MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

Homework 4 Model Solution

Section 13.2 ∼ 13.4.

13.2.3 Let r(t) = ht − 2, t2 + 1i.

(a) Sketch the plane curve with the given vector equation.

x = t − 2, y = t2 + 1 ⇒ t = x + 2 ⇒ y = (x + 2)2 + 1

⇒ y = x2 + 4x + 5

(b) Find r0 (t).

r0 (t) = h1, 2ti
(c) Sketch the position vector r(t) and the tangent vector r0 (t) for t = 1.

r(1) = h−1, 2i, r0 (1) = h1, 2i

See the above figure. The red vector is r(1) and the blue one is r0 (1).

13.2.6 Let r(t) = et i + e−t j.

(a) Sketch the plane curve with the given vector equation.
1
x = et , y = e−t ⇒ xy = et e−t = 1 ⇒ y =
x
Moreover, x = et > 0.

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

(b) Find r0 (t).

r0 (t) = het , −e−t i

(c) Sketch the position vector r(t) and the tangent vector r0 (t) for t = 0.

r(0) = h1, 1i, r0 (0) = h1, −1i

See the above figure. The red vector is r(0) and the blue one is r0 (0).
2
13.2.13 Find the derivative of the vector function r(t) = et i − j + ln(1 + 3t)k.
2
r(t) = het , −1, ln(1 + 3t)i
2 3
r0 (t) = h2tet , 0, i
1 + 3t

13.2.18 Find the unit tangent vector T(t) at the point with t = 1 for r(t) = ht3 + 3t, t2 +
1, 3t + 4i.
r0 (t) = h3t2 + 3, 2t, 3i
r0 (1) = h6, 2, 3i
p
|r0 (1)| = 62 + 22 + 32 = 7
r0 (1) 6 2 3
T(1) = 0
=h , , i
|r (1)| 7 7 7

13.2.21 If r(t) = ht, t2 , t3 i, find r0 (t), T(1), r00 (t), and r0 (t) × r00 (t).

r0 (t) = h1, 2t, 3t2 i

p √
r0 (1) = h1, 2, 3i, |r0 (1)| = 12 + 22 + 32 = 14

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

r0 (1) 1 2 3
T(1) = = h√ , √ , √ i
|r0 (1)| 14 14 14
r00 (t) = h0, 2, 6ti
 
 i j k 
 
r0 (t) × r00 (t) =  1 2t 3t2  = h6t2 , −6t, 2i
 
 
 0 2 6t 

13.2.24 Find parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve with
2
x = et , y = tet , z = tet

at (1, 0, 0).

2
r(t) = het , tet , tet i
A point:
(1, 0, 0) = r(0)
2 2
r0 (t) = het , et + tet , et + 2t2 et i
Direction vector:
r0 (0) = h1, 1, 1i
Tangent line:
x = 1 + t, y = t, z=t

13.2.27 Find a vector equation for the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the
cylinders x2 + y 2 = 25 and y 2 + z 2 = 20 at the point (3, 4, 2).

p
x2 + y 2 = 25 ⇒ x2 = 25 − y 2 ⇒ x = 25 − y 2
p
y 2 + z 2 = 20 ⇒ z 2 = 20 − y 2 ⇒ z = 20 − y 2
Note that we are interested in a point (3, 4, 2) whose three coordinates are posi-
tive. So we can take the positive square root to represent a parametric curve near
(3, 4, 2).
A parameterization of the intersection curve near (3, 4, 2):
p p
r(t) = h 25 − t2 , t, 20 − t2 i

r(4) = h3, 4, 2i
−t −t
r0 (t) = h √ , 1, √ i
25 − t2 20 − t2
4
r0 (4) = h− , 1, −2i
3
A vector equation of the tangent line:
4
s(t) = h3 − t, 4 + t, 2 − 2ti
3

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

13.2.36 Evaluate the integral

Z 1 
4 2t
2
j+ k dt.
0 1+t 1 + t2

Z 1
4 π
dt = [4 arctan t]10 = 4 · − 0 = π
0 1 + t2 4
Z 1
2t 1
dt = ln(1 + t2 ) 0 = ln 2 − ln 1 = ln 2

1+t 2
0
Z 1 
4 2t
j + k dt = πj + ln 2k
0 1 + t2 1 + t2

13.2.53 If r(t) 6= 0, show that

d 1
|r(t)| = r(t) · r0 (t).
dt |r(t)|

(Hint: |r(t)|2 = r(t) · r(t).)

d d
|r(t)|2 = 2|r(t)| |r(t)|
dt dt
On the other hand,
d
(r(t) · r(t)) = r0 (t) · r(t) + r(t) · r0 (t) = 2r(t) · r0 (t)
dt
Therefore
d
2|r(t)| |r(t)| = 2r(t) · r0 (t)
dt
and
d 1 1
|r(t)| = 2r(t) · r0 (t) = r(t) · r0 (t).
dt 2|r(t)| |r(t)|

13.2.55 If u(t) = r(t) · (r0 (t) × r00 (t)), show that

u0 (t) = r(t) · r0 (t) × r000 (t) .

d d 0
u0 (t) = r(t) · r0 (t) × r00 (t) = r0 (t) · r0 (t) × r00 (t) + r(t) · r (t) × r00 (t)





dt dt
= r (t) · r (t) × r (t) + r(t) · r (t) × r (t) + r (t) × r000 (t)
0 0 00 00 00 0

= r(t) · r0 (t) × r000 (t) ,

because 1) r0 (t) × r00 (t) is perpendicular to r0 (t) so r0 (t) · (r0 (t) × r00 (t)) = 0 and 2)
r00 (t) × r00 (t) = 0.

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

13.3.2 Find the length of the curve

1
r(t) = h2t, t2 , t3 i, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
3
r0 (t) = h2, 2t, t2 i
p
|r0 (t)| = 22 + (2t)2 + (t2 )2 = 4 + 4t2 + t4 = (t2 + 2)2 = t2 + 2
p p

Z 1 Z 1  1
0 2 1 3 1 7
length = |r (t)| dt = t + 2 dt = t + 2t = + 2 =
0 0 3 0 3 2

13.3.7 Find the length of the curve

r(t) = ht2 , t3 , t4 i, 0≤t≤2

correct to four decimal places. (Use your calculator to approximate the integral.)

r0 (t) = h2t, 3t2 , 4t3 i

p
|r0 (t)| = (2t)2 + (3t2 )2 + (4t3 )2 = 4t2 + 9t4 + 16t6
p
Z 2 Z 2p
length = |r0 (t)| dt = 4t2 + 9t4 + 16t6 dt ; 18.6833
0 0
In this problem, it is extremely hard to find the antiderivative. It is enough to
compute an approximation of the integral by using your calculator. Or you may
use an on-line integral calculator - click here.

13.3.11 Let C be the curve of intersection of the parabolic cylinder x2 = 2y and the
surface 3z = xy. Find the exact length of C from the origin to the point (6, 18, 36).

x2
x2 = 2y ⇒ y =
2
xy x3
3z = xy ⇒ z = =
3 6
Curve of intersection:
t2 t3
r(t) = ht, , i
2 6
(0, 0, 0) = r(0)
(6, 18, 36) = r(6)
t2
r0 (t) = h1, t, i
2
s 2 r r
t2 t4 4 + 4t2 + t4

0
|r (t)| = 12 + t2 + = 1+ t2 + =
2 4 4
r
(t2 + 2)2 t2 + 2 t2
= = = +1
4 2 2
Z 6 Z 6 2  3 6
0 t t
length = |r (t)| dt = + 1 dt = + t = 36 + 6 = 42
0 0 2 6 0

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon
√
13.3.19 Let r(t) = h 2t, et , e−t i.

(a) Find the unit tangent and unit normal vectors T(t) and N(t).

√
r0 (t) = h 2, et , −e−t i
q√ p
|r (t)| = ( 2)2 + (et )2 + (−e−t )2 = 2 + e2t + e−2t = (et + e−t )2 = et +e−t
0
p

√ √ t
r0 (t) 2 et e−t 2e e2t 1
T(t) = 0 =h t −t
, t −t
, − t −t
i = h 2t
, 2t
, − 2t i
|r (t)| e +e e +e e +e e +1 e +1 e +1
√ t 2t √
0 2e (e + 1) − 2et 2e2t 2e2t (e2t + 1) − e2t 2e2t 0(e2t + 1) − (−1) · 2e2t
T (t) = h , , i
(e2t + 1)2 (e2t + 1)2 (e2t + 1)2
√ t
2e (1 − e2t ) 2e2t 2e2t
=h , , i
(e2t + 1)2 (e2t + 1)2 (e2t + 1)2
u √
v !2 
t (1 − e2t )
2  2
0
u 2e 2e2t 2e2t
|T (t)| = t + + − 2t
(e2t + 1)2 (e2t + 1)2 (e + 1)2
s s
2e2t (1 − e2t )2 + 4e4t + 4e4t 2e2t − 4e4t + 2e8t + 8e4t
= =
(e2t + 1)4 (e2t + 1)4
s s √ t
2e2t (1 + 4e2t + e4t ) 2e2t (e2t + 1)2 2e
= 2t 4
= 2t 4
= 2t
(e + 1) (e + 1) e +1
√ √
T0 (t) 1 − e2t 2et 2et
N(t) = 0 = h 2t , 2t , − 2t i
|T (t)| e +1 e +1 e +1
(b) Use formula 9 to find the curvature.
√ √ √
2et 2et
|T0 (t)| 2t e2t +1 2e2t
κ(t) = 0 = te +1−t = e2t +1
=
|r (t)| e +e (e2t + 1)2
et

13.3.22 Use Theorem 10 to find the curvature for r(t) = ti + t2 j + et k.

r0 (t) = h1, 2t, et i

p
|r0 (t)| =
p
12 + (2t)2 + (et )2 = 1 + 4t2 + e2t
r00 (t) = h0, 2, et i
 
 i j k 
 
r0 (t) × r00 (t) =  1 2t et  = h2(t − 1)et , −et , 2i
 
 0 2 et 
 

|r0 (t) × r00 (t)| = (2(t − 1)et )2 + (−et )2 + 22 = 4(t − 1)2 e2t + e2t + 4
p p
p
|r0 (t) × r00 (t)| 4(t − 1)2 e2t + e2t + 4
κ(t) = =
|r0 (t)|3 3
(1 + 4t2 + e2t ) 2

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

13.3.30 At what point does y = ln x have maximum curvature? What happens to the
curvature as x → ∞?

dy 1
=
dx x
2
d y 1
=− 2
dx2 x
d y2
1 1
| dx2| x2 x2 x
κ(x) = dy 2 32
= = =
1 32 3 3
(1 + ( dx ) ) (1 + x2
) (x2 +1) 2 (x2 + 1) 2
x 3

3 1 1
0 1 · (x2 + 1) 2 − x 32 (x2 + 1) 2 2x ((x2 + 1) − 3x2 )(x2 + 1) 2 1 − 2x2
κ (x) = = = 5
(x2 + 1)3 (x2 + 1)3 (x2 + 1) 2
So κ0 (x) = 0 if x = √1 .
2
(Note that x is positive.) Therefore κ(x) is maximum if
x= √1 .
2

x 1 1
lim 3 = lim 1 = lim 1 =0
x→∞ (x2 + 1) 2 x→∞ 3 (x2 + 1) 2x 2 x→∞ 3x(x2 + 1) 2
2

So as x grows, the curvature approaches 0.

13.3.65 The DNA molecule has the shape of a double helix (see Figure 3 on page 866).
The radius of each helix is about 10 angstroms (1 Å = 10−8 cm). Each helix rises
about 34 Å during each complete turn, and there are about 2.9 × 108 complete
turns. Estimate the length of each helix.
It is a helix of radius 10 Å:

r(t) = h10 cos t, 10 sin t, cti

When t = 2π (a complete turn), it rises 34 Å:

17
c · 2π = 34 ⇒ c =
π
17
r(t) = h10 cos t, 10 sin t, ti, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.9 × 108 · 2π
π
17
r0 (t) = h−10 sin t, 10 cos t, i
π
s r
17 2 172
 
0
|r (t)| = (−10 sin t)2
+ (10 cos t)2
+ = 100 + 2 ; 11.370216
π π
Z 2.9×108 ·2π Z 2.9×108 ·2π
length = |r0 (t)| dt ; 11.370216 dt
0 0
8
; 207.179413 × 10 Å = 207.179413 cm

13.3.66 Let’s consider the problem of designing a railroad track to make a smooth tran-
sition between sections of straight track. Existing track along the negative x-axis
is to be joined smoothly to a track along the line y = 1 for x ≥ 1.

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

(a) Find a polynomial P = P (x) of degree 5 such that the function F defined by

0

 if x ≤ 0
F (x) = P (x) if 0 < x < 1


1 if x ≥ 1

is continuous and has continuous slope and continuous curvature.

Let P (x) = a + bx + cx2 + dx3 + ex4 + f x5 . Because lim P (x) = F (0) = 0
x→0+
and lim P (x) = F (1) = 1,
x→1−

lim P (x) = P (0) = a = 0, lim P (x) = P (1) = a + b + c + d + e + f = 1.

x→0+ x→1−

P 0 (x) = b + 2cx + 3dx2 + 4ex3 + 5f x4

Since F (x) has continuous slope,

lim P 0 (x) = lim F 0 (x) = lim F 0 (x) = 0

x→0+ x→0+ x→0−

and
lim P 0 (x) = lim F 0 (x) = lim F 0 (x) = 0.
x→1− x→1− x→1+
So

0 = lim P 0 (x) = P 0 (0) = b, 0 = lim P 0 (x) = P 0 (1) = b+2c+3d+4e+5f.

x→0+ x→1−

P 00 (x) = 2c + 6dx + 12ex2 + 20f x3

On 0 < x < 1,
|P 00 (x)|
κ(x) = 3
(1 + (P 0 (x))2 ) 2
The curvature of a line segment is zero, so to obtain a continuous curvature
at x = 0 and x = 1, lim κ(x) = lim κ(x) = 1.
x→0+ x→1−

|P 00 (x)| |P 00 (0)|
lim κ(x) = lim 3 = 3 = 2c
x→0+ x→0+ (1 + (P 0 (x))2 ) 2 (1 + (P 0 (0))2 ) 2
|P 00 (x)| |P 00 (1)|
lim κ(x) = lim 3 = 3 = |2c + 6d + 12e + 20f |
x→1− x→1− (1 + (P 0 (x))2 ) 2 (1 + (P 0 (1))2 ) 2
So 2c = 0 and 2c + 6d + 12e + 20f = 0 as well.
In summary, we have a system of linear equations.

a = 0
b = 0
2c = 0
a+b+c+d+e+f = 1
b + 2c + 3d + 4e + 5f = 0
2c + 6d + 12e + 20f = 0

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

The solution of this system of linear equation is a = b = c = 0, d = 10, e =

−15, and f = 6. Therefore P (x) = 10x3 − 15x4 + 6x5 .
(b) Use a graphing calculator or computer to draw the graph of F .

13.4.6 Find the velocity, acceleration, and speed of a particle with the position func-
tion r(t) = et i + e2t j. Sketch the path of the particle and draw the velocity and
acceleration vectors for t = 0.
Velocity:
r0 (t) = het , 2e2t i
Speed: p
|r0 (t)| =
p
(et )2 + (2e2t )2 = e2t + 4e4t
Acceleration:
r00 (t) = het , 4e2t i
At t = 0,
r(0) = h1, 1i, r0 (0) = h1, 2i, r00 (0) = h1, 4i

y = e2t = (et )2 = x2
So the graph is

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

The red vector is r(0), the blue one is the velocity r0 (0), and the purple vector is
r00 (0).

13.4.12 Find the velocity, acceleration, and speed of a particle with the position func-
tion r(t) = t2 i + 2tj + ln tk.
Velocity:
1
r0 (t) = h2t, 2, i
t
Acceleration:
1
r00 (t) = h2, 0, − i
t2
Speed:
s  2 r s
1 2 
  
0 2 2
1 2
1 1 
|r (t)| = (2t) + 2 + = 4t + 4 + 2 = 2t + = 2t +
t t t t

13.4.16 Find the velocity and position vectors of a particle that has the given accelera-
tion and the given initial velocity and position

a(t) = 2i + 6tj + 12t2 k,

v(0) = k, r(0) = j + k.
→
−
Z
a(t) = 2i + 6tj + 12t2 k ⇒ v(t) = a(t) dt = 2ti + 3t2 j + 4t3 k + C
→
−
k = v(0) = C ⇒ v(t) = 2ti + 3t2 j + (4t3 + 1)k
→
−
Z
r(t) = v(t) dt ⇒ r(t) = t2 i + t3 j + (t4 + t)k + D
→
−
j + k = r(0) = D ⇒ r(t) = t2 i + (t3 + 1)j + (t4 + t + 1)k

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

13.4.26 A gun is fired with angle of elevation 30◦ . What is the muzzle speed if the
maximum height of the shell is 500 m?
Let v be the muzzle speed. Set g = 9.8 (m/s2 ).
√
◦ 3v v
◦
⇒ v(0) = hv cos 30 , v sin 30 i = h , i
2 2
→
−
a(t) = h0, −gi ⇒ v(t) = h0, −gti + C
√
3v v →
−
h , i = v(0) = C
2 2
√ √
3v v 3v v
⇒ v(t) = h0, −gti + h , i=h , −gt + i
2 2 2 2
√
3v g v →
−
r(t) = h t, − t2 + ti + D
2 2 2
→
−
h0, 0i = r(0) = D
√
3v g v
⇒ r(t) = h t, − t2 + ti
2 2 2
dy
At maximum height, = 0.
dt
v v
v(t) = hc, 0i ⇒ −gt + = 0 ⇒ t =
2 2g
At this time, the height is 500 m.
 2  
g v v v
− + = 500
2 2g 2 2g

v2 v2 v2
⇒− + = 500 ⇒ = 500
8g 4g 8g
p √
v = 500 · 8g = 500 · 8 · 9.8 ; 197.99 m/s

13.4.27 A gun has muzzle speed 150 m/s. Find two angles of elevation that can be
used to hit a target 800 m away.
Let θ be the angle of elevation. Then v(0) = h150 cos θ, 150 sin θi.
→
−
a(t) = h0, −9.8i ⇒ v(t) = h0, −9.8ti + C
→
−
h150 cos θ, 150 sin θi = v(0) = C ⇒ v(t) = h150 cos θ, −9.8t + 150 sin θi
→
−
r(t) = h150(cos θ)t, −4.9t2 + 150(sin θ)ti + D
→
−
h0, 0i = r(0) = D ⇒ r(t) = h150(cos θ)t, −4.9t2 + 150(sin θ)ti
The bullet hit the ground at a target 800 m away. That means when y- coordinate
is zero, x-coordinate is 800.
150 sin θ
−4.9t2 + 150(sin θ)t = 0 ⇒ t = 0 or t =
4.9

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

150 sin θ
x-coordinate = 150(cos θ) = 800 ⇒ 22500 cos θ sin θ = 800 · 4.9 = 3920
4.9
3920
⇒ 11250 sin 2θ = 3920 ⇒ sin 2θ = ; 0.348444
11250
2θ ; arcsin 0.348444 ; 0.3559 or π − 0.3559 ; 2.7857 ⇒ θ ; 0.1774 or 1.3928
In degree,
θ ; 10.16◦ or 79.80◦

13.4.28 A batter hits a baseball 3 ft above the ground toward the center field fence,
which is 10 ft high and 400 ft from home plate. The ball leaves the bat with speed
115 ft/s at an angle 50◦ above the horizontal. Is it a home run? (In other words,
does the ball clear the fence?)
From the conditions, we know

r(0) = h0, 3i, v(0) = h115 cos 50◦ , 115 sin 50◦ i ; h73.92058, 88.09511i
→
−
a(t) = h0, −32.174i ⇒ v(t) = h0, −32.174ti + C
→
−
h73.92058, 88.09511i = v(0) = C
v(t) = h73.92058, −32.174t + 88.09511i
→
−
r(t) = h73.92058t, −16.087t2 + 88.09511ti + D
→
−
h0, 3i = r(0) = D ⇒ r(t) = h73.92058t, −16.087t2 + 88.09511t + 3i
If x = 400,
400
73.92058t = 400 ⇒ t = ; 5.41121.
73.92058
At this time, y-coordinate is

−16.087(5.41121)2 + 88.09511 · 5.41121 + 3 ; 8.655 < 10.

Therefore it is not a home run.

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