Multidimensional Drawing

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PORT3.Interior.r3.indd 1 Job: Title: PORT3 - Begining Drawing 9781633221420 28/7/16 2:50 pm
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Beginning
DRAWING
A multidimensional approach to learning the art of basic drawing
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PORT3.Interior.r3.indd 1 Job: Title: PORT3 - Begining Drawing 9781633221420 28/7/16 2:50 pm
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Published by Walter Foster Publishing,
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Artwork and photographs © Alain Picard

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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Tools & Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SETTING YOURSELF UP FOR SUCCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
REFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
HOLDING THE PENCIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Basic Drawing Techniques . . . . . . . . . 24
VISUAL HABITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
DRAWING HABITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
ROUTINE HABITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
THE ILLUSION OF SPACE: PERSPECTIVE BASICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
SHAPE & VOLUME: BASIC SHAPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
SEEING TONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
LIGHT & SHADOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
DESIGNING A STRONG COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Mastering What You’ve Learned . . . . . 96
BALLET DANCER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
SUGAR PALM OVER A RICE FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

APSARA DANCER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
What’s Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

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Introduction
Learning to draw is much like learning to talk. Anyone can do it, but it takes time to develop the ability
to communicate. Drawing is the foundational practice of learning to communicate through a visual
language.
Through drawing we develop the building blocks of this visual vocabulary, learning how to transcribe
marks and techniques and gain confidence in our ability to communicate. Growth happens as we put
aside what we “know” about things, and see the world anew through artists’ eyes. We discover that
our powers of observation are often more trustworthy than our memory banks when describing the
world around us.
If you are willing to open your eyes and your mind, then you can learn to draw. Through patient
practice, your skill will develop. This happens one step at a time, often by learning one specific skill
at a time. With persistent study, your drawings will begin to communicate with force and impact to
the viewer. Like writers who arrange letters into words and form sentences, and musicians who hang
notes on scales to release melodies and harmonies, the visual artist makes varying marks of line, tone,
and color to create pictures.
Come along with me as we develop our visual vocabulary together by learning to draw. The journey
is often very rewarding because practicing drawing is such great fun. I’m confident that your efforts
will reap rewards and your creative voice will gain greater clarity and authority.
Now, let’s begin.

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Materials
TO O LS
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What You’ll Need
It only takes a few simple tools to begin drawing, and they can be carried with you anywhere. Some
tools are a must; others are optional and can be acquired later as you build upon your drawing
techniques. Here are some of the materials that will set you off on your journey of learning to draw.
Graphite pencils: The most basic tool is the pencil. Made of lead encased in wood,
pencils come in a variety of densities—from hard (H) to soft (B)—and varying thicknesses. I
recommend a simple set of six shades: H, HB, 2B, 4B, 6B, 8B. The extra-hard varieties run the risk of
tearing your paper when used with a heavy hand. I prefer a softer spectrum of tones beginning with
HB and moving to 8B.

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Artist’s erasers: Erasers
are used for far more than removing
unwanted mistakes. They also create
highlights, lighten tone, and clean up
lines. Kneaded erasers can be molded
into any shape for lifting out fine details
and are equally effective with graphite
and charcoal. Gum erasers lighten tone
and clean up unwanted lines without
staining or damaging the paper. The
stiffer, white, vinyl erasers erase pencil Gum erasers Kneaded erasers
lines while keeping the paper clean.
Sharpeners: Utility
and X-Acto blades are
tools for hand sharpening
your pencils with a longer
exposed lead that tapers
slowly. I use a single-edge
razor blade to sharpen my
hard pastel sticks.
There are excellent

electric pencil
sharpeners available
to save time, but I still
love my little hand-
held, German-made
brass pencil sharpener.
It’s small and mobile—
perfect for travel
sketching. Be sure to
purchase replacement
blades to keep them
working perfectly.

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Charcoal: An excellent drawing tool for developing rich, velvety tones and soft edges,
charcoal comes in many shapes, sizes, and densities. Vine charcoal sticks come in extra soft, soft,
medium, and hard; in a variety of widths from thin to thick; and can be easily sharpened using a
sandpaper block. Compressed charcoal is extremely hard and yields deep, rich blacks that are
resistant to erasing. The square-shaped charcoal, called Nitram, is an excellent professional-quality
stick that comes in extra soft, soft, medium, and hard.
Left to right: vine charcoal, compressed charcoal, and Nitram charcoal, with sandpaper block
Charcoal and pastel

pencils: Charcoal is also
available in pencils for detail work.
Conté pencils provide a wonderful
deep black shade while white
charcoal pencils are indispensable
for rendering highlights on toned
paper for your charcoal drawings.
Additionally, you can use pastel
pencils in a variety of colors and
tones to add tints to your drawings.
White charcoal, pastel pencils, and black Conté pencil on toned paper
Sanguine pencils: Sanguine pencils bring warmth

and softness to drawings, especially portrait sketches, because of
their fleshy tint. Although sanguine tints can be acquired in Conté
and pastel mediums, this oil-based pencil has a lovely way of
holding its line and achieving subtle blending. Use it on cream-
colored paper with white charcoal highlights for a very pleasing
visual appeal.
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Conté and hard pastels: These square sticks come in a large variety of tints, tones,
and shades, including the warm earth and flesh tones shown here. Hard pastel sticks are a degree
softer than pastel pencils and considerably firmer than soft pastel sticks. Hard pastels and Conté
crayons are excellent sketching tools for emphasizing tonal effects.
Hard pastels and Conté crayons
Soft pastels: Soft pastels are available in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and lengths.
These pastels are prone to richer application and greater smudging, giving them a painterly
appearance. They are capable of yielding highly refined realism or loose impressionism. You’ll want
to gain proficiency and confidence with soft charcoal before moving on to soft pastel.
Soft pastels produce rich color and are well suited for blending and layering.

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Ink pens: India ink
pens are a convenient way
to sketch with permanent
ink without using a
traditional pen-and-ink
method. These acid-free
ink pens come in a variety
of pen nibs to achieve
different stroke weights.
They are an ideal choice
when learning to develop
linear techniques.
Markers: Markers
are excellent tools for ink-
based sketching. Some are
dual-brush pens with a fine
tip on one end and a brush
tip on the other. Try ink
pens that are water-based,
blendable, and acid-
free for use in sketching
or more finished studies.
Simple three-value marker
drawings are an excellent
way to test out design
ideas.
Colored
pencils: Colored
pencils are wax or oil-
based pigments encased
in wood. Far less smudgy
than pastel and charcoal
pencils, they are a great
option when you desire
a clean color impression
while retaining control of
the stroke. Colored pencil
can be layered and built
up to create deeper, richer
colors and tones.
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Sketchbooks, drawing pads, and single-sheet paper: Less
expensive drawing pads or sketchbooks are perfect for beginner artists—they accommodate tons of
inexpensive drawing practice. If you can afford it, start with a decent-quality white artist’s sketchbook
or pad. Acid-free, 100-percent-cotton-rag paper is the premium grade, a desirable choice for more
finished drawings.
Drawing board: If you don’t have a

drawing table, you’ll need a drawing board.
Drawing boards should be large enough to
accommodate individual sheets of drawing
and pastel paper and thin enough to receive
bulldog spring clips (shown). Masonite from the
hardware store works quite well.
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Blending tools: There are a host of blending tools that can help the artist achieve soft
tonal effects, smudging, and diminished lines. Here is a selection of tools I use:
CHAMOIS CLOTH
Chamois is an all-natural skin cloth that is great for blending areas into a soft tone.
PAPER TOWELS
These are excellent tools for rubbing and blending larger areas of graphite and charcoal.
BLENDING STUMPS
Stumps are tightly rolled thick paper used to blend large and small areas of graphite.
TORTILLONS
Tortillons are rolled more loosely than stumps, and are used for blending smaller areas of graphite
and charcoal.
PASTEL SHAPERS
These rubber-tipped brushes come in many
shapes and profiles.
PASTEL BRUSHES
Pastel brushes are made of short, cropped Hake brush
pony hair.
HAKE BRUSH
This flat, Chinese wash brush
works well for soft blending,
fusing edges, and
brushing out areas.
pastel brushes
pastel shapers
blending stumps
paper towel
chamois cloth
tortillons

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Fixative: Fixative comes in either a spray bottle or an aerosol can. It can be used to secure
layers of a drawing before further work, or to set the final drawing in place. Use aerosol cans in well-
ventilated areas. While not necessary for graphite drawings in most cases, fixative is excellent for
setting sensitive charcoal or pastel studies.
Other tools:
Use artist tape to create clean borders on your drawings or for taping your paper to the backing
board. It is low-tack so you can remove it without ripping your drawing paper.
T-squares and rulers of varying lengths help you achieve perfect horizontal lines and 90-degree
angles. These tools are important for perspective exercises.
Viewfinders are also helpful for making compositional choices in the field or studio.
A value scale is an excellent visual aid in learning to identify correct values.
Long, straight skewers help you take measurements and find angles.
artist tape
T-square
value scale
hes
viewfinder
skewer
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Started
GETTING
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Setting Yourself Up for Success
Good drawing begins with the setup. Unhindered observation of both the subject and the working
surface and the ability to comfortably render what you see are just as important.
First off, position yourself at the drawing board so you can view both your subject and the working
surface comfortably. A quick shift of the eyes is all that should be necessary to make a comparison.
I like to stand at the easel while working, placing my drawing board at eye level.
For those who need (or wish) to sit while drawing, use a raised drawing table or a low-positioned easel
that, when placed at or close to 90 degrees, enables clear viewing of your working surface and subject.
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Also stand a full arm’s length from your paper. This allows you to create movements that originate
from the shoulder instead of the wrist, encouraging a looser and freer mark-making style.
Beware of working too close to your drawing!

A close proximity causes you to focus on only
a small section of the drawing, losing the
impression of the work as a whole .
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Reference Photographs Electronic
When working from reference photographs, use quality, well-
exposed images that reveal a clear spectrum of light, middle, and tablets have
dark tones. I use large 8” x 10” prints whenever possible. Mount become a
them flat on your drawing board at eye level or onto a piece of
foam core, placing them just to one side of your working surface. popular and
effective way
Use artist tape or clamps to attach your drawing paper securely to to view photo
the backing board, taking care not to wrinkle the paper.
references in
the digital age .
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Holding the Pencil
Now that we’ve covered your correct positioning at the drawing board, let’s talk about the proper
use of the pencil. Your arm position and placement of the pencil in your hand are very important.
Each alteration in position creates a line or mark of unique character. Take a look at the three basic
positions for holding a pencil and the adjustments that are possible with each of them.
Position 1A: Loose underhand (long) Position 1B: Loose underhand (short)
Loose underhand (long and short): The first position is what I call “loose
underhand.” This involves lightly pinching the pencil between the thumb and index finger, allowing the
stem of the pencil to descend into the palm of the hand. It’s an excellent position for loose sketching and
massing in tone. Fluid movement of the pencil should originate at the shoulder and involve the elbow.
Position 1A shows a long placement with fingers holding the pencil lower down, creating a more fluid
and sketchy mark. Position 1B shows a shorter placement of the pencil, creating a firmer stroke and a
bit more control while still involving the shoulder for loose expressive marks. In the overhand position,
the palm of the hand is primarily facing the paper or at a right angle to it.
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loose underhand reverse: The second position of the hand is really a variation
on the first. I call it the “loose underhand reverse.” While in position 1, rotate the palm of the hand
away from the paper until it is facing you. This is a good position for continued loose sketching on
horizontal planes or creating fluid, soft tones. Use a slip-sheet under your hand to prevent smudging
the drawing with the back of your hand.
It’s quite natural to shift the hand from position 1 to position 2 to achieve a variety of stroke qualities
and directions. While loosely sketching, maintain the use of your elbow and wrist to foster fluid
movements.
Position 2: Loose underhand (reverse)
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writing position:
When more control is required,
shift the pencil to position 3—the
“writing position.” Grip the pencil
more firmly at four points of
contact: the index finger, middle
finger, thumb, and inner palm.
This position allows for very
precise control but limits flexibility
and movement. It is a good
position for refinement and detail
work as well as creating short,
choppy marks. Finger movement
is emphasized in this position.
Try not to squeeze the pencil—it

may cramp your hand after
prolonged work. Also, avoid
pressing down too hard on the
Position 3A: Writing (long) paper and making indents.
Pencil length can be shifted in
the hand from longer to shorter
depending on your preference
for greater movement (longer
position) or control (shorter
position). You may need to use
a slip-sheet under your hand to
avoid smudging your drawing
while using this position.
Position 3B: Writing (short)
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Drawing
BASIC
TECHNIQUES
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Visual Habits
Drawing is the foundation of all painting, thus great care should be taken to establish good habits.
Doing so is a tremendous investment in your artistic development; you’ll reap rewards for the
remainder of your artistic journey.
The challenge for the visual artist is to consciously cast aside preconceived notions of how a subject
ought to look and learn to actually see it anew with artists’ eyes. We do this by learning to study the
patterns of light and shadow falling on and around the subject. Here are some visual techniques and
approaches to help you see like an artist:
SQUINTING
Squinting at the subject simplifies the subject to very simple masses (or shapes) of light and dark.
SEEING EDGES
Edges are found at the intersection of contrasting values and define the separation of major shapes
of value. Evaluate whether edges are hard (sharp), soft (blurred), or broken (textured).
Hard edge at the

front of the hat
and profile
Soft edges on
back of coat,
broken edges at
bottom of coat

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Use a mannequin’s head
size as a vertical unit to
understand the height of the
drawing. For example, there
are 6.75 head units running
from top to bottom.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
To scale your drawing and establish proportions in correct relationship to
one another, select a clear and easy portion of the subject to use as a unit
of measurement for reference against other parts of the scene.
For example, when drawing a person, use the vertical height of the head
as a unit of measurement to check the length of the whole body from top
to bottom. How many head lengths will fit into the whole figure? This will
control your proportions very effectively.
ANGLES AND MEASUREMENTS

Another tool for simplifying complicated forms
is what I like to call “angularizing.” It’s a way of
reducing the subject’s subtle curves into a simpler,
more manageable shape by grouping smaller
details into large, simple shapes made up of a few
straight lines.
Check angles and angle changes on your subject

by holding your pencil—or a long skewer stick—
out between you and the subject on your line of
sight. (Closing one eye can help to simplify your
line of sight when checking angles.) Always be
sure to draw the big angles first before dealing
with little ones!
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LEVEL AND PLUMB
When trying to locate the major landmarks
and angle changes of the drawing, plumb
and level lines are indispensable visual
tools. Plumb refers to perfectly vertical,
and level refers to perfectly horizontal. Use
plumb and level lines to view and dissect
your scene. Hold up your pencil or skewer
within your line of sight to check the
subject for these angles. (Close one eye
to simplify your view if needed.) Once you
find these lines within your subject, check
all the other angles against them.
Hold the pencil vertically to check locations

right and left of the plumb line.
Now hold the pencil horizontally to check locations above and below the level line.
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NEGATIVE
SHAPES
Our minds tend to
focus on the “positive”
shapes that we are
looking at, such as
the flower, person, or
tree we’re drawing.
Instead, try looking for
the simple negative
shapes that fit in and
around your subject.
This is an excellent way
to check your drawing
from a different point
of view.
Notice the negative shape between

the two heads, toned darker for emphasis.
STEPPING
BACK
Stepping back from
your work often to
view it from a distance
is an essential, and
often forgotten, visual
habit. Mistakes are
so much easier to see
from a few feet away
as the big impression
of the work comes into
perspective, rather
than when you’re
right on top of your
drawing. Step back
often to see the bigger
picture! You’ll be glad
you did.
Detailed view of the subject The whole subject viewed from
when working up close a distance by stepping back
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Drawing Habits
Just as the alphabet is made up of many unique
characters, there are several types of lines to
learn and explore, and a variety of ways to
convey tone and texture. We’ll practice these
methods as we discover them.
Your goal should be to develop, master, and

employ all the tools available for communicating
visually. Repeated practice and mastery
of the following mark-making techniques
will empower your hand with skill and lead
toward the authentic development of your own
individual style.
Relax! Don’t worry

about your artistic
“voice” at this stage of
development . It will come
naturally as you spend
lots of time practicing
and experimenting with
new techniques .
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TYPES OF LINES
Fast lines: Excellent for conveying energy and movement, fast lines give the look of a loose,
sketchy approach.
Practice making
fast lines; sketch
in a directional
manner to give
the feeling of
movement . Don’t
worry about the
result, just get
used to moving fast
with the pencil!
Slow lines:
When more control is
desired, use slower lines.
Practice making lines

slowly, moving smoothly
with the pencil to
make more controlled
curvilinear lines.
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Bold lines: Perfect for punctuating
your statement with contrast and confidence,
bold lines convey strength and solidity.
Use a thick dark pencil, charcoal, or a broad-

tipped ink pen to practice drawing bold lines.
Sensitive lines: Right beside those bold

lines, practice making some delicate, sensitive lines to
reveal the impact of contrasting weights.
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Long lines: Practice carrying the pencil across the page for an extended period of time to
suggest fluid movement and flow with long lines.
Short, choppy lines:

Close to the long lines, practice
creating lots of short, choppy lines.
These can suggest activity or rough
texture. See the impact of these varied line
qualities and the unique communication
style they offer.
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Scribbled lines: Erratic, squiggly,
continuous lines are great for conveying
texture, motion, and a general shape
without detail.
Practice scribbled lines until you build up a

textured area.
Thick marks: When conveying a

mass of tone in an area and emphasizing
the value of the shape, thick sidestrokes of
graphite, charcoal, or Conté work very well.
Practice dragging your pencil on its side to

create soft, tonal marks.
Combine these tonal marks

with linear strokes to produce
wonderful results.
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CONTOUR DRAWING
Contour drawing is an excellent way to train your eye to see and your hand to record the essential
elements of the subject with line. Focus on observing the outside shape, or contour, of the subject in
front of you (or in a photograph).
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Practice: Blind contour
Draw an object, such as a shoe or your hand, using a
continuous line. Pick a starting point and don’t look at your
paper until you’re finished. You’ll be surprised how well you
can capture the object!
Practice:
Now try drawing clouds using contour lines, occasionally looking at your paper.
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GESTURE DRAWING
Whereas contour drawing describes the outside shape of the subject, gesture drawing focuses on
capturing the movement of the form or figure and conveying action. This drawing approach trains
your eye to see and quickly establish movement and trains your hand to record it quickly.
Practice:
Draw a fast sketch
of birds flying.
Practice:
Draw a fast sketch of a
person running.
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HATCHING AND CROSSHATCHING
Suggest tone by creating quick repetitive lines moving in the same direction; this technique is called
“hatching.” When you need to suggest greater depth and build up more form on your subject, change
the direction of your lines and cross over the previous layers. This crisscross method of building up
linear strokes is called “crosshatching.”
Practice:
Draw tone on clouds
using hatching.
Practice:
Draw tone on clouds using
crosshatching.
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DRAWING EDGES AND PATTERNS
It’s time to build on our understanding of edges from the “visual habits” section by practicing locating
the main edges of a scene. Patterns build on the concept of edges because each pattern represents
a different texture of a surface—such as rough or smooth, round or flat. Where different patterns
meet, an edge forms. Utilize a variety of the mark-making techniques to describe the texture and
design of patterns.
Practice edges:
Draw a landscape with
six lines.
Practice
patterns:
Draw two patterns
overlapping (smooth
and rough).
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NEGATIVE SPACE DRAWING
When it is difficult to draw the subject, try drawing the area that surrounds the subject—the
negative space—instead. To practice seeing negative shapes, use hatching and/or thick sidestrokes
to mass in the negative space. This technique is especially effective when a dark background
surrounds light objects.
Practice: Draw tone on negative shapes around a white fence.
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Routine Habits
They say it takes 10,000 hours to master any given skill, so if we want to learn to draw, we’ve got to
start logging those hours! Routine habits are all about embedding these repeatable practices into
your drawing approach and developing the discipline of regular working habits. The outcome of
this disciplined approach is artistic confidence and repeatable success. On page 127, find out how to
develop your working routine.
Warming up: Start out loosely. Use the loose underhand position at this stage. (See positions 1 and
2 on pages 21–22.) Warm up your hand and engage your visual perception with a few warm-up sketches.
Roughing in the drawing: Keep it light as you first search out the main shapes. Use
your whole arm, continuing to employ drawing positions 1 and 2 for a loose approach. Don’t dig in
with your pencil by pushing too hard—keep it loose and sketchy! Focus on the gesture and contour
and the division of light and shadow.
Developing the drawing: Develop with tone. Use the softer pencils such as 4B, 6B,
and 8B for deeper darks, and begin to apply greater pressure with the pencil. Develop edges, tones,
and textures using your drawing techniques.
Refining the drawing: Shift to position 3 (see “Writing Position” on page 23) for fine
detail development. Sharpen edges and soften tone where needed. Develop patterns, texture, and
overall subtle tonality without losing the strength of the big shapes. Darken the darks, add highlights,
and clean up any unwanted lines and smudges with an eraser. Review the work from a distance often
to make final decisions.
deliberate practice
develops skill through
consistency and
repetition .
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The Illusion of Space: Perspective Basics
Drawing a realistic scene requires learning how to communicate a sense of space or depth. We
must trick the viewer’s eye into believing that a two-dimensional paper is a window into a three-
dimensional space.
Now, there’s no need to make our drawings look overly precise or geometric, but we do want them to
look realistic. Understanding the rules of perspective gives us greater freedom to create the illusion of
space on paper.
The illusion of space

requires a basic
understanding of
the laws of linear
and atmospheric
perspective .
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PERSPECTIVE
First, let's address the concept of linear perspective. Here are some fundamental terms and rules that
are important to learn (from Joseph D’Amelio’s Perspective Drawing Handbook).
Diminution:
Objects will
appear smaller,
or diminish in size,
as their distance
from the viewer
increases.
Convergence:
Lines or edges of
objects, which are
in reality parallel
to each other,
will appear to
come together, or
converge, as they
recede from the
viewer.
Vanishing point: Any two or more lines that are in reality parallel
will appear to come together—or converge—and meet at a
vanishing point. Objects located at ground level find their
vanishing point on the horizon line.
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Line of sight: This refers to the fixed position of the viewer’s field of vision,
enabling a perspective drawing. There are an infinite number of directions a line
of sight can take by merely moving your eyes or turning your head slightly, but to
draw a scene in perspective, we must limit this direction to just one line of sight.
The line of sight creates an “eye level” view of the scene.
Overlapping: An
object located
behind another in
the field of view will
be hidden behind it
and blocked from
the field of vision.
This overlapping
communicates
depth and space
in the drawing.
When objects do
not overlap, their
relationship is more
difficult to discern.
Horizon line
VP#2
Foreshortening:
Lines or surfaces
parallel to the
viewer’s face (or
perpendicular to the
picture plane) will
show their maximum
size. As they rotate
away from the
Horizon line: This is a horizontal line that describes the separation between viewer, they appear
sky and land from the viewer’s eye level. Looking straight ahead at the scene increasingly shorter.
(as I did for this sketch) creates the most common and relatable eye-level
experience to our usual field of view, and the horizon line is in the middle
of the scene.
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ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
Let’s begin our application of these laws of perspective in the simplest of conditions:
the one-point perspective.
Draw a horizon line in the center of your

paper, and then place a single mark in
the middle of the horizon to indicate the
vanishing point. Now use a straight edge
to draw lines coming toward the viewer
from the vanishing point.
These lines create a road that fades off

into the distance, revealing the principles
of foreshortening and convergence. Add
another line going up and to the left
from your vanishing point to indicate the
top edge of any repeating objects, such
as trees, buildings or, in this case, some
telephone poles.
Add vertical lines that diminish in size and

distance from one another as they recede
in space.
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Practice: Draw a road
in one-point perspective .
Because there is only one vanishing point in
our line of sight, all vertical lines in the scene
remain parallel. Add details of the power
lines and cross bars to finish the poles.
Here is the view from above the road, with a narrow opening of
road at the bottom.
This is the same scene viewed

from a lower line of sight. The
horizon line drops low in the
scene, and the road opens
wider at the bottom, as if we
are driving on the road.
Telephone poles are an excellent example of the principle of

diminution because they become smaller as they near the horizon.
Bonus Tip
When placing figures in your scene, control the scale in
proportion to the vanishing point by using the foreground
figure as a reference for scale. Draw lines of convergence
to the vanishing point from the top and bottom of the
figure. Then match the scale of these two lines when
placing other figures in varying locations in the scene.
If the figures are off to the left or right, create parallel

horizontal lines that extend out from the vanishing point lines
to the location of the figure to give you the correct scale.
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Cube in One-Point Perspective
Now let’s look at a simple cube in one-point perspective. Notice how the horizontal and vertical lines
of the cube, which are parallel to the viewer, do not converge or foreshorten in one-point perspective,
while the lines of the cube that are perpendicular to the viewer diminish and converge toward the
vanishing point. Even without shading, this gives the cube a strong sense of scale.
Practice: Draw a cube in one-point perspective .

As we move the location of the cube from right to center to left, the converging parallel lines will
always follow the vanishing point.
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Practice drawing lots of cubes from a variety of angles and vanishing points. Don’t feel that you need
to use a straight-edge and be overly precise.
First off, draw a horizon line. Then place a vanishing point on it off to one side. Next draw a
square with straight horizontal and vertical lines. Simply follow the corners of the square back
to the vanishing point in pencil. Close in the back of the cube by drawing a vertical line between
converging lines. Close in the top of the cube by drawing a horizontal line between the converging
lines. When you are finished with all the sides, use a marker or dark pencil to emphasize the outside
lines of the cube.
Let’s take our study of the cube one step further

and apply it to the principle of overlapping. Look
at the dynamic impact that overlapping various
cuboid (rectangular cube) shapes can have in
creating a feeling of depth and space. Extending
the vertical shapes at different heights gives an
impression of scale, much like a city skyline.
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This cube, drawn in two-
point perspective, sits
below the horizon line.
TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE
Let’s add an additional vanishing point to our horizon line and discover the effect that two points of
convergence have on the cube. We see that the vertical lines remain perpendicular to the picture
plane (or parallel to the viewer’s face) and do not converge. All other edges of the cube converge
toward the two influencing vanishing points.
Follow the pencil lines from the front edge of the cube back to the vanishing points to understand how
each side converges toward a point on the horizon. The resulting cube, which is viewed at an angle
below the horizon line, conveys a realistic impression of space to the viewer.
Practice: Draw a cuboid

(or rectangular cube)
in two-point perspective .
Try adding a roof to your cuboid, turning it into a barn. Keep
your vanishing points far enough away from each other
to prevent the structure from becoming distorted with
acute corner angles.
Follow
rooflines to
find vanishing
point 3.
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Once you establish your cube, draw diagonal lines between the corners of its front side to reveal the
midpoint. Then draw a vertical line through the midpoint of the front square and extend it upward
to locate the center roofline. Select your desired pitch for the roof and connect the top corners of the
cube to the roofline. Follow the roofline from the front peak back to vanishing point 2 to diminish it in
perspective. Now extend the front roofline beyond the roof all the way up to a point directly above
your first vanishing point (VP 1). This creates a third vanishing point for your roof edges, and will
provide you with the angle of the back edge of your roof in correct perspective.
Closer vanishing points create a

more dramatic angle.
Vanishing points 1 and 2 are much

too close together, creating acute,
distorted angles on the barn.
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While the foreground
elements of the steam
Drawing in Three Dimensions
engine are crisp
and strong, there is
less contrast in the
background.
Hatching strokes in different

directions convey the plane of the
surface.
Lines of convergence from the

vanishing point up toward the front
right of the image establish the train
tracks and the top edge of the train.
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Develop more specific outlines of A rectangle at the Power lines
the engine, carts, and wheels to foreground right of the that follow the
bring the steam train locomotive scene between the tracks vanishing point
into focus. establishes the frontal lend to further
plane of the train. realism.

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Shape & Volume: Basic Shapes
Virtually everything in the natural world can be simplified or grouped into essentially four basic 2D
shapes: the square, triangle, circle, and rectangle. All other shapes can be constructed using these.
Things get really interesting when we add a third dimension to these shapes, thus creating the illusion
of form in our drawings. A circle transforms into a sphere or cylinder. A triangle morphs into a cone. A
square becomes a cube and can be stretched into a variety of cuboid shapes.
2D SHAPES
Flat 2D shapes exist on a single

plane and do not give the
impression of space.
Practice:
Draw the four basic shapes: square, triangle, circle, and rectangle.
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3D SHAPES
The four basic 3D shapes are roughly placed in one-point perspective

on the horizon line. Without the use of overlapping, it is more difficult to
understand spatial relationships. Even so, forms appear solid.
Practice:
Draw the four basic shapes—cube, sphere, cylinder, cone. These 3D shapes give depth and dimension
(or form) to your objects. Notice the hatching on the edge of circular forms conveys an impression of
roundness, like on the sphere, cylinder, and cone.
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With our newfound understanding of 3D shapes, let’s go for a stroll around the house and discover
how these basic shapes can be found in everyday life. Try sketching them loosely and quickly,
identifying the big shape first, then adding some quick details.
A book is contained
by a long cuboid.
An envelope is a flat rectangle; a

pen is a long cylinder.
A party hat is a cone.
A gift box is a perfect cube.
A soccer ball
is a sphere.
A soup can is a cylinder.

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COMBINING 3D SHAPES
Now that we’ve learned to draw three-dimensional shapes and to anchor them in space
using the laws of perspective, let’s do an exercise to bring it all together. Sketching
in the shapes loosely, allow yourself to draw through the objects as you arrange
them together on the surface. What a strong visual impact this cluster of shapes
has in communicating solid form, depth, and a sense of space.
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Practice: Draw the basic 3D shapes overlapping each other.
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UNDERSTANDING ELLIPSES
When a circle is viewed at an
angle, it creates an ellipse. An
ellipse is a foreshortened circle.
See how a circle placed flat on the
ground in one-point perspective
creates an ellipse. A vanishing
point is used to establish the plane
for the ellipse.
Ensure that the curves of the ellipse

follow the actual midpoint of the
circle, or they won’t be convincing.
These curves can be checked by
creating a box around the circle
in perspective, and drawing
diagonal lines from the corners of
the box to find the midpoint.
A coin flipped in the air creates a variety of When viewing a cylinder

ellipses as it moves. It’s a perfect circle when from this angle, the top
viewed straight on, but we see the changing appears elliptical.
ellipses as the coin rotates.
A rotating coin creates various

ellipse shapes.
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Notice the
variety of
Drawing with Ellipses Tone communicates strokes and
the light on the side of edges, from
this round peony. hard to soft
and broken.
Highlights are Note the Pull out highlights Build atmosphere

developed ellipses at in the jar, table, with edges and
with a white the top and and background tones, blended with
charcoal pencil bottom of the using a kneaded blending stumps,
and a white cylindrical jar. eraser. brushes, and a
Conté stick. paper towel.
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Seeing Tones
Building on our understanding of the illusion of space, let’s consider how tone influences depth
perception. In the “Visual Habits” section on page 26, we introduced a few key concepts regarding
how the artist sees tone. We use visual habits like squinting to identify simple values and discern the
edges where values change. This is so important because the artist is only able to describe a very
limited amount of the myriad values seen in nature.
Remember to squint at your

subjects to simplify values!
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SIMPLIFY THE VALUES
A commonly accepted scale of visible tones in a drawing is the nine-value scale plus white. We must
practice making these tonal keys communicate tone. To successfully portray the natural world around
us, we must be able to simplify values by taking the various colors and shades and reducing them
into a very limited amount of values in our drawing. This is a critical skill for the artist to develop. Try
making a simple three-value tonal key with a clear separation between the tones.
A tonal key
Practice: Draw a tonal key in three values: light, middle, and dark.
A nine-value tonal key
Practice: Now add greater complexity by drawing the full value range of nine tones plus
white. (White is seen outside of the nine-tone scale.)
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BLENDING
Subtle blending conveys soft and diffused edges and atmosphere in our drawings. Blending stumps
and tortillons soften and subdue pencil marks. A chamois and even a paper towel can be used to
blend the pencil or charcoal on the paper. Once you get good at blending, draw your own graded
tonal range from light to dark with a very soft gradation between the values.
Practice: On a blank piece of paper, experiment with a number of blending tools to soften
edges and create smooth tones in graphite and charcoal. Refer to the blending tools on page 14
for ideas.
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ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE
Atmosphere, or the air that surrounds us, impacts the viewer’s perception of a scene. Subjects,
edges, and details are sharp and clear up close, but as the subject recedes, the edges appear
increasingly softer.
Using our understanding of diminishing contrast, tone, edge, and detail in a scene to convey depth is
a very powerful tool, especially when combined with the laws of linear perspective.
'
Applying the principles:

Notice the visual effect of depth created in this
illustration of five spheres. By making each
sphere progressively smaller and toning each
a bit lighter than the last, it appears as if the
spheres are receding in space. Just using scale
and value changes, we have applied the rules
of diminution and atmospheric perspective to
five simple circles.
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Using the same principle of atmospheric perspective, let’s apply our learning to a layered
landscape scene.
Practice: Draw a layered landscape scene using six lines, and then add tone.
This layered mountain scene has

about six value changes, getting
lighter as each layer recedes
toward the horizon.
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Drawing with Tone
The foreground shoe Dark Rub in the charcoal

is more detailed with compressed with blending stumps,
sharper edges and charcoal paper towels, and
crisp highlights; the and black brushes to develop
back shoe falls into Conté push soft tones.
shadow, with less the values
contrast and detail. darker.
Build up the A white Keep the

gritty texture on charcoal edges on
the boots with a pencil pulls shadows
variety of hatching out the under the
techniques. highlights. boots soft.
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Light & Shadow
The true subject of art is light. Artists study the effect of light falling upon the subject, revealing a
pattern of light and shadow on the form. When we capture this convincingly in our drawings, we
powerfully communicate the illusion of realism.
To convey subtle
gradations in
tone, practice
shading, applying
the tonal key to
light and shadow .
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SHADING
Shading gives dimension to our
drawings as we model form
with lighter and darker values.
A convincing application of
these value changes gives
the impression of light and
shadow. Let’s study the effect
of light falling on a simple
sphere from about the ten
o’clock position (above and to
the left).
Notice the pattern of light as it bounces

off the sphere, revealing cast shadow.
Looking at the resulting light and shadow pattern, let’s define six key terms:
1 . Highlight
The point where the light bounces directly off of the object opposing the light source is called
highlight. White chalk and white paper cannot come close to replicating natural light, so we must
greatly reduce and simplify our values to achieve the impression of light in a drawing.
2 . Light
This area represents the halo surrounding the highlight and the local value of the object as
revealed by the light.
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3 . Shadow
As the form begins to turn away
from the light, we move into
the shadow area, where the
middle values, or halftones, are
located. This area is crucial to
create the illusion of depth and
three-dimensionality.
4 . Core shadow
This is the line that distinguishes
between lights and darks. This
line will meander across the
surface of an object, revealing
where the light stops and the shadow begins as the form of the object turns away from the light source.
5 . Reflected light
Lighter areas within the shadow that are caused by light reflecting off of surrounding surfaces is
called reflected light. Artists commonly make the mistake of overstating reflected lights.
6 . Cast shadow
A cast shadow is created when an object blocks the light source, thus “casting” a shadow across
the surface of another form, such as the surface of a table. Cast shadows anchor the object to a
surface, giving weight to the form.
Practice: Draw a cube, and use

crosshatching to add tone. Notice the
particular shape created by the cast
shadow and the way the location of the
light source changes this shape.
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DISCOVERING LIGHT
Now that we have a basic understanding of the way light creates form, let’s try to recognize the
patterns of light and shadow as they fall across a scene. Take a single light source, such as a small
spotlight or a lamp, and shine it upon an arrangement of objects. Group multiple objects into
interesting shapes of light and shadow.
As you draw, focus on capturing the light and shadow pattern first by locating the core shadow on the
objects right away. Keep shadow areas simple, and build subtle gradations of tone and texture in the
lights, especially in the halftone areas between the lights and the core shadow.
Over time, your drawings will develop an amazing sense of realism, especially when correctly
proportioned.
Remember, simpler is better

when it comes to the
value pattern . Keep the big
impression of the values,
and contain your drawing
within the nine-tone value
range plus white .
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Practice: Draw a still life with a strong pattern of light and shadow.
Notice the strong pattern of light and shadow on this sheep and the core shadow revealing the shadow
pattern. The cast shadow on the ground gives weight and grounds the image.
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LEARNING TO SEE
In this graphite study of an artist’s mannequin, along with wooden blocks and a pair of eyeglasses,
I took a number of unique objects and grouped them together in an interesting and unified pattern
of light and shadow. Although it took a lot of time to develop and add the subtlety of form in the
drawing, I kept the value range simple and clear.
About this work: The inspiration for this still-life subject, “Learning to See,” was this book’s major theme
of learning to draw and develop a new visual vocabulary. The wooden blocks represent the building
blocks of our new visual language, and the glasses signify learning to see anew with artists’ eyes.
Finally, the artist mannequin symbolizes the visual arts, inviting us into the pursuit of learning to draw.
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Notice the right arm (your left), which
is propped up on the blocks, casting a
shadow on the mannequin’s body.
This drawing has a

lot of tonal buildup.
A large triangular
shape is created
by grouping the
light areas from the
wide base of the
illuminated tabletop
to the top of the
mannequin’s head.
You can see from the

You can see the core long cast shadow on the
shadow meandering drapery that I’ve placed
down the mannequin’s the light source above
body from the top of and to the left of the
the head to the bottom still-life arrangement at
of its feet, giving clarity approximately the 10:30
to the form. position on a clock.
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Designing a Strong Composition
Design doesn’t have to be intimidating. It simply means the arrangement of elements within a picture.
Every picture has a design, whether it is good or bad, interesting or dull, intended or unintended. In
this section, you’ll learn how to develop strong, engaging compositions in your artwork.
One of the most important aspects of clarifying your design concept is to simplify your image down
to about three to five simple shapes, and organize them in a visually pleasing way that emphasizes
your pictorial concept. To do this, you’ll need to learn how to simplify the subject matter in your scene
to flat shapes using no more than three to four values. Creating thumbnail sketches is the best way
to do this quickly.
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THUMBNAIL SKETCHES
Thumbnail sketches help you design your drawing from the start. Make a number of quick sketches
to determine the cropping, shape, and placement of your subject. You can use a variety of drawing
media, from ink markers to graphite, charcoal, and Conté crayon. Permanent markers work well too.
I try to meet the following three goals in the thumbnail before moving on to a finished piece of art.
1 . Simplify the values . By squinting, you can see the big masses of dark and light in
the scene and arrange them into a pattern of value shapes.
2 . Clarify the shapes . Reduce the dizzying array of subtlety and detail in your subject
to three to five simple shapes, and organize your shapes in an interesting way to communicate
your vision. Remember, you are the director of this production, and every member of the cast
should be working to achieve your vision. There can only be one star of the show, so choose your
lead wisely!
3 . Design the composition . Sketching small and quickly, try your scene in both
vertical and horizontal rectangles, square format, and even panoramic to discover which
approach will bring your concept to life most effectively.
Don’t ignore design just because you are

inspired and want to get to the real thing! No
amount of detail will save a poorly designed
drawing, so try to get it right from the start .
Investing even 10 minutes to develop a strong
design will improve the work tremendously .
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Adjusting how you Use variety
crop in on the scene in your
changes the size of edges,
your negative shapes, from soft to
and this impacts the broken to
overall balance. hard.
Create a variety Simplify areas to

of lines and support your main
shapes: large and idea. Don’t add
small, simple and lots of detail and
complicated, quiet information.
and busy.
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BALANCE & HARMONY
Harmony creates a bridge that connects disparate elements through a common attribute, whether it’s
texture, tone, shape, or line.
Consider using darks to guide the eye through the work, and create interesting patterns, such as
S-curves and zigzags. As you sketch, don’t be afraid to draw lines around your shapes to reveal the
interplay of balance.
The tonal approach of this graphite

study unifies all of the main shapes
into a harmonious design.
This is the dominant

middle-dark value.
The open edges keep the viewer’s

eye from leaving the picture by
traveling down the riverbed and out
to the bottom left.
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Light accents in the The focal point will be in
river and sky create a the river and sky, with the
flicker of interest. sun rising in the upper-right
quadrant of the scene.

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VISUAL UNITY & RHYTHM
Always work toward visual unity, so your main idea prevails and everything else supports your
concept. Repeat lines, shapes, values, and edges to tie the work together and establish rhythm. Look
for ways to direct the viewer’s eye through the scene, using line to develop your concept.
Notice the cluster of activity and interest in the lower third of the scene that’s formed by the tomatoes
and the reflection on the tabletop. The pitcher serves as a long visual counterpoint, with thin reflections
in the vase leading the eye upward. A dark dominant value establishes a strong mood.
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This thumbnail sketch has
a square composition,
a dominant dark value,
and a light accent at the
focal point of the rose.
Variety comes from the big
and small shapes; quiet
background; and small,
bright leaves and petals.
This scene features a wonderful variety of shape relationships and a pleasing balance
between the negative shapes of sky against the clouds. The cloud mass is established
simply, along with the triangular beach shape at the bottom right, beside water and sky
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DESIGNING FOR DEPTH
Another way to create an interesting design is to determine a clear foreground element, middle-
ground shapes, and a background. This makes the scene look vast and invites the viewer to enter one
of the many layers.
This charcoal, white Conté, and gray pastel study on toned sketchbook paper works out the essential
value and design shapes in a Cambodian landscape painting of a rice paddy.
This study reveals the use of clear

foreground, middle ground, and
background sections, emphasizing depth.
The strong shape of

the sugar palm tree in
the upper right center
anchors the dark values
of the scene.
The vanishing point on the river creates an

inviting flow into the design, leading from
front to back. This brings the eyes into the
scene via the strong foreground riverbank
lines and then takes them through the
interesting shapes of the middle ground.
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There are nice varieties of tree sizes and
shapes moving through the middle ground of
the scene as we enjoy the sunrise.

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THE RULE OF THIRDS
When determining your focal point, consider using the rule of thirds.
These intersections become

Divide your image hot spots, or pleasing
into thirds with two locations, for focal points in
horizontal lines and your design. The focal point of
two vertical lines. this scene is a sunrise.
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Avoid splitting a landscape
scene in half at the horizon
line, as this can lead to a
boring composition .
Another effective use of the rule of thirds is to divide the land and sky of a landscape painting so that
the sky accounts for two-thirds of the available space and the land accounts for one-third. This ratio
creates a more interesting composition.

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THE GOLDEN RATIO
When you look deep into the natural world, you’ll discover that a dominant proportional ratio is
responsible for much of its design. The Greeks called this proportion “the Golden Ratio,” and it
translates to approximately 1.618 to 1. Continuing to add this relationship of 1 to 1.618 to create a
summation sequence is called “the Fibonacci Sequence.” This sequence matches growth patterns
found throughout nature and is clearly identifiable in the beautiful pattern of the nautilus shell.
The Fibonacci spiral, like the nautilus shell,

is based on the Golden Ratio, and it follows
the Fibonacci Sequence to create a visual
focal point in the rectangle. This can create
a great starting point for your design.
Nautilus shell
Fibonacci spiral: The rectangle around this spiral is based on

the Golden Ratio. Notice the succession of squares that rotate
progressively smaller around each other in perfect order, creating a
spiral pattern that diminishes in size toward the focal point.
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Notice how the horse and carriage have been carefully located
within the focal point of the Fibonacci spiral in this design.
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DESIGNING THE STORY
There’s nothing quite as magical as the bustling Southern charm of downtown Charleston, South
Carolina. This drawing captures the grandeur of Broad Street, which you might experience while
taking a carriage ride.
The secondary
focal point, the
church steeple, is
a supporting cast
member. It’s lighter
in value and contrast,
so it doesn’t steal the
show from the horse
and carriage.
The promenade
on the left side
of Broad Street
is sunlit and
sparkling.
I used the design

principle of the
Fibonacci spiral
to anchor the
main focal point
of the horse and
carriage in the
lower-left quadrant
of the scene. The
darkest darks
and the sharpest
contrast have been
reserved for these
stars of the show.
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The angular and Notice the harmony The long shadows The far side
complicated rooftop line between the light falling across of the street
provides further variety and and dark shapes as the street direct is shrouded
interest. By restraining tonal well as the negative viewers’ eyes back in shadow.
variation, the overall shapes shapes of the sky toward the focal
remain simple and strong. against the city. point.

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Mastering W H AT Y O U ' V E L E A R N E D
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Ballet Dancer
This project focuses on capturing a sense of movement in the figure of a ballet dancer. We’ll be
working on a gray-toned paper with soft vine charcoal along with black, white, and umber hard
pastel sticks.
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When dealing with the full
figure, it is very helpful to
begin by scaling the figure
to the length of the paper.
Using the visual habit of

measuring, create a unit of
measurement for the head of
the dancer. Six of these units
bring you to the bottom of her
foot. One additional unit is
needed below the foot for
her shadow.

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Using soft vine charcoal, sketch in the angle of the arms, legs, and body using the angularizing habit.
You’ll begin to capture the big gesture of the dancer in motion.
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Work your way around the whole
figure with soft vine charcoal to
capture the overall shape and
gesture of the form.
Vine charcoal
is very forgiving,
allowing you to
find the drawing
with the ability to
rub out and make
easy adjustments .
Start adding tone with

charcoal, using linear and
tonal sidestrokes.
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Then add the Now the figure begins to emerge
Rub in the charcoal shadow below the from the background in a clear
with a paper towel figure to ground and definable space, and the
and blending stumps it, and build up overall scene is established.
to gain subtle tone with more
gradations. charcoal hatching.
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Now it’s time to develop the values with greater contrast and clarity by using the
black hard pastel in the darks around the figure and the white charcoal pencil and
white hard pastel on the dress. Use a small amount of umber hard pastel to give
warmth and tone to the dancer’s skin. As you add these marks, emphasize the
movement of the dancer, even with the shadows behind the figure.
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It’s time to refine the drawing toward our goal: conveying movement. In this stage, bring aspects of the
image into focus while loosening up other sections. Be careful not to overwork it and lose the airy feel!
Emphasize
the contour
to create
a beautiful
overall shape.
Blending
stumps and
tortillons soften
edges and
make subtle
gradations.
Larger
stumps create
Refine the dress
dynamic
with greater
movement detail using
and energy in white charcoal Blend some of the darker
the foreground pencil, and black pastel into the
and refine the skin background to create more
background. with brown. depth in the darks.
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This final drawing communicates an exciting sense of movement.
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Sugar Palm Over a Rice Field
The goal of this project is to practice designing for depth in the landscape by creating clear
foreground, middle ground, and background elements. This conveys space and dimension, inviting
the viewer to enter the various layers found within the scene. Our landscape drawing will explore a
Cambodian rice field at sunrise, featuring a lovely sugar palm tree.
MATERIALS USED
We’ll be working on a brown-toned paper with various forms of charcoal and Conté pencils as well
as white, black, and umber hard pastels.
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With a pencil, lightly sketch out the main shapes of the scene, including the horizon line, riverbanks,
and larger trees.
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The strong lead in The strong shape of the sugar
Using soft vine lines of the riverbank palm tree in the upper middle
charcoal, sketch in already work to invite right is a focal point that
the main shapes the viewer into the anchors the dark values of
again loosely, scene and lead them the scene against the sunrise
adding more through an interesting breaking through the clouds
definition and variety of tree shapes in the background, now
linear hatching. in the middle ground. indicated through the sky.
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Use a blending stump to soften the tone in the rice field and trees and develop reflections in the water.
Then moving to a black Conté pencil, push the values darker and add more texture in the darks.
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Use a white charcoal pencil to indicate the light breaking through the clouds in the sky and reflecting
in the water below. Now the design takes on impact with the developing tonal range.
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Develop the values
a step further by
pushing the darks
to full impact.
Evaluating the foreground

diagonal, create a balance
Get those patterns between the grasses by the
of reflections riverbank and the reflections in the
working together in water to guide the viewer back to
the river. the trees in the middle ground.
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Blend and refine the lights in the sky.
Continue to develop
the shape of the
main sugar palm.
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With the full drawing developed, refine it by adding warmth with an umber hard pastel as well as
additional white pastel buildup in the sky and water. Further refinement of shapes and details is
accomplished in this stage as well. Given the early morning tone, ensure there are enough midtones
in the sky to allow the light to break through. Now that you can experience the three layers of
foreground, middle ground, and background working well, you’re finished.
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Apsara Dancer
In this project, you'll use a limited palette of white, ochre, sanguine, brown, and black to give the
impression of lifelike color in your drawing.
MATERIALS USED
We will be using a brown-
toned paper; soft vine
charcoal; charcoal and
Conté pencils in white,
sanguine, brown, and black;
and hard pastels in white,
ochre, and black.
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The first half of this project involves the basic drawing of the head and upper torso. The second half
develops the drawing by refining and tinting the portrait with a limited palette of earth colors.
The first order of business in drawing a

portrait involves scaling the head to fit
the paper. Place a charcoal mark for
the line dividing the dancer’s headdress
from her forehead. Another line for the
chin sets the size of the visible head, and
creates a unit of measurement.
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From there, measure and record the outside edge of the head, flowers, and headdress. Use the visual
habits of squinting, angularizing, measuring units, and using level and plumb to find location points
where major angles change direction.
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Continue to
build the major
shapes of the
neck, shoulders,
and torso by
measuring them
in relationship to
the head. Gain
confidence in the
drawing with soft
vine charcoal.
Using units of
measurement,
check to see that
the body is in
correct scale
and proportion
to the head.
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Now that the main shapes are established, begin
to add tone with vine charcoal by using the side
of the stick as well as making linear strokes.
Build the features of the face by finding the major

location points for the eyes, nose, and mouth
and the division of light and shadow on the face,
neck, and headdress.
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Use blending stumps to soften the texture of the charcoal and develop soft tonal effects at this stage.
This gives a soft hazy effect before going further into the darker, more permanent tones.
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Now it’s time to use
the Conté pencils
to anchor the darks
with a permanent
black tone. Notice
the strong negative
shape in the top left
background and the
small dark shapes of
the hair that frame
the face. Observing
negative shapes is
an important visual
habit when dealing
with complex forms!
Using a sanguine
Conté pencil for
linear marks and a
square Conté stick
for sidestrokes, begin
to tint the drawing
with the warm
sanguine tone.
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This quickly brings
the portrait into
the fleshy warmth
that we are after.
Use a brown Conté
pencil to bring a
warm middle dark
to the background
on the right behind
the head. Use the
sanguine stick to
build up flesh tone
on the skin and
warmth on the
ornamental chest
piece.
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Finally, use a white Conté pencil to add light value to the flowers, face, and chest. This brings the full
contrast of the image to life. Use blending stumps and tortillons to blend the skin and background
tones into subtle gradations.
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The last earth color to add to the drawing is a yellow ochre hard pastel, which gives a wonderful
warmth to both the light tones of the face, golden headdress, and chest piece.
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Continue to refine the
drawing by adding
more detail in the
flowers, features,
and jewelry. Add a
lot more brown and
black to push the
darks to full strength.
Blend with stumps to
get that soft, rounded
turn of the forms.
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In the final stage
of refinement,
add highlights
with white hard
pastel sticks, and
develop the golden
ornamentation on
the chest piece.
Create a suggestion
of detail on the
headdress by
adding accent marks
there. Final dark
and light accents in
the face bring this
portrait study to a
wonderfully warm
and radiant finish.
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“For My Love,” charcoal and white chalk on buff paper.
I created this life study of my wife, Mirjam, during a weekly portrait group I attended. On my
anniversary in 2005, Mirjam sat for the group that night so we could be together.
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What’s Next?
HOW TO CONTINUE YOUR STUDY
These final routine habits will serve to encourage and develop your working routine on a day-to-day
and week-to-week basis. If you implement them into your regular work rhythms, then your drawing
ability is sure to grow in leaps and bounds, and your creative voice will begin to speak volumes in no
time. What a privilege it has been to share this journey with you. Now keep drawing!
Practice, practice, practice! You’ve got to prioritize the goal of learning to

draw. Get out your calendar, and schedule regular time to draw. Make it a priority, and build it into
your routine, just like exercise or daily meals. Skill develops through consistent practice! Carve out the
time to draw regularly every week. Start early rather than late, and try doing one sketch a day—every
day—for a month.
Draw from life regularly . Drawing from direct observation of nature is one of
the very best ways to improve. Carry a sketchbook and a pencil pouch with you so you can sketch
anywhere you go.
Get feedback and encouragement . Why not connect with other artists in
your area? Consider joining a local weekly life-drawing sketch group to develop a consistent habit
of working from life. Your connection with other working artists will provide accountability and
encouragement in the development of your work.
Copy the masters . One of the best ways to learn technique is to study the great drawings
and paintings of art history. Choose a drawing that you absolutely love and try to copy it, stroke for
stroke, tone for tone. This process of imitation will impart volumes of drawing wisdom to you as you
seek to understand how the artist accomplished such a beautiful study.
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About the Author
Alain Picard earned a BA in illustration from Western
Connecticut State University and went on to study at the
Art Students League of New York. Alain cites Sargent,
Degas, and Sorolla among his artistic influences. A love
of light and beauty are immediately apparent in his
pastel and oil paintings.
Alain’s work has been featured in such publications as

The Artist's Magazine and Pastel Journal. He’s garnered
top awards throughout the Northeast in esteemed
exhibitions, including the Portrait Society of America,
the Hudson Valley Art Association, the Connecticut
Society of Portrait Artists, the Connecticut Pastel Society
and the Pastel Society of America. Alain is a Signature
Member of the Pastel Society of America as well as the
Connecticut Pastel Society where he served as president
from 2012 to 2014. In 2004, The Artist’s Magazine
highlighted Alain as one of 20 contemporary artists
“On the Rise.” He later won the Best Portfolio Award
at the 2009 Portrait Society of America Conference in
Washington, DC.
A frequent workshop instructor and demonstrator for

art associations, schools, universities, and museums, he
recently demonstrated at The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Arts Club in New York
City. In an effort to share his passion for art with others, Alain recently published two books, Pastel
Basics and Mastering Pastel, and is featured in a growing collection of instructional art videos. Alain
lives with his wife and two sons in Southbury, CT.
I dedicate this book to my wife, Mirjam. Through every

season and sacrifice this journey has taken us, you have
remained faithful. For that and so much more, I love you.
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PORT3.Interior.r3.

indd 1 28/7/16 2:40 pm

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© 2016 Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc.

Artwork and photographs © Alain Picard

Cover Design: Jacqui Caulton

6 Orchard Road, Suite 100

Visit our blogs at quartoknows.com

This book has been produced to aid the aspiring artist.

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Tools & Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SETTING YOURSELF UP FOR SUCCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

HOLDING THE PENCIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Basic Drawing Techniques . . . . . . . . . 24

THE ILLUSION OF SPACE: PERSPECTIVE BASICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

SHAPE & VOLUME: BASIC SHAPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

LIGHT & SHADOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

DESIGNING A STRONG COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Mastering What You’ve Learned . . . . . 96

SUGAR PALM OVER A RICE FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

What’s Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

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Now, let’s begin.

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There are excellent

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Charcoal and pastel

Sanguine pencils: Sanguine pencils bring warmth

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Hard pastels and Conté crayons

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Drawing board: If you don’t have a

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A value scale is an excellent visual aid in learning to identify correct values.

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Beware of working too close to your drawing!

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Position 2: Loose underhand (reverse)

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Try not to squeeze the pencil—it

Position 3B: Writing (short)

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Hard edge at the

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ANGLES AND MEASUREMENTS

Check angles and angle changes on your subject

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Hold the pencil vertically to check locations