Army Public School
Kirkee
Chemistry investigatory
project -2019-20
Study Of Daniel Cell
NAME:-AKASH SANJIV SHINDE
CLASS:-12 A
TH
ROLL NO:-04
acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have bestowed upon me their blessings. I would
like to thank them all for being able to complete this
project with success.
I would also like to thank our principal Mrs.Arti Sharma
and Mrs.kavita kadam, whose valuable guidance has been
of immense help to me during this project.
Her suggestions and instructions have been the major
contributions towards the completion of this project.Then I
would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me in various phases of this project.
Index
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. OBJECTIVE
4. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
5. WORKING OF DANIEL CELL
6. PROCEDURE
7. OBSERVATIONS
8. FEATURES OF DANIEL CELL
9. CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
introduction
The Daniel cell is a type of electrochemical
cell invented in 1836 by John Frederic
Daniel,a British chemist and meteorologist,
and consists of a copper pot filled with
a copper (II) sulfate solution, in which is
immersed an
unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric
acid and a zinc electrode. He was searching for a way to
eliminate the hydrogen bubble problem found in the voltaic
pile, and his solution was to use a second electrolyte to
consume the hydrogen produced by the first. Zinc
sulfate may be substituted for the sulfuric acid. The Daniel
cell was a great improvement over the existing technology
used in the early days of battery development. A later
variant of the Daniel cell called the gravity cell or crowfoot
cell was invented in the 1860s by a Frenchman named
Callaud and became a popular choice for electrical
telegraphy.
The Daniel cell is also the historical basis for the
contemporary definition of the volt, which is the unit
of electromotive force in the International System of Units.
The definitions of electrical units that were proposed at the
1881 International Conference of Electricians were
designed so that the electromotive force of the Daniel cell
would be about 1.0 volts. With contemporary definitions,
the standard potential of the Daniel cell at 25 °C is actually
1.10 V.
OBJECTIVE
The goal of this project is to study the change in E.M.F of
Daniel cell due to various factors such as
Change in concentrations
Change in temperature
Change in area of electrodes
And to study more about Daniel cell.
Materials and equipments
To do this experiment we will need the following materials
and equipments:-
Two beakers
Zinc and copper plates
Filter paper
Voltmeter
Connecting wires
Cardboard
kNO3 solution
1M , 0.1M , 0.01M Solution of:
I. CuSO4
II. ZnSO4
Chemistry of Daniel cell
At the anode (negative electrode), zinc is oxidized per
the following half reaction:
Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e−
(Standard electrode reduction potential -0.7618 V )
At the cathode (positive electrode), copper is reduced
per the following reaction:
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s)
(Standard electrode reduction potential +0.340 V )
The total reaction is:
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Procedure:-
Take two beakers and pour the required chemicals in
respective beaker and mark them for identification.
Take two square to slide in and connecting wire to
their screw.
Connect negative of the voltmeter to the anode and
its positive to the cathode.
Take a filter paper long enough to dip in both the
solutions. Dip the filter paper in KNO3 solution and put
it as a salt bridge.
Put on the electrode voltmeter set up. Note the
reading quickly and then switch off the electrode
voltmeter set up.
For measuring the variation with temperature with
change in area of electrode use different sizes of
electrodes and repeat step V.
For measuring variation with temperature heat the
solution and repeat step V.
For measuring variations with change in concentration
of electrolyte, use the electrolytes of different molarity
and repeat step V.
Observations
Electrode potential of zinc= …………….. V
Electrode potential of Copper= ……….. V
Variation with Concentration :-
Variation with change in area of electrodes:-
With increase or decrease in area of electrodes, EMF of
cell remains same.
Variation with temperature :-
Features of Daniel cell
Zinc rod at which oxidation occurs is called the anode
while the copper rod at which the reduction takes
place is called cathode.
The overall reaction occurring in electrochemical cell
is due to two half cell reaction, one occurring in each
beaker.
The half cell reaction occurring at anode is called
oxidation half cell reaction while the one occurring at
cathode is called reduction.
The two half cell reactions always take place
simultaneously, i.e half cell reaction cannot take place
immediately.
Since electrons are produced at zinc electrode, it is
rich in electrons and pulls these electrons into the
external circuit and hence acts as negative pole. The
copper electrode on the other hand is deficient in
electrons and thus pulls the electrons from the
external circuit and acts as positive pole.
The electrons flow from negative pole to positive pole
in the external circuit. However conventionally the
current flows in opposite direction, i.e from positive
pole to negative pole in the external circuit.The
concentration of copper sulphate solution decreases
with passage of time as the cell.
The electrons flow from negative pole to positive pole
in the external operates, consequently the current
falls with time.
Salt Bridge :-
It consists of a tube filled with semi solid paste
obtained by adding gelative or agar to the solution of
strong electrolyte such as NaCl, NH4NO3.KNO3, etc
which does not change chemically during the process.
Function of Salt Bridge:-
To complete the electrical circuit by allowing the
solution to flow from one solution to another from one
solution to another without mixing the two solutions.
To maintain electrical neutrality of solution in two half
cells.
EMF of Cells :-
When a current flows through two points a potential
difference generated by a cell when the cell draws no
current is called EMF.
Conclusion
The EMF varies non-linearly with change in
concentration of reactants.
Increase in concentration of ions in anode half cell
decreases EMF and vice-versa.
The EMF is independent of area of electrodes.
The EMF increases with increase in temperature.
Bibliography
1) Chemistry Part-I, Textbook for class XII
2) http://www.chemistryexplained.com
3) https:// en.wikipedia.com
4) http://chemcollective.com
