Scribd
Upload
76 views26 pages

Operating Systems: Syed Mansoor Sarwar

Uploaded by

Ibrahim Choudary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
76 views26 pages

Operating Systems: Syed Mansoor Sarwar

Uploaded by

Ibrahim Choudary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Operating

Systems
Lecture 43
Syed Mansoor Sarwar
Agenda for Today
 Review of the previous lecture
 Directory Structures
 Links in UNIX/Linux
 File System Mounting
 File Sharing
 File Protection
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Review of Lecture 42
 Review of the previous lecture
 File Concept
 File Types
 File Operations
 Access Methods
 Directories
 Directory Operations
 Directory Structure
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Acyclic-Graph
Directories
 Have shared subdirectories and files.

14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of


Pakistan
Acyclic-Graph
Directories
 Two different names (aliasing)
 If dict deletes count  dangling
pointer
 Solutions:
 Backpointers, so we can delete
all pointers
 Link count solution
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
General Graph
Directory

14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of


Pakistan
General Graph
Directory
 How do we guarantee no cycles?
 Allow only links to files not
subdirectories
 Every time a new link is added
use a cycle detection algorithm
to determine whether it is OK
 Garbage
14 September 2019
collection
© Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Links in UNIX
 Two types of links:
 Hard links
 Soft (symbolic) links
 The ln command
 ln [options] existing-file new-file
 ln [options] existing-file-list directory

 Examples:
 ln -/prog1.c ~/courses/OS/programs/prog1_hard.c
 ln –s ~/courses/OS/programs/prog2.c ~/prog2_soft.c
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Hard Links
~

prog1.c 12345 courses

OS

programs

prog1_hard.c 12345
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Soft Links
~
prog2_soft.c 98765

courses

Contents of prog2_soft.c OS
~/courses/OS/programs/prog2.c
programs
prog2.c 45678

14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of


Pakistan
Links in UNIX
 Hard links
 A directory entry for the existing file is
created—there is still only one file
 Both entries have the same inode number
 Link count is incremented by one in the
inode for the file
 No hard links to directories
 No hard links across file systems
 File is removed from the file system only if
its hard
14 September 2019 link count is 0University of
© Copyright Virtual
Pakistan
Links in UNIX
 Soft (symbolic) links
 A file of type ‘link’ is created, which
contains the pathname for the existing file
as specified in the ln command
 The existing file and the new (link) files
have different inode numbers
 When the existing file is removed, you
have a ‘dangling pointer’ to it in the link file
 May have soft links to directories
14  May2019have soft
September links
© Copyright across
Virtual University of file systems
Pakistan
File System Mounting
 A file system is best visualized
as a tree, rooted at /. /dev, /etc,
/usr, and other directories in
the root directory are branches,
which may have their own
branches, such as
/etc/passwd, /usr/local, and
/usr/bin.
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
File System Mounting
 Filling up the root file system is not
a good idea, so splitting /var from /
is a good idea.
 Another common reason to contain
certain directory trees on other file
systems is if they are to be housed
on separate physical disks, or are
separate virtual disks, or CDROM
drives.
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
File System Mounting
 Mounting makes file systems,
files, directories, devices, and
special files available for use at
a particular location
 Mount point is the actual
location from which the file
system is mounted and
accessed.
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
File System Mounting
 You can mount a file or
directory if you have access to
the file or directory being
mounted and write permission
for the mount point
 Types of mounts:
 Remote mount
 Local mount
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
File System Mounting
 Remote mounts are done on
a remote system on which
data is transmitted over a
telecommunication line
 Local mounts are mounts
done on your local system
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Mounting in UNIX
 All files accessible in a Unix
system are arranged in one big
tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /.
These files can be spread out over
several devices.
 The mount command serves to
attach the file system found on
some device to the big file tree.
Conversely, the umount command
will detach it again.
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Mounting in UNIX
 mount -t type device dir
 Tells the kernel to attach the file
system found on device (which is of
type type) at the directory dir
 The previous contents (if any) and
owner and mode of dir become
invisible
 As long as this file system remains
mounted, the pathname dir refers to
the root of the file system on device.
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Mounting in UNIX

Existing Tree © CopyrightPakistan


14 September 2019
Unmounted Filesystem
Virtual University of
Mounting in UNIX

New Tree after


14 September 2019
Mounting
© Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Filesystem
File System Space
Usage
On SuSE Linux
$ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda3 74837584 11127072 59908892 16% /
tmpfs 257948 12 257936 1% /dev/shm
/dev/hda1 19976 6960 11985 37% /boot
inbox:/var/spool/mail
66602516 3319996 59899232 6%
/var/spool/mail
upfile1a:/usr1.a 230044816 70533680 147825456 33% /usr1.a
upfile2a:/usr2.a 230044816 118228296 100130840 55% /usr2.a
upibma:/usr3.a 16713676 804252 15039103 6% /usr3.a
upfile4a:/usr4.a 230044816 14594384 203764752 7% /usr4.a
$
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
File System Space
Usage
On Solaris 2
$ df -v
Mount Dir Filesystem blocks used free %used
/ /dev/dsk/c0t12d 7557677 2484225 4997876 34%
/proc /proc 0 0 0 0%
/etc/mntta mnttab 0 0 0 0%
/dev/fd fd 0 0 0 0%
/var/run swap 510103 22 510081 1%
/tmp swap 683241 173160 510081 26%
/oldexport /dev/dsk/c0t8d0 4668856 4229110 393058 92%
/export/ho /dev/dsk/c0t12d 23684712 21714309 1733556 93%
$
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
File Sharing
 Sharing of files on multi-user
systems is desirable.
 Sharing may be done through
 Duplicating files
 Common login for members of a team
 Setting appropriate access permissions
 Common groups for members of a team
 Links
14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of
Pakistan
Recap of Lecture
 Directory Structures
 Links in UNIX/Linux
 File System Mounting
 File Sharing

14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of


Pakistan
Operating
Systems
Lecture 43
Syed Mansoor Sarwar

14 September 2019 © Copyright Virtual University of


Pakistan

You might also like