ae may vase aun ‘ ~~ YY the condit: P ig equa ves acting at every joint shatition that every joint Ould form a system in Si e is analysed by the following methods : os thod of joints, hod of sections, and phical method. Me Me ata od of Joints. In thi 1, Method of Joint nt] 's method, after d, termini a he uilibrium of every j int 1s considered. This means the oe the all, thew Bate =the horizontal forces acting on a joint is equated to zero. The joint should be elocecd “yaway that at any time there are only two members, in which the forces are unknown ‘ree in the member will be compressive if the member Pushes the joint to which it is whereas the force in the member will be tensile if the member pulls the joint to itis connected. Problem 11.1. Find the forces in the members AB, AC and BC of the truss shown in i 5. " Sol. First determine the reactions Ry and Re. The action of load of 20 kN acting at A is vertical. This ‘sata distance of AB x cos 60° from the point B. Now find the distance AB. The triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle with an- #0 =90°, Hence AB will be equal to BC x cos 60°. ~ AB=5x cos 60°=5x2=25m Re Re Now the distance of line of action of 20 kN from B is Fig. 11.5 AB x cos 60° or 2.5 x 3 =125m. ea |p aL) | | | | | sm———4j | |STRENGTH OF MATENALS Taking the moments about B, we get Rg x 5 = 20 x 1.26 = 25 Re = 3p TON 15kN =20-5= = Total load — Re = 20-9 = > ai Rey = Tole rium of the various joints: Now let us consider the equil Joint B Let F, = Force in member AB F,,= Force in member BC ae sotto Bate eting oars then ne TE fo Bas shawn in Fig 116, (The reaction Ry is acting YO" Yay vertical com 4 bovicnthy reaction R, will be balanced by the vertieal comPONET, "int B so that mPOnent ofp act downwards to balance R. Hence", must act tora seen 4 the joint B ne Vertical cy: is downward, Now the horizontal component of Fis "NN * Hence force pe away from the joint to balance the horizontal compone! a it, Resolving the forces acting on the joint B, vertically F, sin 60° = 15 F, As F is pushing the joint B, hence thi horizontally, we get 15 15 . _15___"°_ _ 17.32 kN (Compressive) in 60° 0.866 a j force will be compressive. Now resolving thy, a F,, =F, cos 60° = 17.82 x 3 = 8.66 KN (tensile) As F, is pulling the joint B, hence this force will be tensile. Joint C Let F,, = Force in the member AC F, = Force in the member BC The force F,, has already been calculated in magnitude and direction. We have seen that force F, is tensile and hence it will pull the joint C. Hence it must act away from the joint Cas shown in Fig. 11.7. Resolving forces vertically, we get F, sin 30° = 5 kN Ressil | = Gage = 1OKN (Compressive) Lie As the force F, is pushing the joint C, hence it will be a compressive. Ans. ww Problem 11.2.A truss of span 7.5 m carries a poi ji : " i 7 joint load of 1 RN at joint D as® Fig. 11.8. Find the reactions and forces in the members of the d of LAN at thea The direction of F, can also be taken t joi ya ibrium ofthe joint Bf tbe magnitude of Brana Fee one. Aatually when Ye eames tegen or 1 '» comes out to be positive then the ass) sume are correct. But if P Sa if any one of them is having a negative magnitude the? oi? jon of that force is wrong. Correct direction then will be the reverse of the assumedx1 se i : — 0.667 = 0.333 kN or consider the equilibrium of the various joints, ith i vi F,, = Force in member AC F, = Force in member AD, «the force F, is acting towards the joint A and F,,is act 7 the joint A as shown in Fig. 11.9, ‘2 is acting os fom . esalving the forces vertically, we get F, sin 30° = Ry __ Ry __ 0338 " 1° sin30° 05 = 0.666 kN (Compressive) Resolving the forces horizontally, we get F, =F, x cos 30° E ps first determine the reaction, R ANALYSIg op PE e ve oments about A, We get Ry 7 54 wma, RFECT FRAMES fe = = 0.666 x 0.866 = 0.5767 kN (Tensile) ‘hint B let F, = Force in member BC F;,= Force in member BD wea the direction of F, and F, are assumed as shown in Resolving the forces vertically, we get F, sin 80° = Ry = 0.667 ~ 0-667 _ 1.394 kN (Compressive) a 4 © sin 30° "ng the forces horizontally, we get F,, = F, cos 30° = 1,834 x 0.866 = Fig. 11.10 4.155 KN. (Tensile)sri OF MATES F, have b i and ave been alre; foroes Fo fand hence thoy willbe Ye . Joint D p. Th tonsil 6 are shi = Fs med as shown in Fig, ines Hence the forces i F,=0.666KN F,=04 5767 KN (Tensile) oa = 1.1547 KN (Tensile) Fig. 1111 = 1.334 KN (Comt a = 1.155 kN (Tensile pa A truss of span 5m jis loaded as shown in Fig. 11.12. Find the — hers of the truss- i, mine the react Problem ir and forces in the mem| ol. Let us first dete tions R, and Rp- ‘Triangle ‘ABD isa right-angled triangle having angle ADB = 90°. e at AD = AB cos 60° = 5 x 0.5 = 2.5 m e distance of the line of action of the vertical load 10 KN from point A will beAD® o 2.5 x 0.5 = 1.25 m. From triangle ACD, we have AC = AD = 2.5 m ; BC =5-2.5=2.5m in Tn tight angled triangle CEB, we have rust Hence th F, 'y Hence the horizontal t of, lag away fro al component of "s‘ bout A. “ gthe moments al » We get ign 8 Ry X5=10% 1.254 12x91, 50 125 = 59 ‘tal load —R, = (1 : | 0+ 19) seider the equilibrium ofthe various joint )~10 = 12 kN oo on F,= Force in member AD, and , F,= Force in member AC se detions of F, and F, are assumed as shown in es «ing the forces vertically, 60° = 12 | he 12 ie ‘sin 60° = 13.856 kN (Compressive) j esolving the forces horizontally, Fig. 11.13 | F, = F, cos 60° = 13.856 x 0.5 | = 6.928 KN (Tensile) Now consider the joint B. ) sii | It F,=Force in member BE, and i F, = Force in member BC let the directions of F', and F, are assumed as shown in Fell, Resolving the forces vertically, we get F,sin 30° = 10 Fy= =a = 20kN (Compressive) Now resolving the forces horizontally, we get F, = F, cos 30° = 20 x 0.866 Nor = 17.32 KN (Tensile) fig” sider the joint C. let Ry=10kN Fig. 11.14 F;, = Force in member CE F,,= Force in member CD rrSTRENGTH OF. MATERIALS, —caured as shown Let the directions of’s and Fa? sna in Fig. 11.15. venin mognitade "The forces F, and F, are alrea ece mall be Pulling and directions. They are tensile an’ the joint C as shown in Fig. 41.15. a Resolving forces vertically: we F,sin 60° + F550 60° @ or es og Resolving forces, horizontally, we ge! fo F,— F008 60° 2F,-Fs Fe 1132- or 928-2 = 1792-2 oc. = yt Bs - 1732-6928 = 10.392 2 or i,t 9 x = 20.784 or B+ F,= 20-184 Fs= pores = 10.392 KN and Fy=-Fs= 10.392 KN The magnitude of Fy is “Ve hence the assume’ ° oe ect direction F will be 28 direction of F, is wrong shown in Fig. 11.15 (a). : Fr, = 10.392 (Compressive) F,= 10.392 (Tensile) and Now consider the joint E. Joint E Let F, = Force in member ED Let F, is acting as shown in Fig. 11.16. ‘The forces F, and Fare known in magnitude and directions. They are compressive hence they will be push- gng the joint B as shown in Fig, 11.16. Resolving the forces along BED, we get F, + 12 cos 60° = Fy or F,=F,- 12x05 =20-6=14kN (Compressive) As F, is positive hence the assumed direction of F, is correct. Ans. Prol and forces in the member of the truss. Sol. Let us first calculate the reactions R, and R, Taking moments about A, we get ht , Ryx9=9x34+12x6=274+72=99 blem 11.4. A truss of span 9 m is loaded as shown in Fig, 11.17. Find the reiRy= Total . oad Ry = (941 2)-11= 4 qjsproblem, there are some members inwhich ee a 11=10kN iis pers are obtained directly asgiven bey, rees act at a joint and two of them are al, 7 | apie ai the third force should be aud eesome straight line, then for the | fit eo forces are acting at the point A (i.e, . Tong the same straight line, Hence the third fore (ne, ra similarly, three forces are acting at the joint B (ie, Ry 2F,,).owo of which (ie, Rp and Fy) are along the same 15! nln’ ‘Hence the third force F,,, should be zero. 2 atthe joint B also, three forces (ie, Ppp Fyp and Fp,) are _caafwhich (ie., Fp and Fpp) are along the same straight got Me the third force Fy, must be zero: > ow the equilibrium of various joints can be considered. saat See Fig. 11.17 (@)] | Fyg= Force in member AG = 0 | Fyg= Force in member AC | Ry =10KN (Compressive) | Now consider the equilibrium of joint C. | hint C (See Fig. 11.17 (0)] lt Fay =Force in member CD » By Fao and F,,), two of which (be, Ry | Rig) is zero. | | | a= 10kN. Fig. 11.17 (@) | F oq = Force in member CG | F4= 10 kN (Compressive) irecti shown in Fig. t nie the directions of Fpq and Fop are assumed ass Resolving the forces vertically, we get Fog cos 0 = 10(OLsuEL) Ny gzt = % = g (S/h) _ 9800 roa NLT = 9 809/47 408 om ‘AyTBor}0A soos0y ayy Butajosayy Aq soquiow ut ao10q = 77 pue ‘Yq Jequrew ut ao10q = #1 y WT sayyg'L axe Say, ‘poyemoyed Apeorye useq aavy GD Rpt ec A eee me aor (PAT TT BME “q Wao! Jo uIAqYIMba ay} Japrsuod MON, we. : (@TISUaL) NAT SL = 5 g 29800 «. S x oer=™, (2 e ) gr raed 40 HO q = QUIS ZL go8 om ‘Aqpequoztoy Seaz0y By) BULATOSoY (eatssarduog) NT = Pr ‘wou “(P) LV TT Bh ur umoys se aq [IHS uoroarIp 4091109 OL “ZUOIM ST UOTeITP paumsse syf aou0y cganyesou st y yo opnyraseu ous sy “NIT -= 01-6 = ) Sxget-6= ¥ (3 =9uls i i) gsoogzr-6= 6 = Pg + 9809 SST «fppeaty.tea $200} OU Buyajoseyy +(9) LU'TT “St Uf uMoys se 1a 200] STUB ‘£) JUTOL OU} 42 GOUT {wrour UT ad10J OY,L, OD yUIOL ay} JapIsuoo MON, yod om gqurof aq} surynd 04 TT i “ersuaL) NUTT 90 104 “D so muqymbe = Exoare 0 a 0 = Py os om arsed saooy SULAOSOAT nm « (eatssesduro9) Na $2 v = \ o (eisuay,) NI 9'BE = G x Ore x 9 90 = 809 24 bh. 5 Ne sa9 2) 57 ev 09 080 2 OyV forces horizontal} (ois Foy 8in 0= Fy % We get ANALYSI9 OF py : RFECT FRAMEs j Frog = 7.5 + 1.95, 3 =7540.75- 0 é the equilibrium of joint z 8.25, wc H Fig. 11.17 (f) ider consi ow i Fig. 11.17 (A, at joint m yp? ghown im 8 ., Fpg and F, i TCE foy i Me gorces - Pe er aC in the same noe ate if Fy must be zero, force Fen : ce i. e oo in Bh ies Far =Fop : : eT PON (Compressive sor consider eee wt already shown that forees in the members 7 and er. i gor forces in the member GH is 7.5 : As ember DHTis 1.25 KN tensile,” KN tensile gf in at Fe 8 the force in the member HF, pesolving forces vertically, we get 1,25 08 0 + Fp cos 0 = 12 4 4 15x 5 + Frye X = 12 G 1.0 + 0.8 Fp = 12 p= 2-10 a gosr oan! (Tensile) Fig. 11.17 @) Now consider the joint B. ‘bint B See Fig. 11.17 (A). ‘The force in member BF = 11kN (Compressive) Now the forces in each member are known. Ry= 11 kN They are shown in Fig. 11.18. Also these forees are shown ular form, Fig. 11.17 (2)Member Problem 11.5. ‘Aplane tru truss is loaded and supported as showin in Fig. 11.19. Detersx the nature and magnitude of the forces in the members 1, 2 and 3. Sol. First calculate the reactions R, and Rg Taking moments about A, we get Ry x 4= 1x 1000 = 00 = 250 = 1000- 250 = 750 N From figure, we she that tan 0 = FF 22 ong cee 3 cos @ = —_ =—*_ * CH 375 (. AC= =08 and sin 9 = CH _ 225Fig. 11.19 jqer the equilibrium ofjoint A, 7 oar 1.19@) int ving the forces vertically, bet ‘ p Sin 0 = 750 _ 150, 750 4D = Sind 0.6 = 1250 N (Compressive Resolving the forces horizontally, we get ; Ry =750 kN Fag = Fay cos 8 = 1250 x 0.8 Fig. 11.19 (@) = 1000 N (Tensile) Now consider joint E. cit Thre forces, .., Fay Ppp and Fp are acting at the joint E, Two ofthe forces, ie, Pap ,,orein the same straight line. Hence the third force, ie, Fyy should be zero a Fr = 1000 N (Tensile) Now consider the equilibrium of joint D. aint lat F,= Force in member DG Pp = Force in member DF. letus assume their directions as shown in Fig. 11.19 (6). The forces in the member AD and DE are 1250 N impressive) and O respectively. Resolving forces vertically, we get 1250 sin @ + F, sin 6 + Fp, sin 0 = 1000 1250 x 0.6 + F, x 0.6 + Fpp x 0.6 = 1000 (: sind=0.6) z 1250 + F, + Fpp= “ = 1666.66 Fi +Fop= 1086.08 - 1250 = 416.66STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Resolving the forces horizon’ tally, weet og x 1250 cos 0+ F1 a ° oer, = For © Pi For or ee Sree 16.66 _ 1250 = - 833-34 1 883.34 __ 416.67 N “2 quation @, we get Substituting the value of F in © ~ 416.67 + Fpp = 416.66 or Fp = 416.66 + 416.67 = 833.33 N (Comp.) ence its assumed fF, is shown in Pye ‘The magnitude of F, is negative. He direction is wrong. The correct direction 0! N(Compressive). Ans. Fig. 11.19 (0). S F,=416.67 oe To find the forces F, and F, consider the joint Joint F already The forces in the members DF and EF are known. They are : Foy = 883,33 N (Compressive) Frgp = 1000 N (Tensile). , ‘These forces are acting at the joint F as shown in Fig. 11.19 @). Let roy Fig. 1Li9@ | F, = Force in member FG, and EF 7000N F, = Force in member FH Resolving forces vertically, we get 833.33 sin 0 = F, or F, = 833.38 x 0.6 = 499.998 N = 500 N (Tensile). Ans. Resolving forces horizontally, we get F, + 833.33 cos 000 or Fy = 1000 - 833.33 x 0.8 (cr cos Bell 33.336 N (Tensile). Ans. ber 1 11.5.1.1 Method. of Joints: Applied to Cantilever Trusses. In case of cantilever ts it is not necessary to determine the support reactions. The forces in the members of call” truss sa be obtained by starting the calculations from the free end of the cantilever. - roblem 11.6. Determine the forces in all the memb ilever truss shalt? Vig. 11.20. ers of a cantileve Sol. Here the calculations can by abr! the joint C. meen Bini nit ey Joint C Let Foy = Foree in member CD, ana Keg = Force in member CA,a ed directions are shown in Fig. 4) = ANALYSIS OF Penrecr FRAMES ps ne force vertically, we got om yin 60° = 1000 fo 1000 _ 1000 Foo= sin 60° 0.866 = 1154.71N (Tensile) jag the forces horizontally, we got see Fea = Fen * £08 60° 154.7 x 0.5 77.35 N (Compressive) ider the equilibrium of the joint D, ow oo Fig. 11.20 jp aig 11.2001 gee = 1154.7 N (tensile) is already caeu the Fp = Force in member AD, and sted. itp = Force in member BD ejrassumed directions are shown in Fig. 11,20 (a), the forces vertically, we get 30° = 1154.7 cos 30° 1154.7 cos 30° ‘4D ~~~ cos 30° pesolving Fyp 8 = 1154.7N A (Compressive) solving the forces horizontally, we get = Fyp sin 30° + Fy, sin 30° Fig. 11.20 (a) Fup = 1154.7 x 0.5 + 1154.7 x 0.5 = 1154.7 N (Tensile) Now the forces are shown in a tabular form below : Teen aun Nature of force Nonics 1154.7. N 1154.7. N 1154.7 N Problem 11.7. Determine the forces in all the mem- fa cantilever truss shown in Fig. 11.21. Sol. Start the calculations from joint C. From triangle ACE, we have AS _3 tan O= 4G" 4 Aaa EC = 3° +4" =5 AC _ cos O= Gar AE _3 sino= Seng 708Joint C - iad in Fig. 11.21. ‘The direction of forces at the joint oe shown in Fig: 11.21 Resolving the forees vertically, we 8° Fp sin 0 = 1000 1000 _ 1000 _ 1666.66 N (Compressive) 06 Foo* i . - ontally, we get Resolving the forces cae coos 0 = 1666.66 x 0.8 = 1333.33. (Tens int B. Now consider the equilibrium of Joint B Resolving vertically, weget Fryp = 1000N (Compressive) Fray =F op = 1833:38 (Tensile) Now consider the joint D. Joint D ‘The forces in member CD and BD have already been calculated. They are 1666.66 N and 1000 N respectively as shown in Fig. 11.21 (@). Let Fy, = Force in member DA, and F,,= Force in member DE Resolving forces vertically, we get 1000 + 1666.66 sin 0= Fup sin 0 + Fg sin aN or 1000 + 1666.66 x 0.6 = Fay x 0.6 + Fgp * 0.6 or Fup + Fp = ue + 1666.66 = 3333.32 Ad) f Fig. 11.21 (a) Resolving forces horizontally, we get 1666.66 cos 0 + Fyp 008 0 = F'pp 608 8 1666.66 + Fyp=Fep 8 Fup —F, ‘Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get 2F py = 3833.32 + 1666.66 = 4999.98 4999: See’ = 2499.99 ~ 2500 N (Compressive) = 1666.66 or o Pe Substituting this value in equation (i), we get +2500 = 3333.32 Fp = 3383.32 — 2500 = 833.32 N (Tensile) wn in a tabular form below : Fp Now the forces are shor Force in the member WoT A 1333.33 N 1333.33 N 1666.66 N Member 2500 N 833,32 N.