THE FIVE PILLARS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN PHILIPPINES

I – THE COMMUNITY; II – THE LAW ENFORCEMENT; III – THE PROSECUTION; IV – THE COURTS; and V – CORRECTIONS.

As we shall see, OUR CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF FIVE PILLARS THAT FUNCTION LIKE A CHAIN OF LINKS. ANY
WEAKNESS IN ANY OF THESE LINKS BREAKS THE CHAIN, RESULTING TO A BREAKDOWN OF THE SYSTEM: INORDINATE
DELAYS IN THE PROCEEDINGS, ACQUITTAL OF THE GUILTY AND CONVICTION OF THE INNOCENT.

Such weakness can be caused by lack of concern on the part of people in the community, or inefficiency and corruption on the part of the
public officials composing the four (4) other pillars.

I – THE COMMUNITY:

The Filipino community produces our law enforcers (policemen, traffic enforcers, NBI agents, PDEA agents, COA auditors, Ombudsman fact-
finding investigators, etc.); prosecutors (DOJ and Ombudsman prosecutors/investigators); judges (Municipal Trial Courts, Regional Trial Courts
and Sharia Courts); justices (Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals and the Supreme Court); and correction officials and personnel (municipal
jails, provincial jails, city jails, the Bureau of Corrections [Muntinlupa] and other correctional facilities).

A rotten community will always produce rotten law enforcers, prosecutors, judges, justices and correction officials. The spring cannot rise above
its source.

Members of the community are also the victims of crimes, direct or indirect. They are also the beneficiaries of an efficient and effective criminal
justice system in the form of a peaceful and fear-free environment.
The community is also the greatest source of information about the commission of a crime. It is from the community that most witnesses come,
including victims and whistleblowers.
Most crimes against property (theft, robbery, etc.) are dismissed because the victim does not testify in court, especially when the stolen
property is recovered. Hence, thieves and robbers are set free, free again to steal and rob!

II – THE LAW ENFORCEMENT:

To this group belong policemen, National Bureau of Investigation agents, Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency agents, the Military, Bureau of
Customs police, Bureau of Immigration officers, Bureau of Internal Revenue examiners, Commission on Audit auditors, Ombudsman fact-
finding investigators, Commission on Human Rights investigators, Land Transportation Office and Traffic enforcers, etc.

They enforce the law by ensuring compliance therewith, conduct investigations to uncover commissions of crimes and violations of laws, file
criminal cases before the prosecutor’s (fiscal’s) office (if the offender is not a government employee/official) or the Office of the Ombudsman (if
the offender is a government employee/official), and testify in court if a criminal charge is lodged in Court by the prosecutor’s office or the Office
of the Ombudsman.

III – THE PROSECUTION:

To this group belong the City, Provincial and Regional State Prosecutors of the Department of Justice, and the investigators and prosecutors of
the Office of the Ombudsman.

They conduct preliminary investigations (if the respondent was not caught in the act of committing the crime) or inquest proceedings (if the
respondent was caught in the act of committing the crime) to determine whether or not there is probable cause (reasonable ground) to
prosecute the respondent in court. If they found probable cause, they lodge a criminal charge against the respondent before the court.
Otherwise, they dismiss the case.

Once the criminal case is filed in court, the court issues a warrant of arrest against the accused (if he was not caught in the act of committing
the crime) or commitment order (if the accused was caught in the act of committing the crime and he has not yet posted bail or the offense is
non-bailable because the crime is punishable by life imprisonment, reclusion perpetua or death).

The prosecutor ([fiscal] from the DOJ for crimes committed by non-government people, or from the Ombudsman for crimes committed by
government people, although the fiscals can prosecute criminal cases against government people under the continuing authority of the Office of
the Ombudsman) now stands as the lawyer for the State (People of the Philippines) and prosecute the case. The victim, the law enforcer (who
investigated the crime) and other witnesses will now testify in court. The defense counsel will defend the accused. After the trial, the court will
now decide whether or not the accused is guilty. If he is, then he shall be penalized (fine, or imprisonment, or both). If he is not, he shall be
acquitted (set free).

IV – THE COURTS:

To this group belongs the Municipal Trial Courts (for crimes punishable by imprisonment not exceeding six (6) years), the Shari’a Circuit Courts
in the ARMM (for criminal violations of the Muslim Code), the Regional Trial Courts (for crimes punishable by imprisonment of more than six
years, and appeals from the decisions of the Municipal Trial Courts), the Sandiganbayan (for crimes committed by government officials with
salary grade 27 and above regardless of the penalty prescribed for the offense charged, and appeals from the decisions of the Regional Trial
Court in criminal cases against government employees below salary grade 27), the Court of Appeals (for appeals from the decisions of the
Regional Trial Courts in criminal cases against non-government people), and the Supreme Court (for appeals from the decisions of the Court of
Appeals, Sandiganbayan and automatic review of decisions of the Regional Trial Courts and the Sandiganbayan where the penalty imposed
is reclusion perpetua or death).
V – CORRECTIONS:

To this group belong the various Jails (Municipal, City and Provincial Jails), the Bureau of Corrections (in Muntinlupa) and other correctional
facilities. While the criminal case is pending in court, the accused shall be detained at the Municipal, City or Provincial Jail unless he posts a
bail bond for his provisional liberty and if the offense is bailable. After conviction, the convict will be sent to the Bureau of Corrections to serve
his sentence.

Our criminal justice being also a corrective one, the correction officials are mandated to see to it that the convict is reformed and is able to re-
integrate himself into the community after serving his sentence.

FORM OF GOVERNMENTT

The Philippines is democratic and a republic with a presidential form of government, which has three coequal branches: executive,
legislative, and judiciary. The Executive branch consists of the President and the Vice-President, who are elected by direct popular
votes and serve for a term of six years. The President appoints his Cabinet to help him administer the functions of the government.
The Cabinet is made up of various departments with specific functions and headed by secretaries. The Legislative branch, which
has the primary responsibility for enacting laws, consists of the Upper House (the Senate) and the Lower House (the House of
Representatives). The Senate President is the head of the Upper House; while the Lower House is led by the Speaker.
The Judiciary branch consists of the systems of courts, with the Supreme Court as the highest and headed by the Chief Justice
 Philippine National Police rank classification

• Director General (the Chief of Police and Chief of Directorial Staff at the national headquarters)

• Deputy Director General (the Deputy Chiefs of Police)

• Director (heads of various staff divisions in the directorial staff)

• Chief Superintendent (heads of Inspectorate, Administrative, and Operational Support Divisions, as well as the head of the
National Capital Region [NCR], and heads of regional offices, heads of NCR district offices)

• Senior Superintendent (heads of provincial offices)

• Superintendent (heads of district offices)

• Chief Inspector (heads of municipality or city offices)

• Senior Inspector

• Inspector

• Senior Police Officer IV

• Senior Police Officer III

• Senior Police Officer II

• Senior Police Officer I

• Police Officer III

• Police Officer II

• Police Officer I