ME-662 CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER

A. W. Date
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Mumbai - 400076
India

LECTURE-3 LAWS OF CONVECTION

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LECTURE-3 LAWS OF CONVECTION

1 Fundamental Laws
2 Laws Governing Fluid Motion
3 Navier-Stokes Equations

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Fundamental Laws - L3( 16 )

1 Law of Conservation of Mass ( Transport of Mass )

2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion ( Transport of Momentum )
3 First Law of Thermodynamics ( Transport of Energy )
The first two laws define the fluid motion

The Laws are applied to an infinitesimally small control-volume

located in a moving fluid.

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Modeling a Fluid and its Motion - L3( 16 )

There are Two approaches

1 PARTICLE APPROACH
2 CONTINUUM APPROACH

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Particle Approach - L3( 16 )
1 In the Particle Approach , the fluid is assumed to consist of
particles ( molecules, atoms ) and the laws are applied to
study particle motion. Fluid motion is then described by
statistically averaged motion of a group of particles
2 For most applications arising in engineering and the
environment, this approach is too cumbersome because the
significant dimensions ( L ) of the flow ( eg. Radius of a pipe
or Boundary layer thickness ) are considerably bigger than
the Mean Free Path Length ( MFL ) between molecules.
3 The Avogadro’s number specifies that at normal
temperature ( 25 C ) and pressure ( 1 atm ), a gas will
contain 6.022 × 1026 molecules per kmol. Thus in air, for
example, there will be ' 2 × 1016 molecules per mm3 . MFL
is very small indeed.

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Continuum Approach - L3( 16 )
1 In the Continuum Approach , therefore, statistical averaging
is assumed to have been already performed and the
fundamental laws are applied to portions of fluid ( or,
control-volumes ) that contain a large number of particles.
2 The information lost in averaging must however be
recovered.
3 This is done by invoking some further auxiliary laws and by
empirical specifications of transport properties
1 Viscosity µ , ( Stokes’s Stress-Strain Law )
2 Thermal Conductivity k ( Fourier’s Law )
3 Mass-Diffusivity D ( Fick’s Law )
4 The transport properties are typically determined from
experiments.

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Knudsen Number - L3( 16 )

1 Knudsen Number Kn is defined as

l
Kn ≡
L
where l is MFL and L is characteristic Flow-dimension
2 Continuum Approach is considered valid when Kn < 10−4 .
3 In Micro-Channels , Particle Approach becomes necessary
because L is very small.

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Control Volume Definition L3( 16 )

1 Control Volume ( CV ) is defined as

A region in space across the boundaries of which matter,
energy and momentum may flow and, it is a region within
which source or sink of the same quantities may prevail.
Further, it is a region on which external forces may act.
2 In general, a CV may be large or infinitesimally small.
However, consistent with the idea of a differential in a
continuum , an infinitesimally small CV is considered.
3 The CV is located within a moving fluid. Again, two
approaches are possible:
1 Lagrangian Approach
2 Eulerian Approach

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Lagrangian/Eulerian Approach L3( 16 )
1 In the Lagrangian Approach , the CV is considered to be
moving with the fluid as a whole.
2 In the Eulerian Approach , the CV is assumed fixed in
space and the fluid is assumed to flow through and past the
CV.
3 Except when dealing with certain types of unsteady flows (
waves, for example ), the Eulerian approach is generally
used for its notional simplicity.
4 Measurements made using Stationary Instruments ( Pitot
Tube, Hot-wire, Laser-Doppler ) can be directly compared
with the solutions of differential equations obtained using
the Eulerian approach.
5 We shall prefer Continuum + Eulerian Approach

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Resolution of Total Vectors L3( 16 )
U3

TOTAL VECTOR
1 The fundamental laws B2 EULERIAN
3D CONTROL VOLUME
define total flows of B1
U1
mass, momentum and B3

energy not only in terms ∆ X2

of magnitude but also in X2

∆ X3

terms of direction . X1 ∆ X1
U2

2 In a general problem of X3

convection, neither The problem of ignorance of

magnitude nor direction direction is circumvented by
are known apriori at resolving velocity, force and
different positions in the scalar fluxes in three directions
flowing fluid. that define the space.

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Law of Mass Conservation -I L3( 16 )
ρ U3
m
Statement ∆ V = ∆ X1 ∆ X2 ∆ X3
∆ A1 = ∆ X2 ∆ X3
Rate of accumulation of ∆ A2 = ∆ X1 ∆ X3
∆ A3 = ∆ X2 ∆ X1

mass ( Ṁac ) =
ρ U1
Rate of mass in ( Ṁin ) m

- Rate of mass out (Ṁout ) ∆ X2

∆ X3
∂(ρm ∆V ) X2
Ṁac = ∂t
X1 ρ U2 ∆ X1
m
X3

Ṁin = ρm ∆A1 u1 |x1 +

ρm ∆A2 u2 |x2 + ρm ∆A3 u3 |x3 ρm = Bulk-Fluid or Mixture
Density
Ṁout = ρm ∆A1 u1 |x1 +∆x1 + Substitute and Divide each term
ρm ∆A2 u2 |x2 +∆x2 + by ∆V
ρm ∆A3 u3 |x3 +∆x3

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Law of Mass Conservation -II L3( 16 )
∂ρm (ρm u1 |x1 − ρm u1 |x1 +∆x1 ) (ρm u2 |x2 − ρm u2 |x2 ∆x2 )
= +
∂t ∆x1 ∆x2
(ρm u3 |x3 − ρm u3 |x3 +∆x3 )
+
∆x3
Let ∆x1 , ∆x2 , ∆x3 → 0
∂ρm ∂(ρm u1 ) ∂(ρm u2 ) ∂(ρm u3 )
+ + + =0 (1)
∂t ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
Alternate Non-Conservative Form
 
∂ρm ∂ρm ∂ρm ∂ρm ∂u1 ∂u2 ∂u3
+ u1 + u2 + u3 = − ρm + +
∂t ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3 ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
D ρm
= −ρm 5 . V (2)
Dt
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Newton’s Second Law of Motion - I L3( 11
16 )
σ 3
Statement σ 2
For a Given Direction τ 21
Rate of accumulation of τ 13 τ 31 τ 12
τ 23
momentum ( Mom ˙ ac ) = σ 1 τ 32 B2
σ 1
τ 12 B1 τ 32
τ 23 τ 13
˙ in ) B3 τ 31
Rate of momentum in ( Mom τ 21
σ 3

- Rate of momentum out (Ṁout ) σ 2

+ Sum of forces acting on the CV τ - shear stresses ( N / m2 )

(Fcv ) σ - normal stresses ( N / m2 )
B - Body forces ( N / kg )
3 equations in 3 directions

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Newton’s Second Law of Motion - II L3( 16 )
In Direction-1
∂(ρm ∆V u1 )
Momac =
∂t
Momin = (ρm ∆A1 u1 ) u1 |x1 + (ρm ∆A2 u2 ) u1 |x2
+ (ρm ∆A3 u3 ) u1 |x3
Momout = (ρm ∆A1 u1 ) u1 |x1 +∆x1 + (ρm ∆A2 u2 ) u1 |x2 +∆x2
+ (ρm ∆A3 u3 ) u1 |x3 +∆x3
Fcv = − (σ1 |x1 − σ1 |x1 +∆x1 ) ∆A1
+ (τ21 |x2 +∆x2 − τ21 |x2 ) ∆A2
+ (τ31 |x3 +∆x3 − τ31 |x3 ) ∆A3
+ ρm B1 ∆V

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Newton’s Second Law of Motion - III L3( 13
16 )
In Direction-1 Substitute, Divide each term by ∆V and let
∆x1 , ∆x2 , ∆x3 → 0

∂(ρm u1 ) ∂(ρm u1 u1 ) ∂(ρm u2 u1 ) ∂(ρm u3 u1 )

+ + +
∂t ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
∂(σ1 ) ∂(τ21 ) ∂(τ31 )
= + + + ρ m B1 (3)
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
This is Momentum equation in X1 direction
LHS ≡ Net Rate of Change of Momentum in X1 direction
RHS ≡ Net Forces in X1 direction

Exercise: Similar procedure in Directions 2 and 3.

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Tensor Notation L3( 14
16 )

Mass Conservation equation

∂(ρm ) ∂(ρm uj )
+ =0 (4)
∂t ∂xj

Momentum equation in Xi direction ( 3 equations )

∂(ρm ui ) ∂(ρm uj ui ) ∂ ∂
+ = [σi δij ] + [τji (1 − δij )] + ρm Bi (5)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj

for i = 1,2,3 and j = 1,2,3 ( cyclic ). δij = kronecker delta

Closure Problem: 4 equations and 12 unknowns
ui ( 3 ), σi ( 3 ), τij ( 6 )

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Stokes’s Stress-Strain Laws L3( 16 )
σ 3

σ 2
1 Shear Stress τ 21
τ 13 τ 31 τ 12
τ 23
 
∂ui ∂uj σ τ 32
τij = µ + (6) 1 B2
σ
∂xj ∂xi τ 12 B1 τ 32 1

τ 23 τ 13
B3 τ 31
2 Therefore, τij = τji τ 21
σ 3
( Complementary Stress )
σ 2
3 Normal Stress ( Tensile )
Now, we have 4 equations
∂ui
σi = −p+2µ (7) and 4 unknowns:
∂xi ui ( 3 ) and p.
= − p + τii (8) Fluid Viscosity µ must be
supplied. See next slide

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Navier - Stokes Equations L3( 16
16 )
Mass Conservation equation

∂(ρm ) ∂(ρm uj )
+ =0 (9)
∂t ∂xj

Momentum equation in Xi direction ( 3 equations )

 
∂(ρm ui ) ∂(ρm uj ui ) ∂p ∂ ∂ui
+ = − + µ
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
 
∂ ∂uj
+ ρ m Bi + µ (10)
∂xj ∂xi

These are known as Navier - Stokes Equations . They describe

fluid motion completely.

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