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Chapter 7 Properties of Matter

Notes: FBISE physics chapter 7 'properties of matter'

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133 views27 pages

Chapter 7 Properties of Matter

Notes: FBISE physics chapter 7 'properties of matter'

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Omer Farooq
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3. 8 10. ML 12 2B. 4 15, PROPERTIES OF MATTER de PLE CHOICE QUESTIONS. The property of the matter due to which it restores its size and shape when force ceases to act on it: a) Inertia b) Elasticity ©) Permittivity 4) Rigidity The force that acts on unit area of an object and thus changes its shape or size: a) Stress b) Strain ©) Yong's Modulus d) Elastic limit In system international, the unit of stress is: a) Nm? b) Nnv c)Nm d) None of above ‘The ratio of change in length to the original length is: a) Stress b) Strain ©) Yong’s Modulus d) Elastic limit ‘When stress is increased, the strain also goes on: a) Decreasing ») Increasing ©) Constant 4) All of above The law about stress and strain is presented by: a) Hook b) Newton ©) Joule 6) Archiimedes According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit stress and strain has -—— proportion: a) Inverse ») Direct ©) Same 4) None‘of above ‘The ratio of tensile stress and tensile strain is: a) Variable ) Constant ©) Uniform 4) None of above The unit of Young’s modulus ‘ a) Nm? b) Nm" <)Nm d) None of above ‘The force exerted perpendicularly on unit area of an object is called: 2) Strain 1) Constant ©) Pressure 4) Work ‘The unit of pressure is: a) Nm? b) Nm! c) Pa 4) Botha&c Pressure depends upon: a) Density b) Depth ©) Temperature d) Botha &b If'a body is at a depth of *h’ from the liquid surface of density ‘p’, then the pressure ‘P’ on that body is: a) P=wit b) P= pgv ©) P= pgh d)P=Fla The law about pressure on the object is presented by: a) Joule b) Pascal ©) Newton 4d) Galileo Hydraulic press is based on: 4) Joule’s law b) Pascal law ©) Newton's law d)Young’s Modulus 16. If pressure is exerted on a liquid, liquid transmits it: a) Variably b) Equally ¢) Inall directions) bothb & ¢ 17. Hydraulic brake works on the principle oft a) Hydraulic press _b) Pascal law ¢) Joule’s law d)Botha&b 18. _— tells about the floating and sinking of objects: a) Pascal's law b) Newton's law ¢) Archimedes principle d) None of them 19, Due to pressure difference on an object, an upward force acts on the object known as: a) Weight b) Buoyant force) Stress d) All of above 20, Buoyant force is equal to the ~-—---~ of the liquid displaced by the object: a) Volume b) Density ©) Weight 4) All of above 21. The object will float on the liquid surface when: a)W>F byWeF W=F d) None of above 22. The object will sink in the liquid surface when: a)W>F ww a) solid b) Kiquid ©) gases 4) Plasma 33. Weakest attractive forces are in a) solid ) liquid ©) gases ) plasma 34. 35. 36. 37. 39. Ionic state of matter is called a) gas ») plasma ©) liquid ) none of these Plasma is 1) Good conductor “b) Bad conductor) Semi conduetor_—_d) non conductor Unit of density a) kgm? % b) kgm? c)kgm? d) kgm? Unit of pressure is a) Nav? b)Pa ) Nm 4) Botha &b ‘The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure a) Colorimeter b) Hypsometer ©) Barometer 4) None of these A solid object is: a) Not elastic below the clastic Limit +b) Flastic above the elastic limit ©) Elastic below the elastie limit 4d) None of above ANSWER KEY 2 ‘Ans a g r F} 3 ry Ay i 6 7 Ey c bbe lu ls Qa Ans: Q2 Q3 Ans: Unit What is Kinetic molecular theory? Write down its postulates. Most of the properties of solids, liquids, and gases can be explained on the basis of the intermolecular forces. Kinetic molecular model has some important features. Matter is made up of patticles called molecules. The molecules remain in continuous motion. The motion of molecules could be lincar, vibrational, or rotational, ‘The molecules attract each other. What is plasma? ‘The kinetic energy of gas molecules goes on increasing if a gas is heated continuously. This causes the gas molecules move faster and faster. The collisions between atoms and molecules of the gas become so strong that they tear off the atoms. Atoms lose their electrons and become positive ions. This ionic state of matter is called plasma, ‘What do you know about density? Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. ‘mass of a substance volume of that substance Density SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter (kgm), Density Equations Mass Density Volume Mass = Density x Volume Mass Density Define pressure and write down its unit. ‘The force acting normally per unit area on the surface of a body is called pressure. _ Force ‘Area eo A Volume = ‘Thus Or Quantity Unit Qs Ans: Pressure is a scalar quantity. In SI units, the unit of pressure is N rm also called Pascal (Pa). Thus, IN m” = 1Pa Define pressure in liquids. Liquids exert pressure, The pressure of a liquid acts in all directions. If we take pressure sensor (a device that measures pressure) inside a liquid, then the pressure of the liquid varies with the depth of sensor. Q6 Ans: Q7 Ans: Qs Ans: Qs Qu0 Qui Quz Qu3 State Paseal’s Law. Pressure applied at any point of a liquid enclosed in a container; is transmitted without the loss to all other parts of the liquid. s An external force applied on the surface of a liquid increases the liquid pressure at the surface of the liquid. This increase in liquid pressure is transmitted equally in all direction and to the walls of the container in which it is filled Explain the braking system of the vehicles, The brakes of cars, buses otc, work on the principle of Pascal’s law. In such a type of brakes, when brake pedal is pushed, it exerts pressure on the master cylinder, which increases the liquid pressure in the cylinder. The liquid pressure is transmitted equally through the liquid in the metal pipes, Due to the increase pressure of the liquid pressure, the pistons in the cylinder mover outwards pressing the brakes pad with brake drums. The force of friction between friction the brake pads and the brake drum stops the wheels. State Archimedes Principle. ‘When object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an upthrust act on ittegual t0 the weight of the liquid it displaces, Define principle of floatation A floating object displaces a fluid having weight equal to weight of the object What is atmospheric pressure? . The earth is surrounded by a cover of ait is called atmosphere. It extends to a few hundred kilometers above’sea level. Just as certain sea creatures live at the bottom of ocean, we-live at the bottom of a huge ocean of air. Air is the mixture of gases. The density of airin the atmosphere is not uniform. It decreases continuously as we go up. What is barometer? The instruments that measure atmospheric pressure are. called barometers. One of the simple barometers is a mercury barometer. It consists of a glass tube 1 m long closed at one end, Why mercury is used in barometer instead of water? : Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water. Atmospheric pressure can hold vertical column of water is about 13.6 times the height of mercury column at a place. ‘Thus, at sea level, vertical height of water column would be 0.76 m x 13.6 = 10.34 m. Thus, a glass tube ‘more than 11 m long is required to make a water barometer. ‘What weather changes can be expected due to decrease of atmospheric pressure? * A gradual and average drop in atmospheric pressure means a low pressure in a neighboring locality. * Minor but rapid fall in atmosphere indicates a windy and showery condition in the nearby region, * * A decrease in atmospheric pressure accompanied by breezé and rain, * A sudden fall in atmospheric pressure often followed by a storm, rain and typhoon to ‘occur in few hours time, Q.14 What weather changes can be expected due to increase of atmospheric pressure? + An increasing atmospheric pressure with 2 decline later on predicts an intense weather conditions. © A gradual large increase in the atmospheric pressure indicates a long spell of pleasant weather. «A rapid increase in atmospheric pressure means that it will soon be followed by a sure indicating poor weather ahead. decrease in the atmospheric pr ‘What is Elasticity? ‘The property of a body to restore its original size and shape as the deforming force ceases to act is called elasticity Deforming force ‘The applied force that changes shape, length or volume of @ substance is called the deforming force. Q.16 What is stress? ‘Ans: ‘The force that acts on sinit area ai the surface of a body and thus changes s shape or size is called stress, Mathematical form Ifa force F is applied on av-arca A ofan object, the stress is) mathematically defined as: Stres: z A Unit In System Intemational. fhe unit Of stress is Nev” Q.AT What is strain? Ans: A stress ean produce a change in shape, length or volume of an object |A é6impatison of change caused by the stress with the original length, volume or shape is called the strain, ‘Tensile strain Ifa stress produces'a change in length of an object then the stai is called ‘ensile srain, ‘Therefore, yeh (Original Length ile Strain == Unit ‘As the strain is a ratio botween ty.‘ nilar quantities so it hag no unit, Q.U8 Hooke’s Law Ans: The strain produced in a body by the stress applied to it is directly proportional to the siress within the elastic limit of the body. . Mathematical Formula Stress a strain Stress = constant x strain Stress or SESS — constant Sirain Hooke’s law is applicable to all kinds of deformation and all types of matter {¢. solids, liquids or gases within certain limit Q19 Define Young’s Modulus. ‘Ans: The ration of stress and strain is a constant within the elastic limit, tis constant is called the Young's Modulus. Unit Sl unit of Young's Modulus is Newvton per square meter (N mY %y Q20, What is elastic Limit? ‘Ans: When stress is increased, the strain also goes on increasing until there comes a-limit When stress is removed, the object does not come back to its initial state, This limit of stress is called elastic limit. Q6 What are the elastie materials? Give some exam) Aus: An objett is-said to be elastic if it restores its original size und shape after the external force ceases to act, For example rubber; plasti¢, nylon, iron ete. Q.17 How property of elasti our body? ‘Ans: Not only metalsandother materials are elastic, our body muscles are also elastic. Mest of less is used i the actions of out body are possible due to expansion and contraction of the muscles. QU8 Prove that the SI unit of Young’s modulu Ans: Pressure is calculated mathematically as: Pascal or Nm”. m Thus, SI unit of pressure is Nmv” and it is also named as Pascal (pa) Q.19 Prove that liquid pressure does not depend upon mass of the liquids. ‘Ans: Liquid pressure is given by the formula: P=peh ‘Above equation is independent of mass of the Liquid. So, liquid pressure docs not depend upon the mass of the body. Q.20 Qa Ans: Q2 Q23 Ans: Q24 Ans: Under what condition the object floats in water? If the buoyant force ‘F’ is greater than the ‘w’ of the immersed object, the resultant force (F ~w) will act in the upward direction and it will push the object in upward direction. In this situation, some part of the object will be raised above the water so that the buoyant force ‘F” becomes equal to the weight. So, equilibrium is established and the object floats. Prove that P=pgh ‘As-we know that pressure w AsF=w ssure= P= a A mg so essure = P= 2B Pr A Asm=vxp so pressure = cmpne Asv=Axh so pressure = Aaneexe ‘Therefore pressure =P=pgh as required. Write any three applications of the Pascal’s law in our daily life. Raw cotton.and clothes are pressed to form their bundles for their easy transportation, For the service of heavy vehicles, these are lifted by the use of hydraulic press. ‘The brakes of certain vehicles work on the principle of hydraulic press. ‘When an inflated balloon is heated it bursts. Why? ‘When inflated balloon is heated then motion of the molecules of the gas inorcases in the balloon and they will increase pressure on the walls of the balloon so it will burst because of this increased gas pressure on it. Under what condition the object sinks in water? If the weight ‘w’ of the immersed object is greater than the buoyant force ‘F” of the liquid, the resultant force (w ~ F) will act in the downward ditection and the object will sink. LONG QUESTIONS nes ‘OF MAT Q.No.1 Explain different states of matter on the basis of kinetic molecular theory. ‘Ans: Kinetic molecular model is used to explain the three states of matter — solid, liquid, and gas. @ Solid Solids have fixed shapes and volume. Their molecules are held close together. However, they vibrate about their mean positions but do not move from place to place Examples are stone, meta! spoon, pencil ete (i) Liquids The distance between the molecules of a liquid is more than in solids. Thus, attractive forces between them are weaker. Like solids, molecules of a tiquid also vibrate about their mean position but are not rigidly held with each other, Due to the weaker attractive forces, they can slide over one another. Thus, the liquids can flow, The volume of « certain amount of liquid remains the same but because it can flow hence; it attains the shape ofa container to whieh itis put. Gases Gases such as air have no fixed shape or volume. They canbe filled in any container of any shape. Their molecules have random motion and move with very high velocities, In gases, molecules are much farther apart than solids Or liquids. “Thus, gases are much lighter than solids and liquids. They can be squeezed into smaller volumes. Pressure of gases ‘The molecules of a gas aré constantly striking the walls of a container. Thus, # pressure on the walls of the container. (iy) Plasma ‘The kinetic encrey of gas molecules goes on increasing if a gas This causes the gas molecules move faster and faster, The collisions between atoms and molecules of the gas become so strong that they tear off the atoms. Atoms lose their electrons and become positive ions. This ionic state of matier is called plasma Plasma in discharge tubses Plasma is also formed in gas discharge tubes when electric current passes through these tubes. Plasma - The Fourth state of Matter Plasma is also called the fourth state of matter in which gas oociars in 38 ionic Positive ions and electrons get separated in the presence of electric and magnetic ! Plasma also exists in neon and fluorescent tubes when they glow. Universe formation Most of the matters that fill the universe are in plasma state. In stars such as our sun, gases exist in their ionic state. Plasma Good Conductor Plasma is highly condu gas exerts is heated continuously. ing state of mater, Itallaws electric current to pass throu ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Q.No.2 What is atmospheric pressure? And explain atmospheric pressure an experiment. ‘Ans: ‘The carth is surrounded by a cover of air is called atmosphere. It extends to a few hundred kilometers above sea level. Just as certain sea cteatures live at the bottom of ocean, we live at the bottom of a huge ocean of air. Air is the mixture of gases. The density of air in the atmosphere is not uniform. It decreases continuously as we go up. Atmospheric pressure acts in all directions Funepiece Examples = resbore Soap bubbles expand till the pressure of air in them is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Soap bubbles so formed have spherical shapes because the atmospheric pressure acts on a bubble equally in all directions. A balloon expands as we fill air into it. The balloon will expand in all directions. Experiment ‘The fact that atmosphere exerts pressure can be explained Figure 719: Ar fea by simple experiment, Take an émpty tin can with a lid, ““t!e "estore ness Open its cap and put some water in it. Place it over flame. Wait till water begins to’ boil and the steam expels the air out of the can. Remove it from the flame. Close the can firmly by its cap. Now place the can under tape water. The can will squeeze due to atmospheric pressure. When the can is cooled by tap water, the steam in it condenses. As the steam changes into water, it leaves an empty space behind it. This lowers the pressure inside the can as compared to the atmospheric pressure outside the can. This will cause that can to collapse from all directions, This experiment shows that atmosphere exerts pressure in all directions. Measuring Atmospheric Pressure Q.No.3Which device is used to measure the atmospheric pressure? Explain the ‘meastirement of atmospheric pressure by using barometer. ‘A simple device used to measure the atmospheric pressure is barometer. Barometer ‘The instruments that measure atmospheric pressure are galled harometers. Gne of the simple barometers is a mercury barometer. It consists of a glass tube 1 m long closed at one end. Measurement After filling it with mercury, it is inverted in a mercury trough. Mercury in the tube descends and stops at a certain height. The column of mercury held in the tube exerts pressure at its base. At the sea level the height of mercury column above the mercury in the trough is found to be about 76 cm. pressure exerted by 76 cm of air column is nearly 101,300 Nm equal to atmospheric pressure the help of Figare 7.12: A mereury barometer It is common to express atmospheric pressure in terms of the height of mercury column. As the atmospheric pressure at a place does not remains constant, hence, the height of ‘mercury column also varies with atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure at sea level At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is about 101,300 Pa or 101,300 Nm”, Mercury in barometer instead of water Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water. Atmospheric pressure can hold vertical colunin ‘of water is about 13.6 times the height of mercury column at a place. Thus, at sea level vertical height of water coluzu would be 0.76 m x 13.6 = 10.34 m, Thus, a glass tube more than 10 m long is required to make a water barometer. Variation in Atmospheric Pressure : Q.No.4 Write a note on variation in atmospheric pressure. Ans: The atmospheric pressure decreases as we go up. The atmospheric pressure on mountains is lower that at sea level. At a height of about 30 km, the atmospheric pressure becom only 7 mm of mercury which is approximately 1000 Pa. it would become zero at an altitude where is no air. Thus we can determine the altitude of a place by knowing the atmospheric pressure at that place. Effect of weather on atmospheric pressure * Ona hot day, air above the Earth becomes hot and expands. ‘This causes a fall of atmospheric pressure in that region. ‘© During cold chilly nights, air above the Earth cools down, This causes an increase in atmospheric pressure. Expected weather changes due to variation of atmospheric pressure ‘The chafiges in atmospheric pressure at a certain place indicate the expected changes in the weather conditions at that place, Decrease in atmospheric pressure * A gradual and average drop in atmospheric pressure means @ low pressure in @ neighboring locality. * Minor but rapid fall in atmosphere indicates a windy and showery condition in the nearby region, ‘+ A decrease in atmospheric pressure accompanied by breeze and rain * A sudden fall in atmosphetic pressure often followed by a storm, rain and typhobn to occur in few hours time. Increase in atmospheric pressure © An increasing atmospheric pressure with a decline later on predicts an intense weather conditions. ‘+ A gradual large increase in the atmospheric pressure indicates a long spell of pleasant weather. ‘+A rapid increase in atmospheric pressure means that it will soon be followed by a decrease in the atmospheric pressure indicating poor weather ahead. ANTAL Q.No.5 Define pressure in liquids. Derive its mathematical formula. Ans: Liquids exert pressure. The pressure of a liquid acts in all directions. If we take pressure sensor (a device that measures pressure) inside a liquid, then the pressure of the liquid varies with the depth of sensor. Mathematical Derivation Consider a surface area A in a liquid at a depth h as shown in figure. The length of the cylinder of liquid over this surface will be h. The force acting on this surface will be the weightw of the liquid above this surfuce. If p is the density of the liquid and m is mass of the liquid above the surface, then Mass of the liquid =m = volume x density m=(Axh)xp Force acting on area A =F=w=mg Ahpg gue 1 Fie a As pressure =P=FIA So Abpg A Therefore, P=pgh The ahove equation gives the pressure ata depth h in a liquid of density p. It show that its pressure in a liquid increases with depth. Pascal's Law Q.No.6 State Pascal’s Law. Write down the application of Pascal’s law. Ans:_, Pressure applied at any point of a liquid enclosed in a cont the foss{to all other parts of the liquid. , 18 transmitted without An-extemnal force applied on the surface of a liquid increases the liquid pressure at the surface of the liquid. This increase in liquid pressure is transmitted equally in all direction and to the walls of the container in which it is Sed. Applications of Paseal’s Law (Hydraulic Press) Hydraulic press is a machine which works on the principle of Pascal’s-law. It consists of two cylinders which are fitted with pistons of cross ~ sectional area a and A. The object is to be compressed is placed over the piston of large cross — sectional area A. the Force is applied on the piston of cross - sectional area a, Figure iar rea orem The pressure P produced by small piston is transmitted through the liquid and acts on the on the large piston and a force Fy acts on A which is much larger than F, Mathematical form Pressure on piston of small area a is given by, By applying Pascal’s law, the pressure on the larger piston of area A will be same as on the small piston. By coniparing the above equations, we have RAB aa So, R=Rxe a Since the ratio A/a is greater than 1, hence the force F2 acts on the larger piston is greater than the force F, on the smaller piston, Hydraulic systems working in this way are known as force multipliers. Braking System in Vehicles Q.No.7 Explain the braking system of the vehicles. ‘Ans: The brakes of cars, buses etc. work on the principle of Pascal's law. In such a type of brakes, when brake pedal is pushed, it exerts pressure on the master cylinder, which increases the liquid pressure in the cylinder. The liquid pressure is transmitced equally through the liquid in-the metal pipes, Due to the increase pressure of the Tiquid pressure, the pistons in the eylinder mover outwards pressing the brakes pad with brake drums. The force 6f friction between friction the brake pads and the brake drum stops the wheels. Brake drum Pistons REAR WHEEL Brake shoe Fe Figure 7.17: A hyeraule brake ofa cat Eo Q.No.8 State and explain Archi-aedes Principle. Ans: Introduction Move than two thousands years ago, the Greek scientist, Archimedes noticed the upthrust force of the liquid, Up thrust force There is an upward force which acts on an object kept inside a liquid. As a result an apparent loss of weight is observed in the object. This upward force acting on the object is called the upthnust of the liquid, Statement When object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an upthrust act on it equa! to the weight of the liquid it displaces. = Explanation - Consider a solid cylinder of cross — sectional area A and height h immersed in a liquid as shown in figure. Let hy and hp be the depth of the top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder respectively from the surface of the liquid. Thea hy—hy=h IEP; and Po are the liguidl pressures at the depth hy ‘and ha respectively and p is its density, then s Figure 718: Upton a body Pr=pghr ‘immersed in a Tiqud is qual to the Po=peh ‘igo th gid dsplaeed Ler the force F; is exerted at the cylinder top-by the liquid due to pressure P, and the force F is exerted at the bottom of the cylinder due to Pa. So Fi=pehA Fr=pghA ) and Fe are acting on the opposite faces of the cylinder. Therefore, the net force F will be F;— F; in the direction of Fp. The net force F on the cylinder is called the upthrust of the liquid. ‘Therefore, F)— Fy =pgemA-pghA =pgA(h—h) OR upthrust ofliquid =p ghA - OR =peV Here Ah is the volume V of the cylinder and equal to the volume of the liquid displaced by the cylinder. Therefore, p g V is the weight of the liquid displaced. The above equation shows that an upthrust acts on the body immersed in a liquid and is equal to the \weight of liquid displaced, which is Archimedes principle. Density of an Object Q.No.9 How density of an object can be found by Archimedes principle? Ans: Let Weight of equal volume of liquid Archimedes principle is also helpfal to determine the density of an object. The ratio in the weights of a body with an equal volume of the liquid is the same as in theit densities Density of the object =D Density of the liquid ‘Weight of the object ww Here w2 is the weight of solid in liquid. According to Archimedes principle, wz is less than its actual weight w by an amount w. Q.No.10 Explain the Principle of Floatation. Ans: ‘An object sinks if its weight is greater than the up thrust force acting on it, An object floats if its weight is equal or less than the up thrust. When an object floats in a fluid, the™ up thrust acting on it is equal to the weight of the object. In case of floating object, the object may be partially immersed. The up thrust is always equal to the fluid displaced by the object. This is principle of floatation. This states that: “A floating object displaces a fluid having weight equal to weight of the object.” Archimedes principle is applicable on liquids as well as gases. We find numerous applications of this principle in @aily life. Ships and Submarines Ships ‘A wooden bl6ck floats on water, It is because the weight of an equal volume of water is greater than the weight of the block. According (o the principle of floatation, @ body floats if it displaces water equal to the weight of the body when it is partially or ‘completely immersed in water. Ships and boats are designed on the same principle of floatation. They carry passengers land goods over water. It would sink in water if its weight including the weight of its passengers and goods becomes greater than the upthrust of water. . Submarines 'A Submarine can travel over as well as under water. It also works on the principle of floatation, It floats over water when the weight of the water equal to its volume is greater than its weight. Under this condition, it is similar to a ship and remains partially above water level. It has a system of tanks which can be filled with and emptied from sea water. When these tanks are filled with sea'water, the weight of the submarine increases. As soon as its weight becomes greeter than the upthrust, it dives into water and remains under water. To come up on the surface, the tanks are emptied from sea water zs Q.Nu-11 State and explain the Hoeke's Law. ‘Ans: The strain produced in a tedy by the stress applied to it is directly proportional to the stress within the elastic lisrat of the body. Mathematical Formula Stress o strain Stress = constant x strain Suess or = constant Stain Hooke’s law is applicable to all kinds of deformation Wp and. all types of matter i.e, solids, liqiids or gases within certain limit. Beng enn ns Elastic Limit is a timit with which a body recovers to original length, ¢) volume or shape after deforming force is removed. This limit ¢] is called the elastic limit. a nt ‘When a stress crosses this limit, called the elastic limit, a body is permanently deformed and is unable to restore its original © ~E=orry —> state after the stress is removed. gre ap oe Young’s Modulus Q.No.12 Define Young’s Modulus and derive its mathematical formula, ‘Ans: The ration of stress and stcain isa constant within the elastic limit, this constant is called the Young's Modulus, Mathematical Form Consider along bar of length Lo and cross ~ sectional area A. Let an external force F ‘equal to weight stretches it such that the stretched length becomes L. Mathematically, Your's modulus = Y = Stress/Tensile strain Let AL be the change in length of the rod, then Since Stress = And Tensile Strain = As Young's modulus = Y = Stress/Tensile strain. So FLL AL Thevefore, Eee AxL Unit SI unit of Young’s Modulus is Newton per square meter (N m7) 4d i iti, iv. vil. 14 Ans: Unit TEXTBOOK EXERCISE Encirele the correct answer from the given choices. In which of the following state, molecules do not leave their position: a) Solid ™ b) liquid c) gas. d) plasma, Which of the substances is the lightest one? a) Copper b) mercury ©) aluminum @) lead SI unit of pressure is Pascal, which is equal to’ a) 10 Nm? by 1. Nm? c) 10° Nm? d) 10° Nm? What should be the approximate length of a glass tube to construct a water barometer? 05 m dim )2.5 m Om According to Archimedes, upthrust is equal to: 4) Weight of displace body b) volume of displaced body ) mass of displaced liquid d) none of these The density of a substance can be found with the help oft a) Pascal’s law 'b) Hooke’s law ©) Archimedes principle 4) principle of floatation According to Haoke’s law: a) Stress x sttain = constant b) stress/strain = constant ©) strain/stress = constant &) sttess = strain How kinetic molecular model is helpful in differentiating various states of matter? See Q. 1 Long Question Does there exist a fourth state of matter? What is that? Yes, there exists a fourth state of matter called Plasma . At very high temperature, atoms lose their electrons and become positive ions. This ionic state of matter consisting of ions and electrons is called plasma. What is meant by a density? What is its ST unit Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. Density = mass of a substance/volume of that substance ‘SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg m’), Can we use a hydrometer to measure the density of milk? Hydrometer is a device which is used to measure the density of liquids. So it can be used to measure the density of milk. Define the term pressure. The force acting normally per unit area on the surface of a body is called pressure. = Force/Area FIA Quantity Unit 1d Ans: 7.10 Ans: TAL Ans: 72 Ans: 713 Ans: 74 Ans: TAS Ans: 7.16 Ans: Pressure is a scalar quantity. m? = 1Pa In SI units, the unit of pressure is Nm? also called Pascal (Pa). Thus, 1% Show that atmosphere exerts pressure, ‘The atmosphere of Barth consists of gases, vapors and dust particles, All these are material particles, Due to the force of gravity these particles they exert pressure. So any object inside the atmosphere experience pressure which is called the atmospheric pressure, It is easy to remove air from a balloon but it is very difficult to remove air from a glass bottle. Why? Because the atmospheric pressure acts more casily on balloon as compared to glass Dottie, so emptying air is easier from balloon than glass bottle. What is barometer? ‘The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is called barometer. One of the simple barometers is mercury barometer. It consists of a glass tube Im long closed at oneend. ‘Why water is not suitable to be used in a barometer? Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water. Atmospheric pressure can hold vertical column ‘of water is about 13.6 times the height of mereury column at a place. Thus, at sea level, veitical height of water column would be 0.76 mx 13.6 10.34 m. Thus, a glass tube more than 10 m long is required to make a water barometer. What makes a sucker pressed on a smooth wall sticks to it? ‘When a sucker is pressed on a'smooth surface, the ait pressure below it becomes very smal], (due t6 the displaced air) as compared to the air pressure above it. Therefore, it sticks with the smooth surface. Why does the atmospheric pressure vary with height? As'we go high in the atmosphere, the density of the air becomes low. Due to this reason, atmospheric pressure decreases as we go high, Wat doe {mean when the atmospheric pressure at place fall suddenly? mospheric pressure often followed by a storm, rain and typhoon to ‘occur in few hours tie. What changes are exps:'e4 in weather if the barometer reading shows a sudden inerease? A sudden increase in atmospheric pressure means that it will soon followed by a decrease in the atmospheric pressure indicating poor weather ahead. State Pascal’s law. Pressure applied at any point of a liquid enclosed in a container, is transmitted without the loss to all other parts of the liquid. Explain the working of hydraulic press. See Q.6 Long Question TAT ‘What is meant by elasticity? ‘Ans: The property of matter by virtue of which matter resists any force which tries to change its length, shape or volume is called elasticity TAS State Archimedes principle? ‘Ans: When object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an upthrust act on it equal to the ‘weight of the liquid it displaces. 7.19 What is up thrust? Explain the principle of floatation, Ans: See Q. 8 & 10 Long Questions 7.20 Explain how a submarine moves up the water surface and down into water. Ans: See Q. 10 Long Question 7.21 Why does a piece of stone sink in water but a ship with a huge weights float? Ans: ‘The upthrust force on stone is much smaller than its weight because weight of the water displaced under stone is very small. While the ships are designed in such a way weight of the water displaced by them is greater than their weight. So upthrust force in case of ships is greater than their weights, So ships float on the surface of water. 7.22 What is Hooke’s law? What is meant by elastic limit? Ans: Hooke’s Law : ‘The strain produced in a body by the stress applied to it is directly proportional to the stress within the elastic limit of the body. Elastic Limi Ibis a limit within which a body Coves recovers its original length, volume or shape after deforming force is'removed is called elastic limit. When a body crosses this limit, it is permanently deformed and is unable to restore its Original State after the stress is removed. 7.23 Take a rubber band, Construct a balance of you own using a rubber band. Check its accuracy by weighing various objects. ‘Ans: Take a rubber band hang it with a hook. Then pointer is attached at the lower end of it with scale in front of pointer. Different known weights are suspended one by one at the lower end of the rubber band. Mark the pointer positions for each known weight. It is _ called calibration of scale for weight measurements. This makes a balance for weight measurement. 7.1 A wooden block measuring 40 em x iem x 5 cm has a mass of 850 g. find the density of the wood. Given Data Volume of wooden block = v= 40 cm x 10.¢m x $.cm= 2000 om’ =2x 10° m? Mass of wooden block = m= 850 g = 0.85 kg Required Density of wooden block = Solution As we know that Density = -M2ss. Volume By putting the values, we have 0.85 Density = soe 425 x 10° kg m* 25 ke m™ Density OR Density Result Density of wooden block = d= 425 kgm 7.2 How much would be the volume of the ice formed by freezing 1 liter of water? Given Data Volume of watet = Vi =1 litre Required. Volume of ice on freezing = Vo Solution As we know that Volume of ice _ density of water Volume ofwater density of ice . f So volume of ice = (Sensity of water ET ) x volume of water density of ice Putting values, we hows Volume of ice = 1.09 litres - Result Volume of ice on freezing = V2 = 1.09 litres 7.3 (i) Calculate the volume of the following objects. (@ An iron sphere of mass 5 kg, the density of iron is 8200 kgm” (ii) 200 g of lead shot having density 11300 kgm”. (iiiyA gold bar of mass 0,2 kg, the density of gold is 19300 kgm’. () —_ Aniron sphere of mass 5 kg, the density of iron is 8200 kgm f Given Data Mass of iron sphere =m = 5 kg Density of iron = d = 8200 kgm Required Volume of iron sphere = V =" Solution - ‘As we know that veaitiy= Om Volume Volume = M288 Density By putting the values, we have Volume = 5559 ,00069 m* OR — Volume = 6.9 x 10° m* Result Volume of iron sphere = V = 6.9 x 10m 7.3 (ii) 200 g of lead shot having density 11300 kgm”. Given Data } Mass of léad shot = m= 200 g= 0.2 ke Density of lead = d = 11300 kgm * Required ‘Volume of lead shot = Solution ‘As we know that Mass Densit east Yolume Volume = M285 Density By putting the values, we have Volume = 0 11300 Volume = 0,000017699 m? OR Volume =1.77 x 10° m' Result Volume of lead shot = v= 1.77 10% m* 7.3 (lil) A gold bar of mass 0.2 kg, the density of gold is 19300 kgm’. Given Data . Mass of gold bar = m= 0.2 kg Density of gold = d = 19300 kgm? Required Volume of gold bar Solution As we know that Density = M888 Volume Volume = Mss Density By putting the values, we have Volume = 22. 9300 Volume = 0,00001036 m’ OR — Volume = 1.04 x 10% m* Result Volume of gold bar 1.04 x 10% m* 7.4 The density of air is 1.3 kgm®, Find the mass of air in room measuring 8 mx5mx4m. Given Data Density of air = Volume of ai = 13 kgm? SmxSmx4m=> 160m Required Mass of air = m=? Solution ‘As we khow that, Density = ™25_ Volume So Mass = density x volume By pulting the values, we have Mass = 1.3 x 160 Mass = 208 ke Result - Mass of air = m= 208 kg 7.5 A student passes her palm by her thumb with a force of 75 the pressure under her thumb having contact area 1.5 em”? Given Data Force exerted by student = F = 75 N Contact area 1.Sem?= 1.5 x 104m Required Pressure under the thumb =P =? Solution As we know that p-= A By pulting'the values, we have ___75 1.5x10° 50x 10° Nm? Sx 10°Nm* Result Pressure under the thumb =P =5 x 10° Nm 7.6 The head of the pin is a square of side 10 mm. find the pressure on it due to a force of 20N. Given Data Force applied = Side of head of pin m Area of head of pin= A =Lx L=10x 10° mx 10x 107m = 100x 10% m’ =1x 10% m Required Pressure exerted by head of pin = Solution As we know that peF, A By putting the values, we have = 20 1x10 P=20x 10'Ni P=2x10°Nm? =? Result Pressure exerted by head of pin = P= 2 x 10° Nm 7.7 A uniform rectangular block of wood 20 cm x 7.5 em x 7.5 em and of mass 1000 g stands on a horizontal surface with its longest edge vertical. Find () The pressure exerted by the block on the surface (ii) Density of the wood Given Data ‘Mass of wooden block Volume of wooden bloc! (000 g= 1 kg 10 om x 7.5 cm x 7.5 om 0.001125 m’ or 1.125 x 107 Area of wooden block = A = 7.5 om x 7.5 em. = 0.005625 m? or 5.625 x 10° m? Required ) The pressure exerted by the block on the surface = (ii) Density of wood = d=? Solution As we know that V=LxWxH By putting the values, we have V=20emx 7.5 em x 7.5 em = 1125 cm’ = 0.001125 m? Density = Mass Volume By putting the values, we have Density = —1 .001 125 Density = 888.89 kgm? = 889 kg ‘As we know that pak A By putting the values, we have 10 0.005625 P=1778 Nm Result (i) The pressure exerted by the block on the surface (ii) Density of wood = d= 889 kgm™ 7.8 A cube of glass’of 5 em side and mass 306 g, has a cavity inside it, If the density of the glass is 2.55 gem". Find the volume of the cavity. Given Data Length of side of glass cube = L= 5 em Volume of glass cube L' = (Sem)' = 125 em> = 125 x 10% m’ = 1.25 x 104% m* Mass of cube = m = 306 g = 0.306 kg = 3.06.x 107 kg. Density of glass = d= 2.25 gem’ = 2.55 x 10*kg m® 1778 Nm? Required - Volume of cavity inside the glass cube = V =? Solution Volume without cavity = 1.25 x 107 m* Volume with cavity = massdensity = (3.06 x 10")(2.55 x 10°) =1.20x 10% m* — colume without cavity — volume with cavity 25 x 104m? ~ 1.20% 10% m* 0.05 x 10 m* 5x 10° mor Sem" Volume of cavity Result Volume of cavity inside the glass cube = v= 5 cm’ 79 An object has weight 18 N in air, Its weight is found to be 11.4 N when immersed in water, Calculate its density. Can you guess the material of the object? Given Data Weight of object in air = w; = 18N Weight of object in water = w2 = 11.4N Density of water = 4 = 1000 kgm? Oms* Gravitational acceleratior Weight of equal volume of wat Required Density of material = ‘Name of material =? 18N-L4N=66N Dm Solution ‘As we knox that Dow ep ow By putting the value, we have Result Density of material ‘As we know that density of aluminum is approximately equal to the density found in the ‘numerical, So, the material is aluminum. 7.10 _ A solid block of wood of density 0.6 gem weighs 3.06 N in air. Determine, i) Volume of the block Gi) The volume of block immersed when placed freely in Tiquid of density 0.9 gem-5 Given Data Density of wooden block ‘Weight of the wooden block Density of liquid 0.6 gem* 06 N 9 gem? Required Volume of the wooden block = V; = Volume of block when immersed in liquid = Solution [As we know that Volume =mass/ density 71 = 0,30640.6 x 10°) =0.51x 10" m? or St0cm" Aswe also know that Upward thrust = weight of the liquid displaced + Weight= 10x volume x density 3.06 = 10x volume x 0.9 x 10° Volume 06/(9 x 10°) V2 = 0.00034 m’ or 34 cm" Result Volume of the wooden block = V; = 510 em? Volume of block when immersed in liquid = V2 = 34 em* 7.11 The diameter of the piston of hydraulic press is 30 cm, How much force is required a car weighing 20000 N on its piston, if the diameter of the piston of the pump is 3 em. Given Data Diameter of the piston of hydraulic pres Diameter of the piston of pump = d= 3.em Weight of the car lifted by hydraulic press = Required Dem =0.3m 08 m. F; 10000 N Force applied on piston of pump =F =? Solution As.we know that &j nD? 4 @ Larger piston By putting the values, we have _ 34x Gx10' A 4 aa 4x9 10" wy - a= 2826210 4 A= 7.065 x 107 m? (i) Smaller piston By putting the value, we have 3.14x9%10* 4 28.2610" # 2 .065 x 10° m? From Fascal’s law, we have 4 2 8 By patting the velues, we ‘save 20000 _ 065% 10" 20000 «7.065 «10% 7.065% 10" F, =200N Result Force applied on piston of pump = F = 200 N ‘7.12 A steel wire of eras:-sectional area 2 x 10° ta’ is stretched through 2 mm by a force of 4000 N. Find the yauny’s modulus of the wire. The length «f the wire is 2ns. Given Data Length of the wire Area of sieel wire . Increase in length of wire = AL =2mm=2x 10° m Force applied 1000 N Required Young's modelus of wire = ¥ =? Solution As we know that ExL AxAL By putting the values, we have Y 40002. 3 2107 «210° y==_2000 iox107 : 2000 x 10° Nm? = 2 x 10° x 10 Nm 2x 10" Nin? Resatt Young’s nivdulus of wire x10" Ne?

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