+A high-pass filter passes voltages at frequencies above and attenuates voltages at frequencies below Any cit~ cuit with the transfer function HS Fa + Bandpass filters and bandrejec filters each have two cut- off frequencies, and w,z. These filters are further chat acterized by their center frequency (o,), bandwidth (2), and quality factor (Q). These quantities are defined as 5 = Vous B= Wa Oy O= w/B. (See pages 539-40.) + A bandpass filter passes voltages at frequencies within the passband, which is between ,, and w,2. It attenuates, Problems Section 14.2 1441. a) Find the cutoff frequency in hertz for the RL fil (er shown in Fig. PL4.1 b) Calculate /7(jo) at «,, 0:20, and Say. ©) If a= IcoswrV, write the steady-state expression for v, when w= @,,@ = O.2w,, and is eiStae Figure 916.1 10m 142. Use a 1 ml inductor to design a low-pass, RL. pas S54, sive filter with a cutoff frequency of S kHz. tmnt) Specify the value of the resistor. b) A load having a resistance of 68 0 is connected ‘across the output terminals of the filter. What is the comer, or cutoff, frequency of the loaded file terin hert2? ©) Ifyou must use a single resistor from Appendix H_ for part (a), what resistor should you use? What is the resulting cutoff frequency of the filter? Problems $54 frequencies outside of the passband. Any circuit with the transfer function HO) functions as a bandpass filter. (See page S44) ‘A bandreject filter attenuates voltages at frequencies within the stopband, which is between 1 and a. It passes frequencies outside of the stopband, Any circuit With the transfer function Sted Fe Beth functions as a bandreject iter. (See page 549.) ‘Adding a load to the output of a passive filter changes its filtering propestes by altring the location and mag- nitude of the passband. Replacing an ideal voltage source with one whose source resistance is nonzero also changes the filtering properties ofthe rest of the ciruit again by altering the location and magnitude of the passband. (See page 542.) HG) 143A resistor, denoted as Ry, is added in series with the inductor inthe citeuit in Fig. 14.4(a). The new low- pas iter circuit is shown in Fig. P43 8) Derive the expression for H(s) His) = VM, by Ac what Frequency wll the magnitude of H(i bbe maximum? ) What isthe maximum value of the magnitude of Hla)? 4) At what frequency will the magnitude of H (jo) ‘equa its maximum value divided by V2? «) Assume a resistance of 75 is added in sores with the 10 mH inductor in the circuit in Fig, P14.1. Find ax, H(0), (jae), H(i 3un) and H (730). Figure P1633 144 a) Find the cutoff frequency (in hertz) of the low- ‘pass filler shown in Fig, P14. b) Calculate H(ja) at a, Ola, and 10,552 145 146 147 Introduction to Frequency Selective Ciuits ©) If y= 200coswrmvV, write the steady-state expression for v, when w = w,,0lu,, and 10, Figure P16. 1k Use a 500 aF capacitor to design a low-pass passive filter witha cutoff frequency of 50 Krad 8) Specify the cutoff frequency in hert ») Specify the value of the iter resistor. €) Assume the cutoff frequency cannot increase by ‘more than 5%. What is the smallest value of load resistance that ean be connected across the output terminals of the filter? 6) If the resistor found in (¢) is connected across the output terminals, what is the magnitude of (ju) when w = 0? Design a passive RC low pass filter (see Fig, 147) with a cutoff frequency of 100 Hz using a 4.7 uF capacitor. a) What is the cutoff frequency in rad/s? bb) What is the value of the resistor? ©) Draw your circuit, labeling the component val- ues and output voltage 4) What is the transfer function of the filter in part (c)? ) Ifthe filter in part (¢) is loaded with a resistor whose value isthe same as the resistor part (b), whet i the transfer Function ofthis loaded filter? 1) What is the cutoff frequency of the loaded filter from part (e)? {8) What isthe gain in the pass band of the loaded filter from past (e)? A resistor denoted as R,, is connected in parallel with the capacitor in the circuit in Fig. 14:7. The loaded low-pass filter circuit is shown in Fig, P14.7 4) Derive the expression for the voltage transfer funetion V/V 'b) At what frequency will the magnitude of (jw) >be maximum? ©) What is the maximum value of the magnitude of H(ja)? 4) At what frequency will the magnitude of H (jw) ‘equal its maximum value divided by V2? ¢) Assume a resistance of 10 kM is added in paral- Jel with the 100 nF capacitor in the circuit in Fig. PIAA. Find w., HO), H(ja.), H(i0.le) and H(j100,). Figue P47 R 148 Study the circuit shown in Fig. P14.8 (without the load resistor), ) As @—*0,the inductor behaves like what circuit component? What value will the output voltage vphave? b) As @—00, the inductor behaves like what cir- cuit component? What value will the output voltage up have? ©) Based on parts (a) and (b),what type of filtering does this circuit exhibit? ) What is the transfer function of the unloaded filter? ©) IER = 330.0 and L = 10 mH, whatis the cutoff frequency of the filter in rads? Figure P16.8 149 Suppose we wish to add a load resistor in parallel with the resistor in the circuit shown in Fig. PI4.8, 8) What isthe transfer function of the loaded filter? +) Compare the transfer function of the unloaded filter (part (d) of Problem 14.8) and the trans- fer function of the loaded filter (part (a) of Problem 149). Arc the cutoff frequencies differ- cent? Are the passband gains different? What is the smallest value of load resistance that ccan be used with the filter from Problem 148(e) such that the cutoff frequency of the resulting filter is no more than 5% different from the unloaded filter? d Section 143 1410 a) Find the cutoff frequency (in hertz) for the high- pass filter shown in Fig. P14.10, ) Find H(jw) at o,, 0:20,, and Se.14.11 1412 ©) If y= S00coswrmV, write the steady-state expression for v, when @ = we, @ = 02ae, and © = Se, Figure P14.10 A resistor, denoted as Rg, is connected in series with the capacitor in the circuit in Fig. 14.10(a).The new high-pass filter circuit is shown in Fig, P14.11 2) Derive the H(3)_ where HG) = VV b) At what frequency will the magnitude of H (jw) be maximum? ©) What is the maximum value of the magnitude of Ho)? 6) At what frequency will the magnitude of Fj) equal its maximum value divided by V2? ©) Assume a resistance of 12.5 kis connected in series with the 5 nF capacitor in the cieuit in Fig. P14.10. Calculate a,, H(jo,). HG0.2a,), and (Sex). expression for Figure Pi4.t1 Design a passive RC high pass filter (see Fig. 14.10[a)) with a cutoff frequency of $00 Hz using a 220 pF capacitor. a) Whats the cutoff frequency in rad/s? 1b) What is the value of the resistor? ) Draw your circuit, labeling the component val- ues and output voltage. oy at eet ec ote ie part (6)? €) If the filter in part (c) is loaded with a resistor ‘whose value is the same as the resistor in (b), ‘what is the transfer function of this loaded filter? 4) What is the cutoff frequency of the loaded filter from part (e)? 8) What is the gain in the pass band of the loaded filter from part (c)? Problems 553 14.13. Using a 100 nF capacitor, design a high-pass passive ‘on, filter with a cutoff frequency of 300 Hz. JPR!) Specify the value of & in kilohms. b) A470 resistor is connected across the output terminals of the filter. What is the cutoff fre- ‘quency, in hertz of the loaded filter? 14.14 ‘Using a 100 4H inductor, design a high-pass, RL, passive filter witha cutoff frequency of 1500 krad/s 8) Specify the value of the resistance, select from the components in Appendix H. b) Assume the filter is connected to a pure resistive load. The cutoff frequency is not to drop below 1200 krad/s. What is the smallest load resistor from Appendix H that can be connected across the output terminals ofthe filter? Consider the circuit shown in Fig. P14.15, 8) With the input and output voltages shown in the figure, this circuit behaves like what type of filter? +b) What is the transfer function, 7(s) = V,(s)/Vs), ofthis filter? ©) What is the cutoff frequency of this filter? d) What is the magnitude of the filter’s transfer function at s = jw,? 14.15 Figure P16.15, 150.0 14.16 Suppose a 150 load resistor is attached to the fil ter in Fig P14.15. 1a) What is the transfer function, H(s) = V,(s)/V(3}, of this filter? b) What is the cutoff frequency of ths filter? ¢) How does the cutoff frequency of the loaded fil- ter compare with the cutoff frequeney of the unloaded filter in Fig. P14.15? 4d) What else is different for these two filters? Section 144 14.17 Show that the alternative forms for the cutoff fre- quencies of a bandpass filter, given in Eqs. 1436 and 14.37, can be derived from Eqs. 14.34 and 14.35, 14,18 Calculate the center frequency, the bandwidth, and the quality factor of a bandpass filter that has an upper cutoff frequency of 121 krad/s and a lower cutoff frequency of 100 krad/s.554 14:19 1421 422 14.23 1424 Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits A bandpass filter has a center, or resonant, frequency of 50 krad/s and a quality factor of 4. Find the band- width, the upper cutoff frequency, and the lower cut- off frequency. Express all answers in kilohertz. Use a 5 nF capacitor to design a series RLC band- pass filter, as shown at the top of Fig. 14.27. The cen- ter frequency of the filter is 8 kHz, and the quality factoris2. a) Spe 'b) What is the lower cutoff frequency in kilohertz? ©) What is the upper cutoff frequency in kilohertz? 4) What is the bandwidth of the filter in kilohertz? the values of R and L. Design a series RLC bandpass filter using only three components from Appendix H that comes closest to meeting the filter specifications in Problem 1420. ) Draw your filter, labeling all component values ‘and the input and output voltages ») Calculate the percent error in this new filter's center frequency and quality factor when com- pared to the values specified in Problem 14.20. For the bandpass filter shown in Fig P14.22, find (2) en (b) fon (©) Qs (A) eer, (€) for ED ter (8) fe and (h) B. Figure P14.22 ska Using 2 50 nF capacitor in the bandpass circuit showa in Fig, 1422, design a filter with a quality fac- tor of S and a center frequency of 20 krad/s ) Specify the numerical values of R and L. ) Calculate the upper and lower cutoff frequen: cies in kilohertz, ©) Calculate the bandwidth in hertz Design a series RLC bandpass filter using only three components from Appendix H that comes closest to meeting the filter specifications in Problem 14.23. a) Draw your filter, labeling all component values and the input and output voltages. »). Calculate the percent error in this new filter's center frequency and quality factor when com- pared to the values specified in Problem 14.23. 1425 For the bandpass filter shown in Fig, P14.25, calculate sree the following: (a) fos (b) (6) fr () feniand (e) Figure P1425, mn “O3F no 1426 The input voltage in the circuit in Fig. P14.25 is 500 cos wt mY. Calculate the output voltage when (@) 0 = 0,5 (b) @ = ays and (c) 0 = wy 14.27 Design a series RLC bandpass filter (see Fig. 14.19fa)) with a quality of 8 and a center frequency of 50 krad/s, using a 0.01 F capacitor. 2) Draw your circuit, labeling the component val- ues and output voltage. ») For the filter in part (a),caleulate the bandwidth and the values of the two cutoff frequencies. 1428 ‘The input to the series RLC bandpass filter designed in Problem 1427 is SOcoswt mV. Find the voltage drop across the resistor when (a) wo = w,; (b) ogi o = #9100 = 020, (0) 1429 The input to the series RLC bandpass filter designed in Problem 1427 is SOcoswt mY, Find the voltage drop across the series combination of the inductor and capacitor when (2) @ = a (b) © = wi (©) 0 = wa5(d) w = 0.2045 (€) 14,30 A block diagram of a system consisting of a sinu- soidal voltage source, an RLC series bandpass fil~ ter, and a load is shown in Fig. P1430. The internal impedance of the sinusoidal source is 80 + j0., and the impedance of the load is 480 + 0.0. ‘The RLC series bandpass filter has a 20 nF capacitor, a center frequency of SO krad/s, and a ‘quality factor of 6.25. a) Drawa circuit diagram of the system, b) Specify the numerical valves of L and R for the filter section of the system. ©) What is the quality factor of the interconnected system? ) What is the bandwidth (in hertz) of the inter- connected system?