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Microprocessors

A Microprocessor ( or MPU ) is a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) IC package incorporating logic,
memory, control, computer, and/or interface circuits, the whole of which is designed to handle certain
functions. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used
interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor.
Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection
systems for automobiles.

Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:

 Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
 bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
 clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions
per second the processor can execute.
 No. of cores

In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32-bit microprocessor that
runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 25MHz.

In addition to bandwidth and clock speed, microprocessors are classified as being either RISC (reduced
instruction set computer) or CISC (complex instruction set computer)

Microcontrollers

A microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronic devices. It is a type of

microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose
microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). A typical microcontroller contains all the memory and interfaces
needed for a simple application, whereas a general purpose microprocessor requires additional chips to
provide these functions.

A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit with the following key features:

 central processing unit - usually small and simple

 input/output interfaces such as serial ports
 Peripherals such as timers and watchdog circuits
 RAM for data storage
 ROM for program storage
 clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC circuit

This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and PCB space that
would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips.

Microcontrollers are inside many kinds of electronic equipment (embedded system). They are the vast
majority of all processor chips sold. Over 50% are "simple" controllers, and another 20% are more
specialized digital signal processors (DSPs). A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only
one or two general-purpose microprocessors but somewhere between one and two dozen microcontrollers.
They can be found in almost any electrical device, washing machines, microwave ovens, telephones etc.
Microcontrollers are sometimes called embedded microcontrollers, which just means that they are part of
an embedded system -- that is, one part of a larger device or system.

A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

500BC Abacus Mechanical Calculator

1823 Analytical Engine Mechanical Computer Charles Babbage

1889 Hollerith Computer Electro-Mechanical Herman Hollerith

1946 ENIAC ( Electronics Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) Univ. of Pennsylvania

1971 Intel 4004 Microelectronics

Important Events in Computer systems

1971:
4004 This 400-KHz chip was used in Busicom calculators and
arithmetic manipulation. It was the world's first microprocessor, as
well as the first semiconductor device that provided, at the chip level,
the functions of a computer.
1974:
8080 Found in traffic-light controllers, as well as within the Altair
computer (the legendary first PC), the 8080 was the first widely

accepted microprocessor.

1979:
8088 Blistering 5-MHz and 8-MHz models of this chip were the
standard CPUs for all IBM PCs and PC clones at the time. The 8088's
success launched Intel into the ranks of the Fortune 500.

1982:
80286 With the introduction of the 286, a processor family is born.
The 286 was the first chip Intel released to be backward-compatible
with software written for the 8088.
1985:
386 DX The 386 was Intel's first 32-bit desktop chip, comprising
275,000 transistors.

1989:
486 DX The Intel 486 was the first CPU to offer a built-in math
coprocessor, speeding computing by offloading complex math
functions from the central processor.

1994:
Pentium Running at up to 100 MHz, the Pentium processor let
computers more easily incorporate real-world data such as speech,
sound, handwriting, and photographic images.
1995:
Pentium Pro Released in the fall of 1995, the Intel Pentium Pro was
designed to fuel 32-bit server and workstation applications. Each chip
was packaged together with a second speed-enhancing cache memory
chip. The Pentium Pro incorporated 5.5 million transistors.

1996:
Pentium II High-performance desktop and servers came with the 7.5
million-transistor Intel Pentium II, incorporating MMX technology—
designed specifically to process video, audio, and graphics data
efficiently. It was introduced in a single edge contact (SEC) cartridge
that also had a high-speed cache memory chip.

1998:
Pentium II Xeon The Intel Pentium II Xeon was designed for
workstations and servers; systems based on it could be configured to
scale to four or eight processors and beyond. This took multitasking
even further.
1999:
Pentium III Running as fast at 500 MHz, the PIII featured 70 new
instructions—including streaming SIMD extensions—to enhanced
performance, particularly the Internet experience. The
processor incorporates 9.5 million transistors, and was
introduced using 0.25- micron technology.

2000:

AMD has hit the 1GHz mark first with its Athlon processor for
desktop PCs.

Low Voltage Mobile Intel Celeron Designed for the ultraportable

mobile PC, the Celeron provided exceptionally low price points, and it
delivered decent performance for those mobile systems.
Pentium 4 The P4 debuted with 42 million transistors and circuit lines
of 0.18 microns. Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, designed 30
years earlier, ran at 108 kilohertz (108,000 hertz), compared to the
P4's initial speed of 1.5 gigahertz (1.5 billion hertz).

2002:
Pentium 4 3.06 GHz with Hyper-Threading Technology Intel's latest
technology, Hyper-Threading lets one chip simulate two physical
processors, letting it process data more efficiently.

2004:
Low Voltage Intel Pentium M The Pentium M, the 855 chipset, and the
PRO/Wireless 2100 were the three main components of Intel's
Centrino platform. Centrino was designed specifically for portable
computing, with built-in wireless LAN capability and breakthrough
mobile performance.

2005:
Pentium 4 Processor Extreme Edition Running at a whopping 3.8 GHz,
the P4 Extreme Edition was the fastest clocked chip Intel ever
officially released. Gaming enthusiasts worldwide rejoiced.
Pentium D 800 The birth of dual-core! Desktop PCs took advantage of
this new technology, which packed two processor cores into a single
CPU.

2006:
Core Duo Intel's current chip architecture, called Core, was initially
released in 2006. Lauded for its speed and efficient design, the chip
quickly won Intel a dramatic performance lead.

2007:
Core 2 Quad Q6600 Desktop PCs, particularly high-end gaming
systems, featured this 2.4-GHz quad-core processor. Quad-cores are
still considered the bleeding edge of technology today.

2008:
Atom Z540 Designed for UMPCs and other portable devices, the Atom
is Intel's smallest chip. It nevertheless uses some big technologies,
such as the 45nm Hi-k Metal Gate manufacturing technology.

Reporting

Intel Pentium G4560

Intel Core i3-8100
Intel Core i7-8700K
ARM Cortex-A75 Qualcomm
ARM Cortex-A35 Qualcomm
AMD 2990WX
Experiment:
ARDUINO and Arduino learning shield

Exp. 1 1 In and 1 Out

Exp. 2 Multiple In and Out , 4 digit Timer
(light display)
Exp. 3 Serial Communication ( Tx and Rx )
Exp. 4 ADC ( Analog to Digital Conversion ) LM35
Exp. 5 PWM ( Analog Out ) LED
Exp. 6 Using RAM / ROM

Group Project :
Any project w microcontroller with difficulty above the experiments.