without requiring a line of sight propagation. RFID tags
support a larger set of unique IDs than bar codes and can incorporate additional data such as
manufacturer, product type, and even measure environmental factors such as temperature. The
idea is to design and deploy Smart Library Management System (SLMS) for the university library
in order to replace the existing barcode system in an attempt to improve productivity and reduce
labor cost.

The technology requires co-operation of RFID reader and RFID tag. The RFID based SLMS
facilitates the fast issuing, re-issuing and returning of books with the help of RFID enabled
modules. It directly provides the book information and library member information to the library
management system and does not need the manual typing. This technology has slowly begun to
replace the traditional barcodes and manual system on library items and has many advantages over
existing barcodes and manual system. The RFID tag can contain identifying information, such as
a book's title or code, author’s name, issuing history. The information is read by an RFID reader,
which replaces the standard barcode reader commonly found at a library's circulation desk. For
which utmost care will be taken to remove manual book keeping of records, reduce time
consumption as line of sight and

12
manual interactions are not needed in RFID-tag reading and improve utilization of resources like
manpower, infrastructure etc.

Fig.1.1: Sample of Smart library

1.2 Historical Background

Although RFID technology in recent years is getting more and more attention, it is not a new
invention. The history of RFID can be traced back to World War II (1940s). It was used to
distinguish enemy aircraft from our aircraft. People rarely speak of Radio Frequency Identification
in the 40 years since World War II. Until 1991, Texas Instruments Incorporated applied RFID
technology to animal husbandry. In 1999, Massachusetts Institute of Technology began to study
how to benefit wholesalers from technology. Since then, the range of RFID applications has
become an increasingly widespread.

The idea and practice of the smart library emerged first is European and American university
libraries, public libraries and museums. Around 2003, a new service provided by the Library of

13
the University of Oulu, Finland was known as “smart library”, which was the part of the program
named as “Rotuaari project” (Dynamic localization of books and collections) and suggesting that
the “Smart library is location-aware mobile library service”, which helps users to find books and
other materials from the library. At the same time, Queensland, Australia also explored the
relationship between the smart library and smart community building. Prior to 2004, number of
libraries and museums in Ottawa, the capital of Canada, and many other university and public
libraries had established a library consortium named as “Sm@rtLibrary”. following the year many
universities implemented the smart library management system to improve the relationship
between libraries and smart community. Our project also focuses on the same concept of
developing a smart culture through implementing smart management system in our libraries and
further we can extend the concept in many super markets like BHAT BHATENI, CIVIL MALLS
etc. for automatic bulling and getting information about goods and products like actual price,
expiry date, sources etc.

1.3 Motivation

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) System is more extensively used in Western and some of
the South Asian countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, etc. It is used for many purposes like
business, education, security, etc. It is seen that even in Nepal barcode has almost replaced manual
system in library. Although, barcode is better but it has become past for rest of the world. Even
though RFID is a bit costly but more relevant, efficient, reliable and reduces human resources than
barcode. Its lifetime is also more than barcode. As the world has almost entered in digitization, so
this project can be a milestone towards digitized Nepal too.

Our project is focused on smart library using RFID technology. Since, its implementation can
significantly reduce number of staffs in large or small library, the system can be worthy from
economic sense too. This project is equally helpful for library security system. From reader’s point
of view, the system is more preferable because it will assist them on searching books more easily
and efficiently. Readers would love to visit the library where it is easy for them to select books in

14
no time, where issuing and borrowing book is more convenient and familiar. This project is thus
focused on facilitating both library administration and readers.

1.4 Application Areas

RFID is used for everything from tracking location to identification of items automatically. It may
sound trite, but the applications are limited only by people’s imagination. The most common
applications are tracking goods in the supply chain, reusable containers, high value tools and other
assets, and parts moving to a manufacturing production line. RFID is also used for security
(including controlling access to buildings and networks) and payment systems that let customers
pay for items without using cash. Our proposed system is flexible enough to deploy on all these
applicable fields with little modifications.

Since the system is designed for identification and tracking purpose its scope cannot be limited to
certain areas. From military service to animal tracking in wildlife reserve it can be used more
preferably. Somehow, similar system can be used in shopping malls too. So with little modification
the proposed system can be used in shopping malls as efficiently as libraries. Obviously, the system
is not only meant for small library, it can be equipped in large libraries also with not much
enhancement. Hence, the proposed system beside being used in libraries can equivalently be used
in traffic management system, groceries, cloths, meats, parking system, etc.

1.5 Problem Statement

In existing system barcode and token card system were used. Barcodes have no read/write
capabilities; they do not contain any added information such as expiry date etc. and it needs line
of sight, less security and it can get damaged too. By using token card system, they are very labor
intensive and work process for the librarians was more. By considering the above demerits in the
existing systems, the proposed Smart RFID system, which is a wireless non-contact system that
uses radio frequency to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the purpose of automatic
identification and tracking. RFID doesn’t need the line of sight communication, removes manual
book keeping of records, improved utilization of resources like manpower, infrastructure etc. Also,
results in less time consumption as line of sight and manual interactions are not needed for RFID
Tag reading. RFID based Library Management system would help us to allow fast transaction flow
for the library and will prove immediate and long term benefits to library in traceability and
security. Library management system (LMS) can be considered as an enterprise resource planning
15
(ERP) system for a library. It consists of various modules like acquisitions- ordering, receiving of
books from the suppliers; cataloging-classifying and indexing materials (tagging); circulation –
lending materials to patrons and receiving them back. If we look at existing library management
system
Conventional System: RFID System:

Student enters Student enters

the Library

Manually checks the book Searches books from

from the rack Library Database

Student shows ID to the Observes the availability of

Librarian book and takes the book

Librarian arranges the book

Student shows RFID tag to
token
the RFID Reader

Student leaves Reader reads and updates

the Library the database
with book

Displays the Return Date

Fig.1.2: Conventional versus RFID system

16
 Barcode Against RFID

Performance Data Barcode RFID

Data Modification No Unlimited
Data Security Limited Secure
Capacity 138 Characters 64 Kbit
Cost E0.01 < E0.1
Standards Stable (EAN, UPC) EPC (in development)
Reading Distance 5m > 10m >
Life Span Short Large

Fig.1.3: Barcode versus RFID system

1.6 Objective

 reduces the workload of staffs and no. of staffs by implementing self-check-in / self-check-
out system
 make the library enhanced so that a block of books can be issued simultaneously, rather
than issuing them one by one
 overcomes the security issue by implementing an RFID sensor at the exit that enables an
alarm when unissued book is sensed at the gate

17
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Wireless tracking system based on RFID is believed to replace the traditional BARCODE
SYSTEM in our super markets, libraries, museums, in the coming future and there are many
implementations of the system we encountered in many European, western countries, in china,
Japan, India, Pakistan and even in Bangladesh. There are some research papers which also discuss
about building smart libraries and super markets by using RFID technology. During our literature
study we read dozens of research papers and went through each and every material available in the
internet related to our project. Those papers are included in the references those which are quite
matched with our ideas are discussed here:

In The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014) there is a paper on
a pilot project titled “An RFID-Based Library Management System Using Smart Cabinets” An
intelligent Library Management System (LMS) based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
was built as a pilot project for the university library. Similarly, In the IJAREEIE Vol. 4, Issue 4,
April 2015, Dept. of ECE, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The paper discusses
“Smart Library Management System using RFID”, Applicability of Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) system which is a new generation of Auto Identification and Data collection
technology in a future Smart Library Management System is presented in this paper. The paper
mainly focuses on the limitations of existing system (barcode based library management system)
and a method to manage them using RFID Technology; A library management system (LMS) can
be considered as an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system for a library. n the CS-550 Team
Project Report on “ATLAS (Smart Library) a pervasive context aware application”, Computer
science department of Illinois Institute of Technology. The main purpose of the project is to
provide the users a smart library environment, where they can search book online and can be
directed with route information to the rack where the book is located. Location awareness has great
potential in this application, compared to any other campus tour or city guide application. 9 Student
enters the library with book Student shows RFID tag to the reader Places the book in the tray
“Book returned” message is displayed and database is updated Student leaves the library

18
In the CS-550 Team Project Report on “ATLAS (Smart Library) a pervasive context aware
application”, Computer science department of Illinois Institute of Technology. The main purpose
of the project is to provide the users a smart library environment, where they can search book
online and can be directed with route information to the rack where the book is located. Location
awareness has great potential in this application, compared to any other campus tour or city guide
application. This is because, in general tour, once user is familiar with the location, in future they
might not need this facility often. But in environment such as library, location awareness can be
of great help to find books on daily basis. On the other hand, the same application can be extended
and integrated with many other library resources and make them context aware. The name ATLAS
was given on the basis of the functionalities provided by the system. It is all about concerned with
routing the path from the user’s current location to the location of the book in the rack

Int. J. Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2012, The paper titled “SLMS: a smart
library management system based on an RFID technology” highlights an RFID system is
comprised of a transponder, reader and host computer (software application) which is usually
connected to a distributed database. Readers are units that usually placed in certain places to
recognize the transponders (Alani et al., 2009), transponders are the RFID tag that trans ponds to
the reader antenna.

Priyanka Grover and Anshul Ahuja (Information Technology Engg. Lingaya’s Institute of Mngt.
& Tech, India): The proposed system is based on RFID readers and passive RFID tags that are
able to electronically store information that can be read with the help of the RFID This system
would be able to issue and return books via RFID tags and also calculates the corresponding fine
associated with the time period of the absence of the book from the library database.

19
 CHAPTER 3

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

3.1 RASPBERRY PI

A series of single-board computers developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation is simply called a

Raspberry Pi. We have used a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B bundled with on-board Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
and USB capabilities. It features a system on a chip, which includes an ARM compatible processor
and an on-chip graphics processing unit. CPU speed is about 1.2 GHz and memory is of 1 GB.
Operating system is stored in SD cards of generally 8 GB or more. There are four USB slots,
HDMI and composite video output, and a phone jack for audio. It also has an Ethernet port.

Fig.3.1: A Raspberry Pi

20
We have already overviewed the basics of Raspberry Pi 3 above. Moreover, physical architecture
of Raspberry Pi has been sketched in the figure above. Though we have to deal with brief
specification to know more about Raspberry Pi, provided below.

3.1.1 Pin configuration

There are 40 pins on Raspberry Pi which can be described further in categorizing them in a similar
group:

 Power: These pull power directly from the Raspberry Pi

 Ground: Pins used to ground other devices are connected to these pins.
 UART: Communication can be done based on UART protocol
 SPI: Pins that allow us to connect and talk to hardware modules that support SPI protocol
 GPIO: Standard pins that can be used to turn devices on and off to communicate with
Raspberry Pi
 I2C: Pins that allow us to connect and talk to hardware modules that support I2C protocol

3.1.2 Processor and Performance

This model uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with A 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache. Raspberry Pi 3, with Cortex-A53 processor, is described
aas10 times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1 and approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry
Pi 2 in parallelized tasks.

3.1.3 Networking and Peripherals

Raspberry Pi 3 is equipped with 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11.n(150 Mbit/s) and Bluetooth 4.1 (24
Mbit/s) based on Broadcom chip. It has also got a 10/100 Ethernet port provided by a built-in USB
Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514 chip.

Any generic USB computer keyboard and mouse can be used to operate to operate with Raspberry
Pi. It may be used with any other device or component with USB capabilities. Also, several
peripherals can be attached through the various pins and connectors on the surface of Raspberry
Pi.

21
3.1.4 Real-time clock

Even latest Raspberry Pi does not have built-in real-time clock, tracking of time is not possible
independently. A program running can get the time from either network server or from user input
at boot time, thus knowing the time while powered on.

3.2 RF MODULE

A small size electronic device used to transmit or receive radio signals between two devices is
simply known as RF Module. This very module acts as a transceiver in communication to
accomplish a task through radio frequency between two devices in an embedded system. For
various applications, the medium of choice is radio frequency since RF does not need line of sight,
RF modules mainly involve in low volume and medium volume products for consumer
applications like wireless alarm systems, garage door openers, smart sensor applications, wireless
home automation systems and industrial remote controls.

3.2.1 Transmitter modules

An RF transmitter module is a small PCB sub-assembly capable of transmitting a radio wave to

carry data. This very module is implemented alongside a Raspberry Pi which provides data to the

Fig.3.2: A MFRC522 module

22
module to get transmitted usually via SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) protocol. The MFRC522’s
internal transmitter is able to drive a reader/writer antenna designed to communicate with ISO/IEC
14443 A/MIFARE cards and transponders without additional active circuitry.

3.2.2 Receiver Modules

Modulated signal is taken as an input by RF receiver, and it demodulates the signal. It supports
Quick CRYPT01 decryption algorithm to decrypt the encrypted signal after demodulation. The
receiver module provides a robust and efficient implementation for demodulating and decoding
signals from ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE compatible cards.

Register
Analog Bank
Contactless UART
Interface
FIFO
Buffer
SPI

Fig.3.3: A Simplified block diagram of MFRC52

3.3 RFID Card

This card has same dimension as of credit cards. It has embedded circuit to communicate with a
terminal via radio waves. A contactless smart card is a card in which the chip communicates with
the card reader through an induction technology. These cards require proximity to an antenna to
complete a transaction. They are often used when transaction must be processed quickly or hands-
free. Such as on mass transit system as used in smart-attendance system or library.

23
 Fig.3.4: RFID smart cards

A contactless smart card is characterized as follows:

 Dimensions are normally credit card size. The ID-1 of ISO/IEC 7810 standard defines them
as 85.60 × 53.98 × 0.76 mm.

 Contains a security system with tamper-resistant properties (e.g. a secure crypto processor,
secure file system, human-readable features) and is capable of providing security services (e.g.
confidentiality of information in the memory).

 Assets managed by way of a central administration systems, or applications, which receive or

interchange information with the card, such as card hot listing and updates for application data.

 Card data is transferred via radio waves to the central administration system through card read-
write devices, such as point of sales devices, doorway access control readers, ticket
readers, ATMs, USB-connected desktop readers, etc.

24
3.4 LCD Display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical

device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light
directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. LCDs
are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images
with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits,
and 7-segmentdisplays, as in a digital clock.

Fig.3.5: An LCD display

They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number
of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.

Liquid Crystal Displays are used in a wide range of applications including computer
monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage.
Small LCD screens are common in portable consumer devices such as digital
cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are
also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks.
LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all
applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma
displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to huge, big-
screen television sets.

25
3.4.1 Specifications

 Resolution: The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of
pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue
one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among
different designs. However, there are newer designs that share sub-pixels among pixels and
add Quattron which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display
without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

 Spatial performance: For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed
from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per
inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application,
with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices
having a high density for close-range detail. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important
depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean
the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

 Temporal performance: the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display
changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the
data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit
no refresh-induced flicker no matter how low the refresh rate.[74] But a lower refresh rate can
mean visual artefacts like ghosting or smearing, especially with fast moving images. Individual
pixel response time is also important, as all displays have some inherent latency in displaying
an image which can be large enough to create visual artifacts if the displayed image changes
rapidly.

 Color performance: There are multiple terms to describe different aspects of color
performance of a display. Color gamut is the range of colors that can be displayed, and color
depth, which is the fineness with which the color range is divided. Color gamut is a relatively
straight forward feature, but it is rarely discussed in marketing materials except at the
professional level. Having a color range that exceeds the content being shown on the screen

26
 has no benefits, so displays are only made to perform within or below the range of a certain
specification.[75] There are additional aspects to LCD color and color management, such
as white point and gamma correction, which describe what color white is and how the other
colors are displayed relative to white.

 Brightness and contrast ratio: Contrast ratio is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel
to a full-off pixel. The LCD itself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light
comes from a backlight that is either fluorescent or a set of LEDs. Brightness is usually stated
as the maximum light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of
the LCD and the brightness of the backlight. In general, brighter is better, but there is always
a trade-off between brightness and power consumption.

27
 CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION

We have made a library management system based on RFID system which consists of a complete
library management software designed and developed by us. Library management software is used
for monitoring and controlling the transactions in a library. This project is designed & coded in
Sublime Text & database management is handled by MySQL 5.7.14. This software mainly
focuses on basic operations in a library like adding new member, new books, and updating new
information, searching books and members and facility to borrow and return books. The LMS is a
web application written on 64-bit, Windows 10 operating system, designed to help users maintain
and organize library. Our software is easy to use for both beginners and advanced users. It features
a familiar and well thought-out, an attractive user interface, combined with strong searching
insertion and reporting capabilities.

The software has two main modules:

 Student module
 Librarian module

4.1.1 Student/user

1) User can register in LMS, after registration student account will be activated after verified
by librarian
2) User can login
3) User can search book
4) User can see their profiles, book taken and due dates
5) Logout

28
 4.1.2 Librarian/Admin

1) Librarian can login

2) Librarian can add new books
3) Librarian can update books info
4) Can register new students
5) Librarian can issue books to students
6) Librarian can search books
7) Librarian can see the stock
8) Librarian can see student’s profiles and can see that how many students have books right
now

4.2 LMS BLUEPRINTING

The following figure show the blueprinting of the software

Admin login Admin logout

HOME PAGE Admin login

Admin dashboard:
page
Add students,
Student’s Add books
Information Alter info
module

Add Add
students Alter info
Books

Fig.4.1: Simple blueprint of LMS software

29
4.2 SAMPLE SCREENSHOTS:

Fig.4.2: Library management system homepage

Fig.4.3: Librarian login page

30
Fig.4.4: Student registration form

Fig.4.5: Student login page

31
Fig.4.6: Display student information

Fig.4.7: Displaying books info

32
Fig.4.8: Issue/Return Books

33
 CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Block Diagram

TCP/IP/802.11/RS-422/RS232

server
RFID data Ethernet PC
RFID Raspberry
Reader
CARD PI

LCD

Fig.5.1: Block diagram of system

5.2 Description of project design

The proposed RFID based smart library management system basically works on the principle of
electromagnetic coupling. The system works on HF range. Its major components are RFID reader
and RFID tags. The required book is searched on database. The required book is searched on
database. On confirmation of availability on book’s shelf, the mobile RFID reader is used to track
book on shelf, the book is issued and returned using RFID reader at the information desk and
finally at the exit gate the tag of book is read to satisfy certain criteria. It is diagrammatically shown
as:

34
 Fig.5.2: RFID operation

Tags attached to the books help in tracking books placed anywhere in library within the range of
reader. The system is accompanied with three readers. First reader tracks books on shelf, second
is used in borrowing and issuing of book and third one is used for security

purpose. Security system used in single exit point for checking-in and checking-out of book uses
third reader. The information stored on database are used in determining availability of book,
checking book record of each student and more.

5.3 Procedure used in project design

Tags attached to the books help in tracking books placed anywhere in library within the range of
reader. The system is accompanied with three readers. First reader tracks books on shelf, second
is used in borrowing and issuing of book and third one is used for security purpose. Security system
used in single exit point for checking-in and checking-out of book uses third reader. The
information stored on database are used in determining availability of book, checking book record
of each student and more.

35
 Student enters the
library with book

Student shows RFID tag to

the reader

Student leaves the

Places the book in the tray library

“Book returned” message is

displayed and database is
updated

Fig5.3: Book return process

36
 Start

Get User
ID

Authentication
Process

Verified?

Reject
Get User Query User

Is user
Book
eligible to End
availa
issue?
ble?

User fetches book User issues book

from shelf

Fig.5.4: Issuance of book

37
 CHAPTER 6
ASSUMPTION & LIMITATION
6.1 Assumption

We have assumed our Library Management System (LMS) to be preferable to Barcode Library
System. Though the components used in this system are not far efficient to the students according
to their desires, we did make some tough assumptions in this very project. Some of them are listed
below:

 Secured system
 Raspberry Pi as a better server
 Detection at 10 cm.
 Tracking of books with accurate positioning
 Multiple issuance of books

These assumptions do not hold evidence at greater extent. These may not be true at every condition.
So, there might be a situation when this very LMS fail to operate as per declared.

6.2 Limitation

We do have some of notable limitations in this very Library Management System. So, it has limited
services to provide with accuracy. Even these limitations restrict the quality of service and hence
these must be overcome to make this system to be the first choice of all other Library Management
System. Some of them are:

 Scanning issues: An RFID reader can scan a tag if it is within frequency range. Despite
their reliability, RFID systems can still have problems with metallic foil and water.
 Multiple scan issue: The fact that it can scan multiple books in a range is a benefit, but
also comes with possible issues that can cause malfunctions. Tag collision may occur if a
reader picks up signals from multiple tags at the same time.

38
 Security issues: Anyone can tear the cards apart from books and so it is not good at
security. And hence books are not secured at shelves.

 ESD vulnerability: This problem is usually caused by friction and can occur when items
rub against each other and build up an electro-static charge. ESD can degrade an RFID
(or any other electronic) device and make it operate erratically. It may fail completely, a
minute, an hour, a day or a month later. There’s no way of knowing.

39
 CHAPTER 7
IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGE AND MITIGATION
7.1 Implementation Challenge

This project is developed considering technologically developed country, where there exists large
number of books and students in library. For some developing countries it may not be feasible
because of unavailability of sufficient students and books. Addition of single book in library might
need considerable change in hardware and software system. This can be costly and time consuming
too.

The system requires proper communication of reader and card. Such developing countries also
lacks exact hardware’s components which are fully meant for the project. This is the reason which
may not lead to exact tracking and identifying library management system. A structured, sufficient
storage, reliable and efficient database is required, for the collection of huge number of students,
in scarce of such properties project output may lack the accuracy.

7.2 Mitigation Approaches

If the hardware in required standards are found, the system will be sufficient for smart library
management. Also data from large number of users having membership of the library can be
merged at a time to fulfill the data reliability. There can be a mediator who will provide required
hardware’s in appropriate quantity to library administrators from authorized dealer.

40
 CHAPTER 8
EPILOUGE
8.1 Results

With proper software coding and hardware configuration large number of books are identified.
The information about book and instructions for further activities regarding issuance and return of
book are displayed on LCD display. After issuance and returning of book the message is
simultaneously displayed on display. The information about book and student is regularly updated
on the database of the system.

8.2 Discussion

The technology requires cooperation of RFID reader and RFID tag. The RFID based LMS
facilitates the fast issuing, reissuing and returning of books with the help of RFID enabled modules.
It directly provides the book information and library member information to the library
management system and does not need the manual typing. This technology has slowly begun to
replace the traditional barcodes on library items and has many advantages over existing barcodes.
The RFID tag can contain identifying information, such as a book's title or code, authors name,
issuing history. The information is read by an RFID reader, which replaces the standard barcode
reader commonly found at a library's circulation desk. For which utmost care will be taken to
remove manual book keeping of records, reduce time consumption as line of sight and manual
interaction are not needed RFID-tag reading and improve utilization of resources like manpower,
infrastructure etc.

8.3 Conclusion

With this project it can be concluded that barcode system for library management is cumbersome
in terms of large library maintenance. This project on RFID system enhances the library handling
capacity for large number of book and student management. Furthermore, this project can play a
vital role towards digitization and help government to use similar system with little modification
for other purposes like business, traffic maintenance, security, etc.

41
8.4 Further Improvement

To identify and monitor large number of books simultaneously one must enhance the database
storage via software coding and use MF RCC-522 of 13.56 MHZ. The RFID card is although used
in the system but it is not the exact tag to be used for the vary purpose. So replacing the RFID card
by passive RFID tag of 13.56 MHZ operating frequency is a better idea. Replacing the use of PHP
programming by PYTHON programming can be very much easier, programmer friendly and less
time consuming.

42
 REFERENCES

1. Karen Coyle, “Management of RFID in Libraries” ,Preprint version of article published

in the Journal of Academic Librarianship, v. 31, n. 5, pp. 486-489
2. Ghazala Shafi Sheikh,Noman Islam "Towards a context-aware smart library
management system"
3. Simson Garfinkel ,Henry Holtzman "UNDERSTANDING RFID TECHNOLOGY"
4. Mohammed I. Younis ,"SLMS: a smart library management system based on an
RFID technology"
5. Dr. Prabhat Pandey, Ms.K.D. Mahajan,"Application of RFID Technology in
Libraries and Role of Librarian"
6. Priyanka Grover and Anshul Ahuja ,"RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION
BASED LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM "
7. Simon Edwards and Mick Fortune November 2008,"A Guide to RFID in Libraries"
8. Shiwei Wang,"The Resource Sharing and Cooperative Development of Smart
Libraries in Asia"
9. Narayanan A., Sanjay Singh and Somasekharan M,"Implementing RFID in Library:
Methodologies, Advantages and Disadvantages "
10. A case study by Stephen Mossop."RFID at the University of Central Lancashire"
11. Dr.Annaraman, P. Thamarai, Dr. T.V.U. Kiran Kumar,"Smart Library Management
System using RFID"

12. Anastasis C. Polycarpou,Theodoros Samaras, and John N. Sahalos1,"An RFID-Based

Library Management System Using Smart Cabinets: A Pilot Project"
13. C. Saranya ,"Enactment of Smart Library Management System Exercising Ubiquitous
Computing"
14. M.C. Miller, J.F. Reus, R.P. Matzke Q.A. Koziol, A.P. Cheng,"Smart Libraries: Best
SQE Practices for Libraries with Emphasis on Scientific Computing"
15. RFID based Library Management System by Dhana Lakshmi M, Uppala Mamatha A.
Larsan Aro Brian,L.Arockiam,P. D. Sheba Kezia Malarchelvi,"AN IOT BASED

43
 SECURED SMART LIBRARY SYSTEM WITH NFC BASED BOOK TRACKING"
16. The British Library‟s Content Strategy 2013–2015,"From Stored Knowledge to Smart
Knowledge"
17. Jakob Laerkes,"Building Libraries for Tomorrow INELI Cohort Collaborative Project
Report"

18. Dr.Annaraman, P. Thamarai, Dr. T.V.U. Kiran Kumar,"Smart Library Management

System using RFID"
19. Mandeep Kaur, Manjeet Sandhu, Neeraj Mohan and Parvinder S. Sandhu, "RFID
Technology Principles, Advantages, Limitations & Its Applications"

44
 20. APPENDIX A SOFTWARE USED WHILE
DEVELOPING LMS

1.WAMP SERVER
Introduction
WAMP is a Windows OS based program that installs and configures Apache web server, MySQL
database server, PHP scripting language, PHP My Admin (to manage MySQL database’s), and
SQLite Manager (to manage SQLite database’s). WAMP is designed to offer an easy way to install
Apache, PHP and MySQL package with an easy to use installation program instead of having to
install and configure everything yourself. WAMP is so easy because once it is installed it is ready
to go. You don’t have to do any additional configuring or tweaking of any configuration files to
get it running.

There are usually two reasons why someone chooses to install WAMP. They are looking to install
WAMP for development purposes or to run their own server.

2. Wamp Server Contains

2.1- PHP Admin

Allows you to change or add users and for making new databases PHP My Admin is a free software
tool written in PHP, intended to handle the administration of MySQL over the World Wide Web.
PHP My Admin supports a wide range of operations with MySQL. The most frequently used
operations are supported by the user interface (managing databases, tables, fields, relations,
indexes, users, permissions, etc.), while you still have the ability to directly execute any SQL
statement.

45
46
A. Features
 Intuitive web interface
 Support for most MySQL features:
 browse and drop databases, tables, views, fields and indexes
 create, copy, drop, rename and alter databases, tables, fields and indexes
 maintenance server, databases and tables, with proposals on server configuration
 execute, edit and bookmark any SQL-statement, even batch-queries
 manage MySQL users and privileges
 manage stored procedures and triggers
 Import data from CSV and SQL
 Export data to various formats: CSV, SQL, XML, PDF, ISO/IEC 26300 - OpenDocument
Text and Spreadsheet, Word, LATEX and others
 Administering multiple servers
 Creating PDF graphics of your database layout
47
  Creating complex queries using Query-by-example (QBE)
 Searching globally in a database or a subset of it
 Transforming stored data into any format using a set of predefined functions, like
displaying BLOB-data as image or download-link
 And much more...

Apache
Apache Server deals with Server Side Includes, usually called simply SSI. In this article, I'll talk
about configuring your server to permit SSI, and introduce some basic SSI techniques for adding
dynamic content to your existing HTML pages.

In the latter part of the article, we'll talk about some of the somewhat more advanced things that
can be done with SSI, such as conditional statements in your SSI directives.

48
SQL Server and Database System

SQL Server is a relational database management system from Microsoft that's designed for
the enterprise environment. SQL Server runs on T-SQL (Transact -SQL), a set of
programming extensions from Sybase and Microsoft that add several features to standard SQL,
including transaction control, exception and error handling, row processing, and
declared variables.

Generically, any database management system (DBMS) that can respond to queries from client
machines formatted in the SQL language. When capitalized, the term generally refers to either of
two database management products from Sybase and Microsoft. Both companies offer client-
server DBMS products called SQL Server.

49
Using WAMP as a Development Server

You can use WAMP to develop and test websites locally on their own computer instead of
having to get a web hosting account to develop with. Most people will be using WAMP for

development purposes such as learning how to create websites with HTML, PHP, and MySQL.

50
 APPENDIX B RASPBIAN
Introduction
Raspberry Pi is a credit card sized microprocessor available in different models with different
processing speed starting from 700 MHz Whether you have a model B or model B+, or the very
old version, the installation process remains the same. People who have checked out the official
Raspberry Pi website, might have seen them recommending the "NOOBS" or "NOOBS LITE"
Operating System (aka "OS") for beginners. But using the Pi is very easy and from being a
beginner, one will turn pro in no time. So, it's better to go with the more powerful and more
efficient OS, the Raspbian. The main reason why Raspbian is extremely popular is that it has
thousands of pre-built libraries to perform many tasks and optimize the OS. This forms a huge
advantage while building applications.

Downloading Raspbian and Image writer

Download the latest version of Raspbian from ‘www.raspberrypi.org’. You can download it
directly or via the torrents. You will be needing an image writer to write the downloaded OS into
the SD card (micro SD card in case of Raspberry Pi B+ model). So download the "win32 disk
imager" from ‘www.sourceforge.net’.

Writing Image
Insert the SD card into the laptop/pc and run the image writer. Once open, browse and select the
downloaded Raspbian image file. Select the correct device, that is the drive representing the SD
card. If the drive (or device) selected is different from the SD card then the other selected drive
will become corrupted. SO be careful.
After that, click on the "Write" button in the bottom. As an example, see the image below, where
the SD card (or micro SD) drive is represented by the letter “G:\”.

Fig.: Dialog box to write a raspbian to SD card

51
Once the write is complete, eject the SD card and insert it into the Raspberry Pi and turn it on. It
should start booting up.

Setting up Pi
Please remember that after booting the Pi, there might be situations when the user credentials like
the "username" and password will be asked. Raspberry Pi comes with a default user name and
password and so always use it whenever it is being asked. The credentials are:

login: pi
password: raspberry

When the Pi has been booted for the first time, a configuration screen called the "Setup Options"
should appear and it will look like the image below.

Fig.: A dialog box showing software configuration tools

If you have missed the "Setup Options" screen, it’s not a problem, you can always get it by typing
the following command in the terminal.

52
sudo raspi-config

Updating the firmware

After the reboot from the previous step, if everything went right, then you will end up on the
desktop which looks like the image below.

Fig.: Desktop of Raspberry Pi

Once you are on the desktop, open a terminal and enter the following command to update the
firmware of the Pi.

sudo rpi-update

Updating the firmware is necessary because certain models of the Pi might not have all the required
dependencies to run smoothly or it may have some bug. The latest firmware might have the fix to
those bugs, thus its very important to update it in the beginning itself

53
 APPENDIX C RASPBERRY PI DATASHEET

Fig.: A Raspberry Pi

Technical Specification:

Processor
 Broadcom BCM2387 chipset.
 1.2GHz Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A53 (64Bit)

802.11 b/g/n Wireless LAN and Bluetooth 4.1 (Bluetooth Classic and LE)
 IEEE 802.11 b / g / n Wi-Fi. Protocol: WEP, WPA WPA2, algorithms AES-CCMP
(maximum key length of 256 bits), the maximum range of 100 meters.
 IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth, symmetric encryption algorithm Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES) with 128-bit key, the maximum range of 50 meters. GPU
 Dual Core Video Core IV® Multimedia Co-Processor. Provides Open GL ES 2.0,
hardware-accelerated Open VG, and 1080p30 H.264 high-profile decode.

54
  Capable of 1Gpixel/s, 1.5Gtexel/s or 24GFLOPs with texture filtering and DMA
infrastructure

Memory
 1GB LPDDR2

Operating System
 Boots from Micro SD card, running a version of the Linux operating system or
Windows 10 IoT
Dimensions
 85 x 56 x 17mm Power
 Micro USB socket 5V1, 2.5 A

Connectors: Ethernet
 10/100 Base Ethernet socket Video Output
 HDMI (rev 1.3 & 1.4)
 Composite RCA (PAL and NTSC) Audio Output
 Audio Output 3.5mm jack
 HDMI
 USB 4 x USB 2.0 Connector GPIO Connector
 40-pin 2.54 mm (100 mil) expansion header: 2x20 strip
 Providing 27 GPIO pins as well as +3.3 V, +5 V and GND supply lines Camera
Connector
 15-pin MIPI Camera Serial Interface (CSI-2) Display Connector
 Display Serial Interface (DSI) 15-way flat flex cable connector with two data lanes
and a clock lane
Memory Card Slot
 Push/pull Micro SDIO

55
SoC
Built specifically for the new Pi 3, the Broadcom BCM2837 system-on-chip (SoC) includes four
high-performance ARM Cortex-A53 processing cores running at 1.2GHz with 32kB Level 1 and
512kB Level 2 cache memory, a Video Core IV graphics processor, and is linked to a 1GB
LPDDR2 memory module on the rear of the board.

Fig.: A BCM2837 Chip

GPIO
The Raspberry Pi 3 features the same 40-pin general-purpose input-output (GPIO) header as

Fig.: Pin and Pinout diagram of Raspberry Pi

the Pins going back to the Model B+ and Model A+. Any existing GPIO hardware will work
without modification; the only change is a switch to which UART is exposed on the GPIO’s pins,
but that’s handled internally by the operating system.

56
USB chip
The Raspberry Pi 3 shares the same SMSC LAN9514 chip as its predecessor, the Raspberry Pi 2,
adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board. As before, the SMSC
chip connects to the SoC via a single USB channel, acting as a USB-to-Ethernet adaptor and
USB hub.

Fig.: An SMSC LAN9514 chip

Antenna

There’s no need to connect an external antenna to the Raspberry Pi 3. Its radios are connected to
this chip antenna soldered directly to the board to keep the size of device to a minimum. Despite
its diminutive stature, this antenna should be more than capable of picking up wireless LAN and
Bluetooth signals, even through walls.

Fig.: Antenna
57
Now, we are moving forward to look the enhancement made while replacing the Raspberry Pi 2
with Raspberry Pi 3. There are changes made in architecture as well as organization to enhance
the design specifications.

Key Improvements from Pi 2 Model B to Pi 3 Model B:

• Next Generation QUAD Core Broadcom BCM2837 64bit ARMv7 processor

• Processor speed has increased from 900MHz on Pi 2 to 1.25Ghz on the RPi 3 Model B
• BCM43143 Wi-Fi on board
• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) on board
• Upgraded switched power source up to 2.5 Amps (can now power even more powerful
devices over USB ports)

The main differences are the quad core 64-bit CPU and on-board Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The
RAM remains 1GB and there is no change to the USB or Ethernet ports. However, the upgraded
power management should mean the Pi 3 can make use of more power-hungry USB devices

For Raspberry Pi 3, Broadcom have supported us with a new SoC, BCM2837. This retains the
same basic architecture as its predecessors BCM2835 and BCM2836, so all those projects and
tutorials which rely on the precise details of the Raspberry Pi hardware will continue to work.
The 900MHz 32-bit quad-core ARM CortexA7 CPU complex has been replaced by a custom-
hardened 1.2GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53

In terms of size it is identical to the B+ and Pi 2. All the connectors and mounting holes are in
the same place so all existing add-ons, HATs and cases should fit just fine although the power
and activity LEDs have moved to make room for the WiFi antenna. The performance of the Pi 3
is roughly 50-60% faster than the Pi 2 which means it is ten times faster than the original Pi.

58
 APPENDIX D MFRC522 DATASHEET

Fig.: An RFID Module

1. Features and benefits

 Highly integrated analog circuitry to demodulate and decode responses
 Buffered output drivers for connecting an antenna with the minimum number of external
components
 Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and NTAG
 Typical operating distance in Read/Write mode up to 50 mm depending on the antenna size
and tuning
 Supports MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 encryption in Read/Write mode
 Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A higher transfer speed communication up to 848 kBd
 Supports MFIN/MFOUT
 Additional internal power supply to the smart card IC connected via MFIN/MFOUT
 Supported host interfaces
 SPI up to 10 Mbit/s
 I2C-bus interface up to 400 kBd in Fast mode, up to 3400 kBd in High-speed mode
 RS232 Serial UART up to 1228.8 kBd, with voltage levels dependant on pin
voltage supply
 FIFO buffer handles 64 byte send and receive
 Flexible interrupt modes
 Hard reset with low power function
 Power-down by software mode
 Programmable timer

59
  Internal oscillator for connection to 27.12 MHz quartz crystal
 2.5 V to 3.3 V power supply
 CRC coprocessor
 Programmable I/O pins
 Internal self-test

2 Block Diagram

Fig.: A detailed block diagram of MFRC522

60
3. Pinning Configuration

Fig.: Pinning Configuration of MFRC522

61
 APPENDIX E LCD (16X2) DATASHEET

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Pin Symbol Function

1 VSS Ground for Logic(0V)
2 VDD Power supply for Logic(+5V)
3 Vo Power supply for LCD Driver
4 RS H: Data, L:Instruction Code
5 R/W H: Read, L:Write
6 E Enable signal
7~14 DBo-DB7 Data Bus Line
15 A Backlight Power(+5V)
16 K Backlight Power(0V)

62