Project Report on

"TO STUDY APPLICATION OF SUBSTRATE

INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE FOR MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING”

Name of the student DURGA PRASAD PURBEY

Roll number T17EC009
Semester 3rd
Name of the Project Supervisor Mr. ABHISHEK SARKHEL

Objective and Outcomes of the project:

Objective: The objective of this project is to design a self diplexing/triplexing antennas using
Substrate Integrated Waveguide(SIW) technology with high isolation between transmitting
and receiving channels.

Outcome: A self diplexing/triplexing antenna which makes more compact Rf front-end

system and improves its efficiency with high isolation between transmitter and receiver end.

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Approach and Progress:

Approach:

At first our objective to investigate Substrate Integrated Waveguide(SIW) cavity backed slot
antenna in HFSS environment and understand design parameter importance to achieve high
gain, high FTBR and their slot behaviour. Further a planar self-diplexing slot antenna using
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology have to design. This antenna uses a bowtie-
shaped slot backed by SIW cavity, which is excited by two separate feedlines to resonate at
two different frequencies in X-band (8–12 GHz). From this structure our objective is to
understand about design parameter in the context of isolation, impedance matching etc. Based
on present understanding our objective will be to proposed a self-diplexing/triplexing antenna
using Substrate Integrated Waveguide.

Progress:

In the first step a Substrate Integrated Waveguide(SIW) cavity backed slot antenna is
designed in HFSS environment and understood design parameter importance to achieve high
gain, high FTBR and their slot behaviour. Further a planar self-diplexing slot antenna using
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is designed. This antenna loaded a bowtie-
shaped slot backed by SIW cavity, which is excited by two separate feedlines to resonate at
two different frequencies in X-band (8–12 GHz). The length of the bowtie slot is much higher
than the conventional half-wavelength slot antenna, which divides the SIW cavity into upper
and lower parts. it can be stated that the huge perturbation of the long bowtie slot helps the
SIW cavity to behave as a combination of two half-mode cavities placed in front of each
other. The excitation of perturbed cavity modes is analysed with the help of half-mode
theory. The feedlines are also placed at an offset from the center line of the cavity to get
proper impedance matching of the antenna. From this structure we understood about design
parameter in the context of high isolation, better impedance matching etc. The isolation
between two input ports depends on the slot width. With increase of the slot width an
isolation of better than –25 dB can be achieved while maintaining its simple feeding network.
Based on present understanding our objective is to propose a self-diplexing/triplexing
antenna using Substrate Integrated Waveguide.

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LITERATURE SURVEY:

A detailed literature survey has been done about the aforementioned topic. Substrate
Integrated Waveguide has ability of being mass-producible and integrable with other planar
technologies at a lower cost and in a compact lay-out, which is inherited from planar
technologies, made SIW a promising technology for implementation and integration of
microwave and millimeter-wave devices.

Due to the advent of unlicensed wireless systems, such as Bluetooth and WLAN, there has
been much attention drawn to the development of low cost wireless integrated antenna
transceivers. If a dual frequency antenna can be developed with good isolation between the
two frequency bands. To do this requires a printed antenna that excites two independent
modes. Such an antenna not only removes the necessity of high order filters/diplexers but
also reduces the overall component count of the transceiver, thereby improving its efficiency
and minimizing its cost. Recently, the development of self-diplexing antenna has gained the
attention of the researchers as it eliminates the need of higher order diplexers, thus making
the RF front-end system more compact, efficient, and low-cost by reducing its number of
components. These types of circuits are very useful in low cost wireless transceiver
applications, on-chip active antenna, retro-directive antennas, etc.

Now a day’s microwave diplexer implemented by substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)

transmission line technology. In SIW technology No separate junction (be it resonant or non-
resonant) was used in achieving the diplexer, as the use of an external junction for energy
distribution in a diplexer normally increases design complexity and leads to a bulky device.

When designing an antenna diplexer a number of parameters must be considered. One is the
degree of isolation required between the ports labelled for the high and low frequency
transmitter / receiver. If the diplexer is to be used purely for receiving, then the requirement
for high levels of isolation is not so high. The next case is when the diplexer is to be used for
transmitting only. It will be necessary to ensure that the levels of power being transferred
back into a second transmitter are small. It is also important to ensure that the transmitters see
the correct impedance, and that the presence of the second transmitter does not affect the
impedance seen by the first. The final case is where one of the ports is used for transmitting,

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and the other for receiving simultaneously. In this instance very high levels of isolation are
required to ensure that the minimum level of the transmitter power reaches the receiver.

DESIGN 1:

The Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology based cavity-backed slot antenna is
designed in HFSS where the cavity backing behind the slot is used to achieve high gain
unidirectional radiation, while maintaining its planar form as shown in fig.1(a) &(b). Several
designs of dual-band and broadband SIW cavity-backed slot antenna with high gain and high
front-to-back ratio (FTBR) have been reported. This antenna is completely constructed at a
single substrate. Its square backed SIW cavity is realized by four rows metallized vias arrays.
Radiating slot is etched at ground plane then parasitic radiation generated by feeding network
can be effectively isolated. The designed antenna is studied by using finite element method.
When the SIW cavity is in 𝑇𝐸120 resonance, dominant electric field at two sides of the slot
has opposite phase, and then there is transverse electric field across the slot, thus energy can
radiate into space by the slot. As radiator, slot is an important tuning element of the proposed
antenna. Slot width can be used to slightly improve impedance bandwidth. But its effect on
impedance bandwidth is far less than that of substrate thickness h. Slot length has notable
effects on operating frequency and radiation efficiency. Increasing. If slot with inductive or
capacitive load, and adding matching circuit in feeding network can be used to improve
bandwidth. However, all these antennas require good diplexer to isolate the transmitted and
received signals in the RF front-end system.

Fig.1(a) Front view Fig.1(b) Bottom view

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GOVERNING EQUATION:

The fundamental frequency 𝑓101 of the SIW cavity at its fundamental 𝑇𝐸101 mode can be
determined using Eq. (1.a), where 𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓 and 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 are the equivalent width and length of the
SIW cavity, respectively; 𝜇𝑟 is the relative permeability of the substrate; 𝑐0 is the speed of
light in free space. The empirical formulae for calculating 𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓 and 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 are given in Eq.
(1.b) and (1.c), respectively.

𝑐0 𝜋 𝜋
F𝑐= (
2𝜋√𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟 √ 𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓
)2 + (
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
)2 …………………………….. 1.a
𝜀
These equations are valid for SIW provided that S < 𝜆0 √2 𝑟 and S < 4D with 𝜀𝑟 relative

permittivity.
𝐷2
𝑊𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑊 − ……………………………………. 1.b
0.95𝑠

𝐷2
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿 − …………………………….... 1.c
0.95𝑠

These equation is valid when s/D > 3 and D/W < 1/5.

SIMULATION RESULT:

Fig.3 Return loss characteristics; 10.31 GHz

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Fig.4(a) Electric field distribution without slot; 9.2 GHz Fig.4(b)Electric field distribution with slot; 10.31 GHz

-17.47 dB

4.7 dB

𝐹𝑇𝐵𝑅1+𝐹𝑇𝐵𝑅2
𝐹𝑇𝐵𝑅 = = 21.4 dB
2

Fig.5 Radiation Pattern

DESIGN 2:

Further a planar self-diplexing slot antenna using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)
technology is designed as shown in fig.2(a) &(b). This antenna loaded a bowtie-shaped slot
backed by SIW cavity, which is excited by two separate feedlines to resonate at two different
frequencies in X-band (8–12 GHz). The use of self-diplexing antenna reduces the
requirement of higher-order diplexer network and thus improves compactness and efficiency
of the overall RF front-end system. These types of circuits are very useful in low cost
wireless transceiver applications. This antenna structure use very simple feeding network
consisting of two different feedlines to excite two resonant modes in the SIW cavity, which

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helps to excite the bowtie slot to radiate into free space. Here excitation of perturbed cavity
modes is analyzed with the help of half-mode theory. The SIW cavity backing helps to
generate high gain and high FTBR of the antenna while maintaining its planar form which is
already investigated in previous design shown in fig.1. The dimensions of the cavity are
chosen to keep its dominant 𝑇𝐸101 mode within the X-band. Here antenna uses two separate
micro-strip feedlines at opposite sides of the cavity, which are inset into the cavity. The
feedlines are also placed at an offset from the center line of the cavity to get proper
impedance matching of the antenna. The length of the bowtie slot is much higher than the
conventional half-wavelength slot antenna, which divides the SIW cavity into upper and
lower parts. It can be stated that the huge perturbation of the long bowtie slot helps the SIW
cavity to behave as a combination of two half-mode cavities placed in front of each other.
Due to unequal width of half-mode cavity1 (ds) 2 (W-ds) the corresponding resonant
frequencies are different. The resonant frequencies of the proposed antenna vary with change
in the slot position ds. Increasing ds results in decrease of lower resonant frequency and
simultaneous increase of higher resonant frequency of the antenna.

Fig.2(a) Front view Fig.2(b) Bottom view

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The isolation between two input ports depends on the slot width Wslot. With increase of the
slot width Wslot, an isolation of better than –25 dB can be achieved while maintaining its
simple feeding network, which makes it attractive for practical applications.

SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig.6 Return Loss characteristics; f1=7.90 GHz, f2=9.88 GHz

Fig.7 Return loss characteristic with isolation; 7.90 GHz, 9.88 GHz

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SELF-DIPLEXING PHENOMENA:

Fig.8(a) Field distribution at 7.90 GHz (when port 1 is ON). Fig.8(b) Field distribution at 9.88 GHz (when port 2 is ON).

Fig.9(a) Surface current distribution at 7.90 GHz Fig.9(b) Surface current distribution at 9.88 GHz

CONCLUSION:

Modern microwave communication systems generally employ diplexers to separate two different
RF signals. In SIW technology no separate junction (be it resonant or non-resonant) was used in
achieving the diplexer. Self-diplexing antenna has gained the attention of the researchers as it
eliminates the need of higher order diplexers.

FUTURE WORK:

Based on our present understanding we are working on self-diplexing and self-triplexing antenna
topology to reduce the Rf-frond end system.

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REFERENCES:

[1] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, “Integrated micro strip and rectangular waveguide in planar
form, ” IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 11,pp. 68–70, Feb. 2001.

[2] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, “A complete substrate integration of waveguide diplexer and antenna for
low-cost millimeter-wave module,” Proc. 2004 Int. Symp. Signals, Systems,Electronics(ISSSE),IS-0576,
Linz, Austria, 2004.

[3] N. Athanasopoulos, D. Makris, and K. Voudouris, “Millimeter-wave passive front-end based on

substrate integrated waveguide technology,” Proc. Loughborough A&P Conf., pp. 1-4, Loughborough,
UK, 2012.

[4] Y. Lu and Y. Lin, “A mode based design method for dual-band and self-diplexing antennas using
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2012.

[5] D. K. Park, R. Waterhouse, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, “Self-diplexed integrated antenna transceiver for
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[6] K. Boyle, M. Udink, A. Graauw, and L. Lighart, “A dual-fed, selfdiplexing PIFA and RF front-end,”
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[7] R. Y. Miyamoto and T. Itoh, “Retrodirective arrays for wireless communications,” IEEE Microw.
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[8] Zhu, L., R. R. Mansour, and M. A. Yu, “A compact waveguide diplexer employing dual-band
resonators,” IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1–6, Tampa, FL, USA, June 2014.
[9] Deng, H. W., Y. J. Zhao, F. Fu, X. J. Zhou, and Y. Y. Liu, “Compact and high isolation microstrip
diplexer for GPS and UWB application,” IET Electronics Letters, Vol. 49, No. 10, 659–661, May 2013
[10] R. J. Cameron and M. Yu, “Design of manifold-coupled multiplexer,” IEEE Microwave Mag., vol. 8,
no. 5, pp. 46–59, Oct. 2007.
[11] S. Mukherjee and A. Biswas, “Design of self-diplexing substrate integrated waveguide cavity-backed
slot antenna,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 1775–1778, 2016.

[12] G. Q. Luo, Z. F. Hu, L. X. Dong, and L. L. Sun, “Planar slot antenna backed by substrate integrated
waveguide cavity,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 235–239, 2008.

Signature of the student Signature of the Project Supervisor:

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