Chronological Evolution of English

By Aaron Solano Rodriguez and Alfredo Uribe

BRIEF
EXAMPLE OF A
PERIOD INFORMATION ON
WORD
THE PERIOD
3000 B.C. Proto-Indo-European
was spoken in Baltic area.

1000 B.C. After many

Pre-English Period Ainaz = one migrations, the various
branched of Indo-European
have become distinct. Celtic
people inhabited what is now
Spain, France, Germany and
England.

55 B.C Beginning of Roman

raided on British Isles.

43 A.D. Roman occupation of

Britain. Roman colony of
"Britannia" established.
Eventually, many Celtic Britons
became Romanized. There was
a part of them who remain
rebel.

200 B.C.-200 A.D. Germanic

moved down from Scandinavia
and spread over Central Europe
in successive waves.

Early 5th A.D century. Roman

Empire collapsed. Romans
pulled out of Britain and other
colonies, attempting to shore
up defense on the home front;
but it's useless. Rome sacked
by Goths.

410 A.D. First Germanic tribes

arrived in England.

410-600 A.D Settlement of

most of Britain by Germanic
people speaking West
Germanic dialects descended
from Proto-Germanic. These
dialects are distantly related to
Latin, but also have a sprinkling
 of Latin borrowings due to
earlier cultural contact with the
Romans on the continent.

600 A.D., the Germanic

speech of England comprises
dialects of a language distinct
from the continental Germanic
languages.
410 A.D The Romans finally
left England. Then the
Germanic tribes from the
present-day area of Denmark
arrived. The four main tribes
were the Angles, Saxons, Jutes
and Frisians.

597 A.D introduction of

Christianity into Britain

731 A.D , Bede wrote the

"Ecclesiastical History of the
English People" in Latin. It
detailed the sophisticated
society of the Germanic tribes.

An = one 787 A.D Vikings invasions

began

871-899 A.D Alfred the Great

became the king of Wessex
Old English Period from while Wessex was the
dominant kingdom. During his
reign, he united the kingdoms
together and commissioned the
Anglo-Saxon chronicles, a
historical record of important
events in England.

878 A.D The Treaty of

Wedmore was signed and this
"Danelaw" gave the northeast
half of England to the Danes for
settlement

899-1099 A.D The Anglo-

Saxon chronicles continued.
 750-1050 A.D The harrying of
Europe by the Scandinavian
vikings took place.

800 A.D The first attacks of the

vikings tok place

838 A.D By this year, the

attacks became serious.

850-854 A.D First armies

made their way through Britain
and started their campaign
there.
norrœnir menn = northen 865 A.D A large army stayed in
men East Anglia and operated as a
single unit for more than nine
years before conquering the
zone.
Norsemen
878 A.D For some time, King
Alfred held the South and West
of Britain against the Vikings.
But he loses after that.

9th century The West Saxon

Kings reconquered North and
East of England. But in the
meantime Vikings established
kingdoms in those areas.

1558–1603 A.D Reign of

Elizabeth I. The age of Elizabeth
was marked by a remarkable
flowering of culture.

1558–1592 A.D The first

English author to make a living
Elizabethan Era by writing was Robert Greene.
Greene wrote more than 30
works of fiction, many of them
openly commercial. His work
marks the shift in English
literature from a mainly oral
form to a printed one.

1585–1604 A.D Anglo-Spanish

War started

1564 A.D Guilliam Boonen

came from the Netherlands to
be Queen Elizabeth's first
coach-builder —thus
introducing the new European
invention of the spring-
 suspension coach to England,
as a replacement for the litters
and carts of an earlier
transportation mode.

1565 A.D The Royal

Exchange, the first stock
exchange in England and one of
the earliest in Europe, proved
to be a development of the first
importance, for the economic
development of England and
soon for the world as a whole.

1577-1581 A.D Sir Francis

Drake circumnavigated the
globe.
Methinks= I think
1587 A.D The first attempt at
English settlement of the
eastern seaboard of North
America occurred in this era—
the abortive colony at Roanoke
Island.

1588 A.D Spanish Armada is

defeated bringing peace and
estability to England.

2000 B.C Proto-Germans

settled in southern Scandinavia

500 B.C Proto-Germans

displaced Celts in northern
Germany
Germanic Influence
120 B.C Cimbri and Teutoni,
Germanic tribes, invade
dRoman Empire

9 A.D Cheruscan chieftan

Arminius (Hermann) defeated
Roman legions commanded by
Quinctilius. Varus, end of
Roman attempted to conquer
Germanic territory
Mōna= the Moon
100 A.D Tacitus wrote
Germania, describing the lands
 and tribes of Germany

300 A.D Migration Period

began.

449 A.D Angles, Saxons, and

Jutes migrated to Britain, and
conquered of the Celtic
population

550 A.D Migration Period

ends / Beginning of medieval
societies and states in Europe

6th and 7th centuries A.D.

Latin religious terms were
brought to Britain by Christian
missionaries. Those terms
entered English language.

1066 A.D William the

Conqueror defeated the English
at Senlac, and established a
Norman aristocracy in England;
French became the language of
the court and of the landed
proprietors and of the upper
Latin Influence classes in general, and French
was itself a language of almost
Cîese= Cheese pure Latin origin.

16th through 18th centuries

A.D English writers created
huge numbers of new words
from Latin and Greek roots.

1380 A.D The first hand-

written English language Bible
manuscripts were produced.
They were translated from Latin
English.

1400-1650 A.D -- During the

Renaissance, which spread
from Italy to France and finally
to England, people started
reading Latin classical authors
and bringing Latin words into
their languages. Europeans
found it useful to have a
universal Latinate terminology
to facilitate international
research. In England, this is
called "aureate diction" and is
considered evidence of great
 learnedness.

Up till 1900 A.D -- Almost

everyone who went to college
has to learn Latin, and most
humanities majors have to
study Greek as well. Many of
the Latin roots borrowed during
the aureate diction period have
come to seem native and can
be used in forming new words.

Present time Although Latin is

considered a dead language
nowadays, there remain uses
both formal and informal in our
everyday lives. Legal jargon is
filled with Latin expressions,
and college diplomas and
universities' and professional
organizations' mottoes are
often in Latin.

50 percent of English words are

derived from the ancient
language. Latin is also the
official language of the Vatican
and is used in Catholic Masses.

911 A.D The Frankish King

Charles the Simple grants the
Viking Rollo land in what is now
northern France. This land
becomes known as "Normandy"
Normans and the people who live there
are known as the "Normans."

1066 A.D Anglo-norman, a

dialect of Old French, was
introduced in England and the
Anglo-Saxons after William the
Conqueror, the Duke of
Boeuf= beef Normandy, invaded and
conquered the area.

1204 A.D King John lost the

province of Normandy to the
King of France.

1204 A.D The lost of

Normandy caused nobility
adopted obility adopted a
modified English as their native
tongue.

1204 A.D The French King

 Phillip II invades and conquers
Normandy. Most of the
Normans in England decide to
stay and become English. Most
of the Normans in France
become French. The Normans
themselves effectively cease to
exist.

1349-50 A.D The Black Death

caused the labouring and
merchant classes grew in
economic and social
importance. English became
more popular than Anglo-
Norman.

1386 A.D Chaucer began

writting his “Canterbury Tales”

1476 A.D printing press was

introduced to England.

1492 A.D Columbus

reached the 'New World'.

1504 A.D The first British

colony in North America was
established.

1509-47 A.D The Reign of

Henry VIII . Durign his reign the
first translation of the Bible
from Latin to a vernacular
language was made.

Chevauchée= Feudal 1539 A.D English bibles

duty to accompany the were practically found
everywhere, the printing press
Renaissance lord on a minor expedition
made this possible.
or as an escort.
1558-1603 A.D Reign of
Queen Elizabeth I. Shakespeare
plays were very popular.

1604 A.D . The first English

dictinonary was created.

1300 A.D London became a

bigger and more popular
capital.

1386 A.D Chaucer began his

“Canterbury Tales”
 1348 A.D Black Death first
outbreak happened. It killed
three quarters of English
population

1363 A.D English was declared

as the language in court
proceedings

1399 A.D Henry IV became the

first
English-speaking king
Povre= Poor
1440 A.D Growth of Chancery
Standard
Middle English Period (London English. The English
that was commonly spoken by
common folks and goverment)

1476 A.D Caxton printed first

English
book

1485 A.D The Tudor dynasty

established a period of political
and social stability started.

1491-1492 A.D Richard

Pynson started printing in
London. His style tended to
prefer Chancery Standard, the
form of English used by
government.

1539 A.D The Bible was read

to congregations regularly in
churches, familiarising much of
Early Modern English Thou= You the population of England with
a standard form of the
Period
language.

1549 A.D The first Book of

Common Prayer in English was
published under the supervision
of Thomas Cranmer. This book
standardises much of the
wording of church services.
 1604 A.D The first dictionary
of hard words was writen by
Cawdry.

1755 A.D Samuel Johnson

wrote a dictionary, which he
hoped would help refine the
English language.

1828 A.D Webster's Dictionary

was published.

1858 A.D The Oxford English

Dictionary, originally known as
A New English Dictionary on
Historical Principles (NED, is
published. It took forty-four
year to compile the first edition
and it is updated about every
Twitter forty years.
Present Day English
Present time Although Latin is
considered a dead language
nowadays, there remain uses
both formal and informal in our
everyday lives. Legal jargon is
filled with Latin expressions,
and college diplomas and
universities' and professional
organizations' mottoes are
often in Latin.

50 percent of English words are

derived from the ancient
language.

Nobody speaks Latin well, and

few people can write it, but lots
can read it.

16th century A.D The

colonization of North America
takes place.

17th-19th centuries A.D

British imperium
expandes borrowing terms from
languages around the world.

19th century A.D Linguistic

 scholars accepted the ever-
changing nature of language.

Discovery of the Indo-European

language family. Late in
century: Recognition that all
languages are fundamentally
the same in nature; no
"primitive" or "advanced"
languages.

American English and 20th century A.D Languages

other varieties of the world begin to die out on
a large scale as mastery of
certain world languages
becomes necessary for
survival.

1945-? A.D English has

greater impact than ever on
other languages, even those
with more native speakers.
Becomes most widely studied
second language, and a
scientific lingua franca.

By the 1990s, preferences

Cappuccino began to shift in many places
from British to American
English as the selected
standard for second language
acquisition.

Hollywood and the pop music

industry made English an
irresistible medium for the
transmission of popular culture.

Long-established European
cultures began to feel
linguistically and culturally
threatened, as English came
into use in more and more
spheres and large numbers of
English borrowings enter their
languages.

New waves of immigrants

arrived to the U.S. Linguistic
diversity increases where the
newcomers settle, but
immigrants repeated the
pattern of earlier settlers and
lose their language within a
generation or two. More
foreign languages were
 incorporated to English.

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