7

Learner’s Material
Module 2

This instructional material was collaboratively

developed and reviewed by educators from public and
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teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the
Department of Education at [email protected].

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Mathematics – Grade 7
Learner’s Material
First Edition, 2013
ISBN: 978-971-9990-60-4

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Yolanda S. Quijano, Ph.D.
Assistant Secretary: Elena R. Ruiz, Ph.D.

Development Team of the Learner’s Material

Consultant: Ian June L. Garces, Ph.D.

Authors: Elizabeth R. Aseron, Angelo D. Armas, Allan M. Canonigo,

Ms. Jasmin T. Dullete, Flordeliza F. Francisco, Ph.D., Ian June L. Garces,
Ph.D., Eugenia V. Guerra, Phoebe V. Guerra, Almira D. Lacsina, Rhett
Anthony C. Latonio, Lambert G. Quesada, Ma. Christy R. Reyes, Rechilda P.
Villame, Debbie Marie B. Verzosa, Ph.D., and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ph.D.

Editor: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ph.D.

Reviewers: Melvin M. Callanta, Sonia Javier, and Corazon Lomibao

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E-mail Address: [email protected]

ii
 Table of Contents
Measurement
Lesson 15: Measurement and Measuring Length ………………... 91
Lesson 16: Measuring Weight/Mass and Volume ………………... 99
Lesson 17: Measuring Angles, Time, and Temperature ………… 106

3
Lesson 15: Measurement and Measuring Length

Prerequisite Concepts: Real Numbers and Operations

About the Lesson:

This is a lesson on the English and Metric System of Measurement and using
these systems to measure length. Since these systems are widely used in our
community, a good grasp of this concept will help you be more accurate in dealing
with concepts involving length such as distance, perimeter, and area.

Objective
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe what it means to measure;
2. Describe the development of measurement from the primitive to the present
international system of unit;
3. Estimate or approximate length;
4. Use appropriate instruments to measure length;
5. Convert length measurement from one unit to another, including the English
system;
6. Solve problems involving length, perimeter and area.

Lesson Proper
A.
I. Activity:
Determine the dimension of the following using only parts of your arms. Record your
results in the table below. Choose a classmate and compare your results.

Sheet of
Teacher’s Table Classroom
Intermediate Paper
Length Width Length Width Length Width
Arm part used*

Measurement
Comparison to:
(classmate’s
name)
* For the arm part, please use any of the following only: the palm, the handspan, and
the forearm length

Important Terms to Remember:

 palm – the width of one’s hand excluding the thumb
 handspan – the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger
of one’s hand with fingers spread apart.
 forearm length – the length of one’s forearm: the distance from the elbow to
the tip of the middle finger.

4
Answer the following questions:

1. What was your reason for choosing which arm part to use? Why?
2. Did you experience any difficulty when you were doing the actual measuring?
3. Were there differences in your data and your classmate’s data?
Were the differences significant? What do you think caused those differences?

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions in the opening activity:
1. What is the appropriate arm part to use in measuring the length and width of the
sheet of paper? of the teacher’s table? Of the classroom? What was your reason
for choosing which arm part to use? Why?
 While all of the units may be used, there are appropriate units of
measurement to be used depending on the length you are trying to measure.
 For the sheet of paper, the palm is the appropriate unit to use since the
handspan and the forearm length is too long.
 For the teacher’s table, either the palm or the handspan will do but the
forearm length might be too long to get an accurate measurement.
 For the classroom, the palm and handspan may be used but you may end up
with a lot of repetitions. The best unit to use would be the forearm length.
2. Did you experience any difficulty when you were doing the actual measuring?
The difficulties you may have experienced might include having to use too many
repetitions.
3. Were there differences in your data and your classmate’s data? Were the
differences significant? What do you think caused those differences?

If you and your partner vary a lot in height, then chances are your forearm
length, handspan, and palm may also vary, leading to different measurements of the
same thing.

History of Measurement
One of the earliest tools that human beings invented was the unit of
measurement. In olden times, people needed measurement to determine how long
or wide things are; things they needed to build their houses or make their clothes.
Later, units of measurement were used in trade and commerce. In the 3rd century BC
Egypt, people used their body parts to determine measurements of things; the same
body parts that you used to measure the assigned things to you.
The forearm length, as described in the table below, was called a cubit. The
handspan was considered a half cubit while the palm was considered 1/6 of a cubit.
Go ahead, check out how many handspans your forearm length is. The Egyptians
came up with these units to be more accurate in measuring different lengths.
However, using these units of measurement had a disadvantage. Not
everyone had the same forearm length. Discrepancies arose when the people
started comparing their measurements to one another because measurements of the
same thing differed, depending on who was measuring it. Because of this, these
units of measurement are called non-standard units of measurement which later on
evolved into what is now the inch, foot and yard, basic units of length in the English
system of measurement.

5
III. Exercise:
1. Can you name other body measurements which could have been used as a
non-standard unit of measurement? Do some research on other non-standard
units of measurement used by people other than the Egyptians.
2. Can you relate an experience in your community where a non-standard unit of
measurement was used?

B.
I. Activity
Determine the dimension of the following using the specified English units only.
Record your results in the table below. Choose a classmate and compare your
results.

Sheet of Intermediate
Teacher’s Table Classroom
Paper
Length Width Length Width Length Width
Arm part
used*
Measurement
Comparison
to:
(classmate’s
name)

For the unit used, choose which of the following SHOULD be used: inch or foot.

Answer the following questions:

1. What was your reason for choosing which unit to use? Why?
2. Did you experience any difficulty when you were doing the actual measuring?
3. Were there differences in your data and your classmate’s data? Were the
differences as big as the differences when you used non-standard units of
measurement? What do you think caused those differences?

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions in the activity above:
1. What was your reason for choosing which unit to use? Why?
 For the sheet of paper, the appropriate unit to use is inches since its length
and width might be shorter than a foot.
 For the table and the classroom, a combination of both inches and feet may
be used for accuracy and convenience of not having to deal with a large
number.
2. What difficulty, if any, did you experience when you were doing the actual
measuring?
3. Were there differences in your data and your classmate’s data? Were the
differences as big as the differences when you used non-standard units of
measurement? What do you think caused those differences?

6
  If you and your partner used the steel tape correctly, both your data should
have little or no difference at all. The difference should not be as big or as
significant as the difference when non-standard units of measurement were
used. The slight difference might be caused by how accurately you tried to
measure each dimension or by how you read the ticks on the steel tape. In
doing actual measurement, a margin of error should be considered.

History of Measurement (Continued)

As mentioned in the first activity, the inch, foot and yard are said to be based
on the cubit. They are the basic units of length of the English System of
Measurement, which also includes units for mass, volume, time, temperature and
angle. Since the inch and foot are both units of length, each can be converted into
the other. Here are the conversion factors, as you may recall from previous lessons:
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
For long distances, the mile is used:
1 mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet
Converting from one unit to another might be tricky at first, so an organized
way of doing it would be a good starting point. As the identity property of
multiplication states, the product of any value and 1 is the value itself. Consequently,
dividing a value by the same value would be equal to one. Thus, dividing a unit by
its equivalent in another unit is equal to 1. For example:
1 foot / 12 inches = 1
3 feet / 1 yard = 1
These conversion factors may be used to convert from one unit to another. Just
remember that you’re converting from one unit to another so cancelling same units
would guide you in how to use your conversion factors. For example:

1. Convert 36 inches into feet:

1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
36 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 𝟑𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕
12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

2. Convert 2 miles into inches:

5280 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 2𝑥5280𝑥12
2 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑥 1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑥 1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔, 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
1𝑥1

Again, since the given measurement was multiplied by conversion factors which are
equal to 1, only the unit was converted but the given length was not changed.
Try it yourself.

III. Exercise:

Convert the following lengths into the desired unit:

1. Convert 30 inches to feet
2. Convert 130 yards to inches
3. Sarah is running in a 42-mile marathon. How many more feet does Sarah need
to run if she has already covered 64,240 yards?

7
C.
I. Activity:
Answer the following questions:
1. When a Filipina girl is described as 1.7 meters tall, would she be considered tall
or short? How about if the Filipina girl is described as 5 ft, 7 inches tall, would
she be considered tall or short?
2. Which particular unit of height were you more familiar with? Why?

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions in the activity above:
1. When a Filipina girl is described as 1.7 meters tall, would she be considered tall
or short? How about if the Filipina girl is described as 5 ft, 7 inches tall, would
she be considered tall or short?
 Chances are, you would find it difficult to answer the first question. As for the
second question, a Filipina girl with a height of 5 feet, 7 inches would be
considered tall by Filipino standards.
2. Which particular unit of height were you more familiar with? Why?
 Again, chances are you would be more familiar with feet and inches since
feet and inches are still being widely used in measuring and describing height
here in the Philippines.

History of Measurement (Continued)

The English System of Measurement was widely used until the 1800s and the
1900s when the Metric System of Measurement started to gain ground and became
the most used system of measurement worldwide. First described by Belgian
Mathematician Simon Stevin in his booklet, De Thiende (The Art of Tenths) and
proposed by English philosopher, John Wilkins, the Metric System of Measurement
was first adopted by France in 1799. In 1875, the General Conference on Weights
and Measures (Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM) was tasked to
define the different measurements. By 1960, CGPM released the International
System of Units (SI) which is now being used by majority of the countries with the
biggest exception being the United States of America. Since our country used to be a
colony of the United States, the Filipino people were schooled in the use of the
English instead of the Metric System of Measurement. Thus, the older generation of
Filipinos is more comfortable with English System rather than the Metric System
although the Philippines have already adopted the Metric System as its official
system of measurement.

The Metric System of Measurement is easier to use than the English System
of Measurement since its conversion factors would consistently be in the decimal
system, unlike the English System of Measurement where units of lengths have
different conversion factors. Check out the units used in your steep tape measure,
most likely they are inches and centimeters. The base unit for length is the meter and

8
units longer or shorter than the meter would be achieved by adding prefixes to the
base unit. These prefixes may also be used for the base units for mass, volume, time
and other measurements. Here are the common prefixes used in the Metric System:

Prefix Symbol Factor

tera T x 1,000,000,000,000
giga G x 1,000,000,000
mega M x 1,000,000
kilo k x 1,000
hecto h x 100
deka da x 10
deci d x 1/10
centi c x 1/100
milli m x 1/1,000
micro µ x 1/1,000,000
nano n x 1/1,000,000,000
For example:
1 kilometer = 1000 meters
1 millimeter = 1/1000 meter or 1000 millimeters = 1 meter

These conversion factors may be used to convert from big to small units or vice
versa. For example:

1. Convert 3 km to m:
1,000 𝑚
3 𝑘𝑚 𝑥 1 𝑘𝑚 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎

2. Convert 10 mm to m:
1𝑚 1
10 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝑚 = 100 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒎

As you can see in the examples above, any length or distance may be measured
using the appropriate English or Metric units. In the question about the Filipina girl
whose height was expressed in meters, her height can be converted to the more
familiar feet and inches. So, in the Philippines where the official system of
measurements is the Metric System yet the English System continues to be used, or
as long as we have relatives and friends residing in the United States, knowing how
to convert from the English System to the Metric System (or vice versa) would be
useful. The following are common conversion factors for length:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
3.3 feet ≈ 1 meter

For example:
Convert 20 inches to cm:
2.54 𝑐𝑚
20 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 𝑖𝑛 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟖𝒄𝒎

9
III. Exercise:
1. Using the tape measure, determine the length of each of the following in cm.
Convert these lengths to meters.

Palm Handspan Forearm

Length
Centimeters

Meters

2. Using the data in the table above, estimate the lengths of the following without
using the steel tape measure or ruler:

Length of
your Foot
Length of Height of Length of
from the Tip
Ballpen Window the the
of your Heel
Pane Chalkboard Chalkboard
to the Tip of
your Toes
Non-
standard
Unit
Metric Unit

3. Using the data from table 1, convert the dimensions of the sheet of paper,
teacher’s table and the classroom into Metric units. Recall past lessons on
perimeter and area and fill in the appropriate columns:

Sheet of Intermediate
Teacher’s Table Classroom
Paper
Peri- Peri- Peri-
Length Width Area Length Width Area Length Width Area
meter meter meter
English
Units
Metric
Units

4. Two friends, Zale and En zo, run in marathons. Zale finished a 21-km marathon
in Cebu while Enzo finished a 15-mile marathon in Los Angeles. Who between
the two ran a longer distance? By how many meters?

5. Georgia wants to fence her square garden, which has a side of 20 feet, with two
rows of barb wire. The store sold barb wire by the meter at Php12/meter. How
much money will Georgia need to buy the barb wire she needs?

6. A rectangular room has a floor area of 32 square meters. How many tiles, each
measuring 50 cm x 50 cm, are needed to cover the entire floor?

10
Summary
In this lesson, you learned: 1) that ancient Egyptians used units of
measurement based on body parts such as the cubit and the half cubit. The cubit is
the length of the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger; 2) that the
inch and foot, the units for length of the English System of Measurement, are
believed to be based on the cubit; 3) that the Metric System of Measurement
became the dominant system in the 1900s and is now used by most of the countries
with a few exceptions, the biggest exception being the United States of America; 4)
that it is appropriate to use short base units of length for measuring short lengths and
long units of lengths to measure long lengths or distances; 5) how to convert
common English units of length into other English units of length using conversion
factors; 6) that the Metric System of Measurement is based on the decimal system
and is therefore easier to use; 7) that the Metric System of Measurement has a base
unit for length (meter) and prefixes to signify long or short lengths or distances; 8)
how to estimate lengths and distances using your arm parts and their equivalent
Metric lengths; 9) how to convert common Metric units of length into other Metric
units of length using the conversion factors based on prefixes; 10) how to convert
common English units of length into Metric units of length (and vice versa) using
conversion factors; 11) how to solve length, perimeter and area problems using
English and Metric units.

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Lesson 16: Measuring Weight/Mass and Volume

Prerequisite Concepts: Basic concepts of measurement, measurement of length

About the Lesson:

This is a lesson on measuring volume and mass/weight and converting its
units from one to another. A good grasp of this concept is essential since volume and
weight are commonplace and have practical applications.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. estimate or approximate measures of weight/mass and volume;
2. use appropriate instruments to measure weight/mass and volume;
3. convert weight/mass and volume measurements from one unit to another,
including the English system;
4. Solve problems involving weight/mass and volume/capacity.

Lesson Proper
A.
I. Activity:
Read the following narrative to help you review the concept of volume.

Volume
Volume is the amount of space an object contains or occupies. The volume of
a container is considered to be the capacity of the container. This is measured by the
number of cubic units or the amount of fluid it can contain and not the amount of
space the container occupies. The base SI unit for volume is the cubic meter (m 3).
Aside from cubic meter, another commonly used metric unit for volume of solids is
the cubic centimeter (cm3 or cc) while the commonly used metric units for volume of
fluids are the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).

Hereunder are the volume formulae of some regularly-shaped objects:

Cube: Volume = edge x edge x edge (V = e3)
Rectangular prism: Volume = length x width x height (V = lwh)
Triangular prism: Volume = ½ x base of the triangular base x height of the
triangular base x Height of the prism
1
(𝑉 = (2 𝑏ℎ)𝐻)

Cylinder: Volume = π x (radius)2 x height of the cylinder (V = πr2h)

Other common regularly-shaped objects are the different pyramids, the cone
and the sphere. The volumes of different pyramids depend on the shape of its base.

Here are their formulae:

Square-based pyramids: Volume = 1/3 x (side of base)2 x height of
pyramid (V = 1/3 s2h)
Rectangle-based pyramid: Volume=1/3 x length of the base x width of
the base x height of pyramid (V = 1/3 lwh)

12
 Triangle-based pyramid: Volume = 1/3 x ½ x base of the triangle x
height of the triangle x Height of the pyramid
1 1
(𝑉 = 3 (2 𝑏ℎ)𝐻)
Cone: Volume = 1/3 x π x (radius)2 x height
Sphere: Volume = 4/3 x πx (radius)3 (V = 4/3 πr3)
Here are some examples:

1. V = lwh = 3 m x 4 m x 5 m
= (3 x 4 x 5) x (m x m x m) = 60 m3

5
m
4
3
m
m

2. V = 1/3 lwh = 1/3 x 3 m x 4 m x 5 m

5 = (1/3 x 3 x 4 x 5) x (m x m x m) = 20 m3
m

4
3m
m
Answer the following questions:
1. Cite a practical application of volume.
2. What do you notice about the parts of the formulas that have been underlined?
Come up with a general formula for the volume of all the given prisms and for the
cylinder.
3. What do you notice about the parts of the formulas that have been shaded?
Come up with a general formula for the volume of all the given pyramids and
for the cone.

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions in the opening activity:
1. Cite a practical application of volume.
Volume is widely used from baking to construction. Baking requires a degree of
precision in the measurement of the ingredients to be used thus measuring
spoons and cups are used. In construction, volume is used to measure the size
of a room, the amount of concrete needed to create a specific column or beam or
the amount of water a water tank could hold.
2. What do you notice about the parts of the formulas that have been underlined?
Come up with a general formula for the volume of all the given prisms and for the
cylinder.
The formulas that have been underlined are formulas for area. The general
formula for the volume of the given prisms and cylinder is just the area of the
base of the prisms or cylinder times the height of the prism or cylinder
(V = Abaseh).

13
3. What do you notice about the parts of the formulas that have been shaded?
Come up with a general formula for the volume of all the given pyramids and for
the cone.
The formulas that have been shaded are formulas for the volume of prisms or
cylinders. The volume of the given pyramids is just 1/3 of the volume of a prism
whose base and height are equal to that of the pyramid while the formula for the
cone is just 1/3 of the volume of a cylinder with the same base and height as the
cone (V = 1/3 Vprism or cylinder).

III. Exercise:
Answer the following items. Show your solution.
1. How big is a Toblerone box (triangular prism) if its triangular side has a base of 3
cm and a height of 4.5 cm and the box’s height is 25 cm?
2. How much water is in a cylindrical tin can with a radius of 7 cm and a height of 20
cm if it is only a quarter full?
3. Which of the following occupies more space, a ball with a radius of 4 cm or a
cube with an edge of 60 mm?

B.
I. Activity
Materials Needed:
Ruler / Steel tape measure
Different regularly-shaped objects (brick, cylindrical drinking glass, balikbayan
box)
Determine the dimension of the following using the specified metric units only.
Record your results in the table below and compute for each object’s volume using
the unit used to measure the object’s dimensions. Complete the table by
expressing/converting the volume using the specified units.

Drinking
Brick Balikbayan Box Classroom
Glass
Length Width Height Radius Height Length Width Height Length Width Height
Unit used*
Measurement
cm3
m3
Volume
in3
ft3
For the unit used, choose ONLY one: centimeter or meter.

Answer the following questions:

1. What was your reason for choosing which unit to use? Why?
2. How did you convert the volume from cc to m3 or vice versa?
3. How did you convert the volume from cc to the English units for volume?

14
 Volume (continued)
The English System of Measurement also has its own units for measuring
volume or capacity. The commonly used English units for volume are cubic feet (ft 3)
or cubic inches (in3) while the commonly used English units for fluid volume are the
pint, quart or gallon. Recall from the lesson on length and area that while the
Philippine government has mandated the use of the Metric system, English units are
still very much in use in our society so it is an advantage if we know how to convert
from the English to the Metric system and vice versa. Recall as well from the
previous lesson on measuring length that a unit can be converted into another unit
using conversion factors. Hereunder are some of the conversion factors which would
help you convert given volume units into the desired volume units:

1 m3 = 1 million cm3 1 gal = 3.79 L

1 ft3 = 1,728 in3 1 gal = 4 quarts
1 in3 = 16.4 cm3 1 quart = 2 pints
1 m3 = 35.3 ft3 1 pint = 2 cups
1 cup = 16 tablespoons
1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons

Since the formula for volume only requires length measurements, another
alternative to converting volume from one unit to another is to convert the object’s
dimensions into the desired unit before solving for the volume.

For example:
1. How much water, in cubic centimeters, can a cubical water tank hold if it
has an edge of 3 meters?

Solution 1 (using a conversion factor):

i. Volume = e3 = (3 m)3 = 27 m3
ii. 27 m3 x 1 million cm3 /1 m3 = 27 million cm3

Solution 2 (converting dimensions first):

i. 3 m x 100 cm / 1 m = 300 cm
ii. Volume = e3 = (300 cm)3 = 27 million cm3

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions in the activity above:
1. What was your reason for choosing which unit to use?
Any unit on the measuring instrument may be used but the decision on what
unit to use would depend on how big the object is. In measuring the brick, the
glass and the balikbayan box, the appropriate unit to use would be
centimeter. In measuring the dimensions of the classroom, the appropriate
unit to use would be meter.
2. How did you convert the volume from cc to m3 or vice versa?
Possible answer would be converting the dimensions to the desired units first
before solving for the volume.
3. How did you convert the volume from cc or m3 to the English units for volume?
Possible answer would be by converting the dimensions into English units
first before solving for the volume.

15
III. Exercises:
Answer the following items. Show your solutions.
1. Convert 10 m3 to ft3
2. Convert 12 cups to mL
3. A cylindrical water tank has a diameter of 4 feet and a height of 7 feet while a
water tank shaped like a rectangular prism has a length of 1 m, a width of 2
meters and a height of 2 meters. Which of the two tanks can hold more water?
By how many cubic meters?

C.
I. Activity:
Problem: The rectangular water tank of a fire truck measures 3 m by 4 m by 5 m.
How many liters of water can the fire truck hold?

Volume (Continued)
While capacities of containers are obtained by measuring its dimensions, fluid
volume may also be expressed using Metric or English units for fluid volume such as
liters or gallons. It is then essential to know how to convert commonly used units for
volume into commonly used units for measuring fluid volume.
While the cubic meter is the SI unit for volume, the liter is also widely
accepted as a SI-derived unit for capacity. In 1964, after several revisions of its
definition, the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) finally defined
a liter as equal to one cubic decimeter. Later, the letter L was also accepted as the
symbol for liter.
This conversion factor may also be interpreted in other ways. Check out the
conversion factors below:
1 L = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cc
1000 L = 1 m3

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the problem above:
Step 1: V = lwh Step 2: 60 m3 x 1,000 L / 1 m3 = 60,000 L
= 3m x 4m x 5m
= 60 m3

III. Exercise:
Answer the following items. Show your solution.
1. A spherical fish bowl has a radius of 21 cm. How many mL of water is needed to
fill half the bowl?
2. A rectangular container van needs to be filled with identical cubical balikbayan
boxes. If the container van’s length, width and height are 16 ft, 4 ft and 6ft,
respectively, while each balikbayan box has an edge of 2 ft, what is the
maximum number of balikbayan boxes that can be placed inside the van?
3. A drinking glass has a height of 4 in, a length of 2 in and a width of 2 in while a
baking pan has a width of 4 in, a length of 8 in and a depth of 2 in. If the baking
pan is to be filled with water up to half its depth using the drinking glass, how
many glasses full of water would be needed?

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D.
Activity:
Fill the table below according to the column headings. Choose which of the available
instruments is the most appropriate in measuring the given object’s weight. For the
weight, choose only one of the given units.

Instrument* Weight
Gram Kilogram Pound
¢25-coin

₱5-coin
Small toy
marble
Piece of brick

Yourself
*Available instruments: triple-beam balance, nutrition (kitchen) scale, bathroom scale

Answer the following questions:

1. What was your reason for choosing which instrument to use?
2. What was your reason for choosing which unit to use?
3. What other kinds of instruments for measuring weight do you know?
4. What other units of weight do you know?

Mass / Weight
In common language, mass and weight are used interchangeably although
weight is the more popular term. Oftentimes in daily life, it is the mass of the given
object which is called its weight. However, in the scientific community, mass and
weight are two different measurements. Mass refers to the amount of matter an
object has while weight is the gravitational force acting on an object.
Weight is often used in daily life, from commerce to food production. The
base SI unit for weight is the kilogram (kg) which is almost exactly equal to the mass
of one liter of water. For the English System of Measurement, the base unit for
weight is the pound (lb). Since both these units are used in Philippine society,
knowing how to convert from pound to kilogram or vice versa is important. Some of
the more common Metric units are the gram (g) and the milligram (mg) while another
commonly used English unit for weight is ounces (oz). Here are some of the
conversion factors for these units:
1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 g = 1000 mg 1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 kg = 1000 g 1 lb = 16 oz

Use these conversion factors to convert common weight units to the desired unit.

For example:
1 𝑘𝑔
Convert 190 lb to kg: 190 𝑙𝑏 𝑥 2.2 𝑙𝑏
= 86.18 𝑘𝑔

17
II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)
1. What was your reason for choosing which instrument to use?
Possible reasons would include how heavy the object to be weighed to the
capacity of the weighing instrument.
2. What was your reason for choosing which unit to use?
The decision on which unit to use would depend on the unit used by the
weighing instrument. This decision will also be influenced by how heavy the
object is.
3. What other kinds of instruments for measuring weight do you know?
Other weighing instruments include the two-pan balance, the spring scale,
the digital scales.
4. What other common units of weight do you know?
Possible answers include ounce, carat, and ton.

III. Exercise:
Answer the following items. Show your solution.
1. Complete the table above by converting the measured weight into the specified
units.
2. When Sebastian weighed his balikbayan box, its weight was 34 kg. When he got
to the airport, he found out that the airline charged $5 for each lb in excess of the
free baggage allowance of 50 lb. How much will Sebastian pay for the excess
weight?
3. A forwarding company charges Php1,100 for the first 20 kg and Php60 for each
succeeding 2 kg for freight sent to Europe. How much do you need to pay for a
box weighing 88 lb?

Summary
In this lesson, you learned: 1) how to determine the volume of selected
regularly-shaped solids; 2) that the base SI unit for volume is the cubic meter; 3) how
to convert Metric and English units of volume from one to another; 4) how to solve
problems involving volume or capacity; 5) that mass and weight are two different
measurements and that what is commonly referred to as weight in daily life is
actually the mass; 6) how to use weighing intruments to measure the mass/weight of
objects and people; 7) how to convert common Metric and English units of weight
from one to another; 8) how to solve problems involving mass / weight.

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Lesson 17: Measuring Angles, Time and Temperature

Prerequisite Concepts: Basic concepts of measurement, ratios

About the Lesson:

This lesson should reinforce your prior knowledge and skills on measuring
angle, time and temperature as well as meter reading. A good understanding of this
concept would not only be useful in your daily lives but would also help you in
geometry and physical sciences.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. estimate or approximate measures of angle, time and temperature;
2. use appropriate instruments to measure angles, time and temperature;
3. solve problems involving time, speed, temperature, and utilities usage
(meter reading).

Lesson Proper
A.
I. Activity:
Material needed:
Protractor
Use your protractor to measure the angles given below. Write your answer on the
line provided.

1.__________ 2._____________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________

Angles
Derived from the Latin word angulus, which means corner, an angle is
defined as a figure formed when two rays share a common endpoint called the
vertex. Angles are measured either in degree or radian measures. A protractor is
used to determine the measure of an angle in degrees. In using the protractor, make
sure that the cross bar in the middle of the protractor is aligned with the vertex and
one of the legs of the angle is aligned with one side of the line passing through the
cross bar. The measurement of the angle is determined by its other leg.

Answer the following items:

1. Estimate the measurement of the angle below. Use your protractor to check your
estimate.

Estimate _______________
Measurement using the protractor _______

19
2. What difficulties did you meet in using your protractor to measure the angles?
3. What can be done to improve your skill in estimating angle measurements?

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-activity discussion):

1. Estimate the measurement of the angles below. Use your protractor to check your
estimates.
Measurement = 50
2. What difficulties did you meet in using your protractor to measure the angles?
One of the difficulties you may encounter would be on the use of the protractor
and the angle orientation. Aligning the cross bar and base line of the protractor
with the vertex and an angle leg, respectively, might prove to be confusing at
first, especially if the angle opens in the clockwise orientation. Another difficulty
arises if the length of the leg is too short such that it won’t reach the tick marks
on the protractor. This can be remedied by extending the leg.
3. What can be done to improve your skill in estimating angle measurements?
You may familiarize yourself with the measurements of the common angles like
the angles in the first activity and use these angles in estimating the
measurement of other angles.

III. Exercise:
Estimate the measurement of the given angles, then check your estimates by
measuring the same angles using your protractor.

Angle

A B C

Estimate Measurement

B.
I. Activity
Problem: An airplane bound for Beijing took off from the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport at 11:15 a.m. Its estimated time of arrival in Beijing is at1550 hrs. The
distance from Manila to Beijing is 2839 km.

1. What time (in standard time) is the plane supposed to arrive in Beijing?
2. How long is the flight?
3. What is the plane’s average speed?

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 Time and Speed
The concept of time is very basic and is integral in the discussion of other
concepts such as speed. Currently, there are two types of notation in stating time,
the 12-hr notation (standard time) or the 24-hr notation (military or astronomical
time). Standard time makes use of a.m. and p.m. to distinguish between the time
from 12midnight to 12 noon (a.m. or ante meridiem) and from 12 noon to 12 midnight
(p.m. or post meridiem). This sometimes leads to ambiguity when the suffix of a.m.
and p.m. are left out. Military time prevents this ambiguity by using the 24-hour
notation where the counting of the time continues all the way to 24. In this notation,
1:00 p.m. is expressed as 1300 hours or 5:30 p.m. is expressed as 1730 hours.
Speed is the rate of an object’s change in position along a line. Average
speed is determined by dividing the distance travelled by the time spent to cover the
distance (Speed = distance/time or S = d/t, read as “distance per time”). The base SI unit
for speed is meters per second (m/s). The commonly used unit for speed is Kilometers/hour
(kph or km/h) for the Metric system and miles/hour (mph or mi/hr) for the English
system.

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions in the activity above:
1. What time (in standard time) is the plane supposed to arrive in Beijing?
3:50 p.m.
2. How long is the flight?
1555 hrs – 1115 hrs = 4 hrs, 40 minutes or 4.67 hours
3. What is the plane’s average speed?
S = d/t
= 2839 km / 4.67 hrs
= 607.92 kph

III. Exercise:
Answer the following items. Show your solutions.
1. A car left the house and travelled at an average speed of 60 kph. How many
minutes will it take for the car to reach the school which is 8 km away from the
house?
2. Sebastian stood at the edge of the cliff and shouted facing down. He heard the
echo of his voice 4 seconds after he shouted. Given that the speed of sound in
air is 340 m / s, how deep is the cliff?
3. Maria ran in a 42-km marathon. She covered the first half of the marathon from
0600 hrs to 0715 hours and stopped to rest. She resumed running and was able
to cover the remaining distance from 0720 hrs to 0935 hrs. What was Maria’s
average speed for the entire marathon?

C.
I. Activity:
Problem: Zale, a Cebu resident, was packing his suitcase for his trip to New York
City the next day for a 2-week vacation. He googled New York weather and found
out the average temperature there is 59F. Should he bring a sweater? What data
should Zale consider before making a decision?

21
 Temperature
Temperature is the measurement of the degree of hotness or coldness of an
object or substance. While the commonly used units are Celsius (C) for the Metric
system and Fahrenheit (F) for the English system, the base SI unit for temperature
is the Kelvin (K). Unlike the Celsius and Fahrenheit which are considered degrees,
the Kelvin is considered as an absolute unit of measure and therefore can be worked
on algebraically.

Hereunder are some conversion factors:

C = (5/9)(F – 32)
F = (9/5)(C) + 32
K = C + 273.15

For example:
Convert 100C to F: F = (9/5)(100 C) + 32
= 180 + 32
= 212 F

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the problem above:

1. What data should Zale consider before making a decision?

In order to determine whether he should bring a sweater or not, Zale needs
to compare the average temperature in NYC to the temperature he is used to
which is the average temperature in Cebu. He should also express both the
average temperature in NYC and in Cebu in the same units for comparison.

2. Should Zale bring a sweater?

The average temperature in Cebu is between 24 – 32 C. Since the average
temperature in NYC is 59F which is equivalent to 15C, Zale should
probably bring a sweater since the NYC temperature is way below the
temperature he is used to. Better yet, he should bring a jacket just to be safe.

III. Exercise:

Answer the following items. Show your solution.

1. Convert 14F to K.
2. Maria was preparing the oven to bake brownies. The recipe’s direction was to
pre-heat the oven to 350F but her oven thermometer was in C. What should be
the thermometer reading before Maria puts the baking pan full of the brownie mix
in the oven?

22
D.
Activity:
Use the pictures below to answer the questions that follow.

Initial electric meter reading at 0812 hrs Final electric meter reading at 0812 hrs
on 14 Feb 2012 on 15 Feb 2012

1. What was the initial meter reading? Final meter reading?

2. How much electricity was consumed during the given period?
3. How much will the electric bill be for the given time period if the electricity charge
is Php9.50 / kiloWatthour?

Reading Your Electric Meter

Nowadays, reading the electric meter would be easier considering that the
newly-installed meters are digital but most of the installed meters are still dial-based.

Here are the steps in reading the electric meter:

a. To read your dial-based electric meter, read the dials from left to right.
b. If the dial hand is between numbers,the smaller of the two numbers should be
used. If the dial hand is on the number, check out the dial to the right. If the dial
hand has passed zero, use the number at which the dial hand is pointing. If the
dial hand has not passed zero, use the smaller number than the number at
which the dial hand is pointing.
c. To determine the electric consumption for a given period, subtract the initial
reading from the final reading.

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions above:

1. What was the initial meter reading? final meter reading?
The initial reading is 40493 kWh. For the first dial from the left, the dial hand
is on the number 4 so you look at the dial immediately to the right which is the
second dial. Since the dial hand of the second dial is past zero already, then
the reading for the first dial is 4. For the second dial, since the dial hand is
between 0 and 1 then the reading for the second dial is 0. For the third dial
from the left, the dial hand is on the number 5 so you look at the dial
immediately to the right which is the fourth dia .Since the dial hand of the

23
 fourth dial has not yet passed zero, then the reading for the third dial is 4.
The final reading is 40515 kWh.
2. How much electricity was consumed during the given period?
Final reading – initial reading = 40515 kWh – 40493 kWh = 22 kWh
3. How much will the electric bill be for the given time period if the electricity charge
is Php9.50 / kiloWatthour?
Electric bill = total consumption x electricity charge
= 22 kWh x Php9.50 / kWh
= Php209

III. Exercise:
Answer the following items. Show your solution.

1. The pictures below show the water meter reading of Sebastian’s house.

Initial meter reading at 0726 hrs Final meter reading at 0725 hrs
on 20 February 2012 on 21 February 2012

If the water company charges Php14/cubic meter of water used, how much must
Sebastian pay the water company for the given period?

2. The pictures below show the electric meter reading of Maria’s canteen.

Initial meter reading at 1600 hrs on 20 Feb 2012 Final meter reading @ 1100 hrs on 22 Feb 2012

If the electric charge is Php9.50/kWh, how much will Maria pay the electric company
for the given period?

24
3. The pictures below show the electric meter reading of a school.

Initial meter reading @1700 hrs on 15 July 2012 Final meter reading @ 1200 hrs on 16
July 2012

Assuming that the school’s average consumption remains the same until 1700 hrs of
15 August 2012 and the electricity charge is Php9.50/kWh, how much will the school
be paying the electric company?

Summary
In this lesson, you learned:
1. how to measure angles using a protractor;
2. how to estimate angle measurement;
3. express time in 12-hr or 24-hr notation;
4. how to measure the average speed as the quotient of distance over time;
5. convert units of temperature from one to the other;
6. solve problems involving time, speed and temperature;
7. read utilities usage.

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